h | Wiki - User contributions [en]

Module:Math

2025-08-04T22:07:06Z

Nico: Created page with "-- This module provides a number of basic mathematical operations. local yesno, getArgs -- lazily initialized local p = {} -- Holds functions to be returned from #invoke, and functions to make available to other Lua modules. local wrap = {} -- Holds wrapper functions that process arguments from #invoke. These act as intemediary between functions meant for #invoke and functions meant for Lua. -- Helper functions used to avoid redundant code. local function..."

--[[

This module provides a number of basic mathematical operations.

]]

local yesno, getArgs -- lazily initialized

local p = {} -- Holds functions to be returned from #invoke, and functions to make available to other Lua modules.
local wrap = {} -- Holds wrapper functions that process arguments from #invoke. These act as intemediary between functions meant for #invoke and functions meant for Lua.

--[[
Helper functions used to avoid redundant code.
]]

local function err(msg)
-- Generates wikitext error messages.
return mw.ustring.format('Formatting error: %s', msg)
end

local function unpackNumberArgs(args)
-- Returns an unpacked list of arguments specified with numerical keys.
local ret = {}
for k, v in pairs(args) do
if type(k) == 'number' then
table.insert(ret, v)
end
end
return unpack(ret)
end

local function makeArgArray(...)
-- Makes an array of arguments from a list of arguments that might include nils.
local args = {...} -- Table of arguments. It might contain nils or non-number values, so we can't use ipairs.
local nums = {} -- Stores the numbers of valid numerical arguments.
local ret = {}
for k, v in pairs(args) do
v = p._cleanNumber(v)
if v then
nums[#nums + 1] = k
args[k] = v
end
end
table.sort(nums)
for i, num in ipairs(nums) do
ret[#ret + 1] = args[num]
end
return ret
end

local function fold(func, ...)
-- Use a function on all supplied arguments, and return the result. The function must accept two numbers as parameters,
-- and must return a number as an output. This number is then supplied as input to the next function call.
local vals = makeArgArray(...)
local count = #vals -- The number of valid arguments
if count == 0 then return
-- Exit if we have no valid args, otherwise removing the first arg would cause an error.
nil, 0
end
local ret = table.remove(vals, 1)
for _, val in ipairs(vals) do
ret = func(ret, val)
end
return ret, count
end

--[[
Fold arguments by selectively choosing values (func should return when to choose the current "dominant" value).
]]
local function binary_fold(func, ...)
local value = fold((function(a, b) if func(a, b) then return a else return b end end), ...)
return value
end

--[[
random

Generate a random number

Usage:
{{#invoke: Math | random }}
{{#invoke: Math | random | maximum value }}
{{#invoke: Math | random | minimum value | maximum value }}
]]

function wrap.random(args)
local first = p._cleanNumber(args[1])
local second = p._cleanNumber(args[2])
return p._random(first, second)
end

function p._random(first, second)
math.randomseed(mw.site.stats.edits + mw.site.stats.pages + os.time() + math.floor(os.clock() * 1000000000))
-- math.random will throw an error if given an explicit nil parameter, so we need to use if statements to check the params.
if first and second then
if first <= second then -- math.random doesn't allow the first number to be greater than the second.
return math.random(first, second)
end
elseif first then
return math.random(first)
else
return math.random()
end
end

--[[
order

Determine order of magnitude of a number

Usage:
{{#invoke: Math | order | value }}
]]

function wrap.order(args)
local input_string = (args[1] or args.x or '0');
local input_number = p._cleanNumber(input_string);
if input_number == nil then
return err('order of magnitude input appears non-numeric')
else
return p._order(input_number)
end
end

function p._order(x)
if x == 0 then return 0 end
return math.floor(math.log10(math.abs(x)))
end

--[[
precision

Detemines the precision of a number using the string representation

Usage:
{{ #invoke: Math | precision | value }}
]]

function wrap.precision(args)
local input_string = (args[1] or args.x or '0');
local trap_fraction = args.check_fraction;
local input_number;

if not yesno then
yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
end
if yesno(trap_fraction, true) then -- Returns true for all input except nil, false, "no", "n", "0" and a few others. See [[Module:Yesno]].
local pos = string.find(input_string, '/', 1, true);
if pos ~= nil then
if string.find(input_string, '/', pos + 1, true) == nil then
local denominator = string.sub(input_string, pos+1, -1);
local denom_value = tonumber(denominator);
if denom_value ~= nil then
return math.log10(denom_value);
end
end
end
end

input_number, input_string = p._cleanNumber(input_string);
if input_string == nil then
return err('precision input appears non-numeric')
else
return p._precision(input_string)
end
end

function p._precision(x)
if type(x) == 'number' then
x = tostring(x)
end
x = string.upper(x)

local decimal = x:find('%.')
local exponent_pos = x:find('E')
local result = 0;

if exponent_pos ~= nil then
local exponent = string.sub(x, exponent_pos + 1)
x = string.sub(x, 1, exponent_pos - 1)
result = result - tonumber(exponent)
end

if decimal ~= nil then
result = result + string.len(x) - decimal
return result
end

local pos = string.len(x);
while x:byte(pos) == string.byte('0') do
pos = pos - 1
result = result - 1
if pos <= 0 then
return 0
end
end

return result
end

--[[
max

Finds the maximum argument

Usage:
{{#invoke:Math| max | value1 | value2 | ... }}

Note, any values that do not evaluate to numbers are ignored.
]]

function wrap.max(args)
return p._max(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._max(...)
local max_value = binary_fold((function(a, b) return a > b end), ...)
if max_value then
return max_value
end
end

--[[
median

Find the median of set of numbers

Usage:
{{#invoke:Math | median | number1 | number2 | ...}}
OR
{{#invoke:Math | median }}
]]

function wrap.median(args)
return p._median(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._median(...)
local vals = makeArgArray(...)
local count = #vals
table.sort(vals)

if count == 0 then
return 0
end

if p._mod(count, 2) == 0 then
return (vals[count/2] + vals[count/2+1])/2
else
return vals[math.ceil(count/2)]
end
end

--[[
min

Finds the minimum argument

Usage:
{{#invoke:Math| min | value1 | value2 | ... }}
OR
{{#invoke:Math| min }}

When used with no arguments, it takes its input from the parent
frame. Note, any values that do not evaluate to numbers are ignored.
]]

function wrap.min(args)
return p._min(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._min(...)
local min_value = binary_fold((function(a, b) return a < b end), ...)
if min_value then
return min_value
end
end

--[[
sum

Finds the sum

Usage:
{{#invoke:Math| sum | value1 | value2 | ... }}
OR
{{#invoke:Math| sum }}

Note, any values that do not evaluate to numbers are ignored.
]]

function wrap.sum(args)
return p._sum(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._sum(...)
local sums, count = fold((function(a, b) return a + b end), ...)
if not sums then
return 0
else
return sums
end
end

--[[
average

Finds the average

Usage:
{{#invoke:Math| average | value1 | value2 | ... }}
OR
{{#invoke:Math| average }}

Note, any values that do not evaluate to numbers are ignored.
]]

function wrap.average(args)
return p._average(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._average(...)
local sum, count = fold((function(a, b) return a + b end), ...)
if not sum then
return 0
else
return sum / count
end
end

--[[
round

Rounds a number to specified precision

Usage:
{{#invoke:Math | round | value | precision }}

--]]

function wrap.round(args)
local value = p._cleanNumber(args[1] or args.value or 0)
local precision = p._cleanNumber(args[2] or args.precision or 0)
if value == nil or precision == nil then
return err('round input appears non-numeric')
else
return p._round(value, precision)
end
end

function p._round(value, precision)
local rescale = math.pow(10, precision or 0);
return math.floor(value * rescale + 0.5) / rescale;
end

--[[
log10

returns the log (base 10) of a number

Usage:
{{#invoke:Math | log10 | x }}
]]

function wrap.log10(args)
return math.log10(args[1])
end

--[[
mod

Implements the modulo operator

Usage:
{{#invoke:Math | mod | x | y }}

--]]

function wrap.mod(args)
local x = p._cleanNumber(args[1])
local y = p._cleanNumber(args[2])
if not x then
return err('first argument to mod appears non-numeric')
elseif not y then
return err('second argument to mod appears non-numeric')
else
return p._mod(x, y)
end
end

function p._mod(x, y)
local ret = x % y
if not (0 <= ret and ret < y) then
ret = 0
end
return ret
end

--[[
gcd

Calculates the greatest common divisor of multiple numbers

Usage:
{{#invoke:Math | gcd | value 1 | value 2 | value 3 | ... }}
--]]

function wrap.gcd(args)
return p._gcd(unpackNumberArgs(args))
end

function p._gcd(...)
local function findGcd(a, b)
local r = b
local oldr = a
while r ~= 0 do
local quotient = math.floor(oldr / r)
oldr, r = r, oldr - quotient * r
end
if oldr < 0 then
oldr = oldr * -1
end
return oldr
end
local result, count = fold(findGcd, ...)
return result
end

--[[
precision_format

Rounds a number to the specified precision and formats according to rules
originally used for {{template:Rnd}}. Output is a string.

Usage:
{{#invoke: Math | precision_format | number | precision }}
]]

function wrap.precision_format(args)
local value_string = args[1] or 0
local precision = args[2] or 0
return p._precision_format(value_string, precision)
end

function p._precision_format(value_string, precision)
-- For access to Mediawiki built-in formatter.
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage();

local value
value, value_string = p._cleanNumber(value_string)
precision = p._cleanNumber(precision)

-- Check for non-numeric input
if value == nil or precision == nil then
return err('invalid input when rounding')
end

local current_precision = p._precision(value)
local order = p._order(value)

-- Due to round-off effects it is neccesary to limit the returned precision under
-- some circumstances because the terminal digits will be inaccurately reported.
if order + precision >= 14 then
if order + p._precision(value_string) >= 14 then
precision = 13 - order;
end
end

-- If rounding off, truncate extra digits
if precision < current_precision then
value = p._round(value, precision)
current_precision = p._precision(value)
end

local formatted_num = lang:formatNum(math.abs(value))
local sign

-- Use proper unary minus sign rather than ASCII default
if value < 0 then
sign = '−'
else
sign = ''
end

-- Handle cases requiring scientific notation
if string.find(formatted_num, 'E', 1, true) ~= nil or math.abs(order) >= 9 then
value = value * math.pow(10, -order)
current_precision = current_precision + order
precision = precision + order
formatted_num = lang:formatNum(math.abs(value))
else
order = 0;
end
formatted_num = sign .. formatted_num

-- Pad with zeros, if needed
if current_precision < precision then
local padding
if current_precision <= 0 then
if precision > 0 then
local zero_sep = lang:formatNum(1.1)
formatted_num = formatted_num .. zero_sep:sub(2,2)

padding = precision
if padding > 20 then
padding = 20
end

formatted_num = formatted_num .. string.rep('0', padding)
end
else
padding = precision - current_precision
if padding > 20 then
padding = 20
end
formatted_num = formatted_num .. string.rep('0', padding)
end
end

-- Add exponential notation, if necessary.
if order ~= 0 then
-- Use proper unary minus sign rather than ASCII default
if order < 0 then
order = '−' .. lang:formatNum(math.abs(order))
else
order = lang:formatNum(order)
end

formatted_num = formatted_num .. '×10' .. order .. ''
end

return formatted_num
end

--[[
divide

Implements the division operator

Usage:
{{#invoke:Math | divide | x | y | round= | precision= }}

--]]
function wrap.divide(args)
local x = args[1]
local y = args[2]
local round = args.round
local precision = args.precision
if not yesno then
yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
end
return p._divide(x, y, yesno(round), precision)
end

function p._divide(x, y, round, precision)
if y == nil or y == "" then
return err("Empty divisor")
elseif not tonumber(y) then
if type(y) == 'string' and string.sub(y, 1, 1) == '<' then
return y
else
return err("Not a number: " .. y)
end
elseif x == nil or x == "" then
return err("Empty dividend")
elseif not tonumber(x) then
if type(x) == 'string' and string.sub(x, 1, 1) == '<' then
return x
else
return err("Not a number: " .. x)
end
else
local z = x / y
if round then
return p._round(z, 0)
elseif precision then
return p._round(z, precision)
else
return z
end
end
end

--[[
Helper function that interprets the input numerically. If the
input does not appear to be a number, attempts evaluating it as
a parser functions expression.
]]

function p._cleanNumber(number_string)
if type(number_string) == 'number' then
-- We were passed a number, so we don't need to do any processing.
return number_string, tostring(number_string)
elseif type(number_string) ~= 'string' or not number_string:find('%S') then
-- We were passed a non-string or a blank string, so exit.
return nil, nil;
end

-- Attempt basic conversion
local number = tonumber(number_string)

-- If failed, attempt to evaluate input as an expression
if number == nil then
local success, result = pcall(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr, number_string)
if success then
number = tonumber(result)
number_string = tostring(number)
else
number = nil
number_string = nil
end
else
number_string = number_string:match("^%s*(.-)%s*$") -- String is valid but may contain padding, clean it.
number_string = number_string:match("^%+(.*)$") or number_string -- Trim any leading + signs.
if number_string:find('^%-?0[xX]') then
-- Number is using 0xnnn notation to indicate base 16; use the number that Lua detected instead.
number_string = tostring(number)
end
end

return number, number_string
end

--[[
Wrapper function that does basic argument processing. This ensures that all functions from #invoke can use either the current
frame or the parent frame, and it also trims whitespace for all arguments and removes blank arguments.
]]

local mt = { __index = function(t, k)
return function(frame)
if not getArgs then
getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
end
return wrap[k](getArgs(frame)) -- Argument processing is left to Module:Arguments. Whitespace is trimmed and blank arguments are removed.
end
end }

return setmetatable(p, mt)

Template:2024 United States presidential election imagemap

2025-08-04T22:01:41Z

Nico:

{{United States presidential election imagemap|image=ElectoralCollege2024 4.png|year=2024}}
<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:United States presidential election imagemap/transcludedoc}}</noinclude>

File:ElectoralCollege2024 4.png

2025-08-04T22:01:00Z

Nico:

Electoral College

Template:2024 United States presidential election imagemap

2025-08-04T20:52:35Z

Nico:

{{United States presidential election imagemap|image=YapmsMap.svg|year=2024}}
<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:United States presidential election imagemap/transcludedoc}}</noinclude>

Template:2024 United States presidential election imagemap

2025-08-04T20:44:52Z

Nico:

{{United States presidential election imagemap|image=ElectoralCollege2024_2.svg|year=2024}}
<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:United States presidential election imagemap/transcludedoc}}</noinclude>

2024 United States presidential election

2025-08-04T20:25:38Z

Nico:

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 United States presidential election
| country = United States
| flag_image = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| type = presidential
| opinion_polls = w:Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
| college_voted = yes
| previous_election = 2020 United States presidential election
| previous_year = 2020
| next_election = 2028 United States presidential election
| next_year = ''2028''
| election_date = November 5, 2024
| votes_for_election = 538 members of the [[w:United States Electoral College|Electoral College]]
| needed_votes = 270 electoral
| turnout = 62.7% ({{decrease}} 4.2 [[percentage point|pp]])
| map_image = {{2024 United States presidential election imagemap}}
| map_size =
|
| image1 = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200x200px
| nominee1 = '''[[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[w:California|California]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[w:Tim Walz|Tim Walz]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''303'''
| states_carried1 = '''25 + [[w:Washington, D.C.|DC]] + {{ushr|w:NE|2|NE-02}}'''
| popular_vote1 = '''80,482,976'''
| percentage1 = '''51.2%'''
|
| image2 = TrumpPortrait (3x4a).jpg
| nominee2 = [[w:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]]
| party2 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[w:Florida|Florida]]
| running_mate2 = [[w:JD Vance|JD Vance]]
| electoral_vote2 = 235
| states_carried2 = 25 + {{ushr|w:ME|2|ME-02}}
| popular_vote2 = 74,481,957
| percentage2 = 47.4%
|
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. Red denotes [[w:U.S. states|U.S. states]] won by Trump/Vance and blue denotes those won by Harris/Walz. Numbers indicate [[w:United States Electoral College|electoral votes]] cast by each state and the [[w:District of Columbia|District of Columbia]].
| title = President
| before_election = [[w:Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| posttitle = Elected President
| after_election = [[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
}}

[[w:United States presidential election|Presidential elections]] were held in the [[United States]] on November 5, 2024. The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s [[w:Ticket (election)|ticket]]—[[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]], the incumbent [[w:U.S. vice president|U.S. vice president]], and [[w:Tim Walz|Tim Walz]], the incumbent [[w:governor of Minnesota|governor of Minnesota]]—defeated the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]'s ticket—[[w:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]], who served as the 45th [[w:president of the United States|president of the United States]] from 2017 to 2021, and [[w:JD Vance|JD Vance]], a [[w:U.S. senator|U.S. senator]] from [[w:Ohio|Ohio]].

The incumbent president, Democrat [[w:Joe Biden|Joe Biden]], initially [[w:Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|ran for re-election]] as the party's [[w:presumptive nominee|presumptive nominee]], facing little opposition and easily defeating Representative [[w:Dean Phillips|Dean Phillips]] of [[w:Minnesota|Minnesota]] during the [[w:2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primaries]]; however, what was broadly considered a [[w:2024 Joe Biden–Donald Trump presidential debate|poor debate performance]] in June 2024 intensified [[w:Age and health concerns about Joe Biden|concerns about his age and health]], and led to [[w:List of Democrats who opposed the Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|calls within his party]] for him to leave the race. After initially declining to do so, [[w:Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|Biden withdrew]] on July 21, becoming the first eligible incumbent president to withdraw since [[w:Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election|Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968]]. Biden endorsed Harris, who was voted [[w:Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|the party's nominee]] by the delegates on August 5 and became the first nominee who did not participate in the [[w:United States presidential primary|primaries]] since [[w:Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign|Hubert Humphrey, also in 1968]]. Harris [[w:2024 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|selected Walz as her running mate]].

Trump, who lost [[w:2020 United States presidential election|the 2020 presidential election]] to Biden, [[w:Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|ran for reelection]] to a nonconsecutive second term. He was shot in the ear in [[w:Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania|an assassination attempt]] on July 13, 2024. Trump was nominated as the Republican Party's presidential candidate during the [[w:2024 Republican National Convention|2024 Republican National Convention]] alongside his running mate, Vance. [[w:Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|The Trump campaign]] ticket supported mass deportation of undocumented immigrants; an [[w:isolationism|isolationist]] "[[w:America First|America First]]" foreign policy agenda with support of Israel in the [[w:Gaza war|Gaza war]] and skepticism of Ukraine in its [[w:Russian invasion of Ukraine|war with Russia]]; [[w:Transphobia in the United States|anti-transgender policies]]; and [[w:Tariffs in the second Trump administration|tariffs]]. The campaign also made [[w:False or misleading statements by Donald Trump|false and misleading statements]], including [[w:False claims of fraud in the 2020 presidential election|claims of electoral fraud in 2020]]. [[w:Trumpism|Trump's political movement]] was seen by some historians and some former [[w:First cabinet of Donald Trump|Trump administrators]] as [[w:authoritarian|authoritarian]].

Harris won the [[w:United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] with 303 electoral votes to Trump's 235. She carried every state that Biden won in 2020, including the critical battlegrounds of [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Michigan|Michigan]], [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]], [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Arizona|Arizona]], [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Georgia|Georgia]], and [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Nevada|Nevada]]. She also won [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Nebraska|Nebraska's 2nd congressional district]], which had been a key target for both campaigns. Harris lost [[w:2024 United States presidential election in North Carolina|North Carolina]] and [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Florida|Florida]] by narrow margins. She became the first woman and first Asian American to be elected president of the United States. Harris won the national [[w:List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin|popular vote]] with 51.2%, defeating Trump by a margin of approximately 5.5 million votes. Analysts credited Harris's victory to high Democratic turnout, broad suburban support, and improved margins among women and young voters.

== Background ==
{{further|w:United States presidential election#Procedure}}
[[File:Absentee Ballot, 2024.jpg|thumb|A general election absentee ballot from [[W:Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County, Virginia]], listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates]]
[[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[w:incumbent|incumbent]] in 2024, [[w:Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]. His term expired at noon on January 20, 2025.]]

In 2020, incumbent Republican President Donald Trump was defeated by Democratic challenger Joe Biden. Democratic U.S. Senator Kamala Harris of California was elected vice president as Biden’s running mate.

Trump was the first president in U.S. history to be [[w:Efforts to impeach Donald Trump|impeached twice]], and the first to seek re-election following impeachment. As he was acquitted by the Senate in both cases, he remained eligible to run in 2024.

=== Election interference ===
{{main|w:Election interference}}
{{further|w:Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election|w:Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|w:Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump}}

In the run-up to the 2024 election, several state officials and courts attempted to disqualify Trump from the ballot under Section 3 of the [[w:Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], citing his role in the January 6 Capitol attack. These included the [[w:Colorado Supreme Court|Colorado Supreme Court]], a Circuit Court in [[w:Illinois|Illinois]], and the [[w:Secretary of State of Maine|Secretary of State of Maine]].

On March 4, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in ''[[w:Trump v. Anderson|Trump v. Anderson]]'' that states lacked the authority to enforce Section 3 for federal candidates without congressional legislation, allowing Trump to remain on the ballot nationwide.

==== Donald Trump's false claims of interference ====
{{further|w:Big lie#Donald Trump's false claims of a stolen election|w:Election denial movement in the United States|w:Republican Party efforts to disrupt the 2024 United States presidential election}}

[[File:20240524 Trump groundwork for election denial.svg|thumb|200x200px|Trump increased the use of "rigged election" and "election interference" rhetoric before the 2024 election.]]

Trump repeatedly claimed without evidence that the 2024 election would be rigged, continuing rhetoric similar to his false claims following the 2020 election.

''The New York Times'' reported in July 2024 that the Republican Party and aligned groups were preparing a broad legal campaign aimed at challenging election processes and results, including limiting voting access in key states and preparing to dispute certification should Trump lose.

The Republican Party also promoted baseless claims of noncitizen voting, while Trump and others refused to commit to accepting the 2024 results if they believed the outcome was "unfair".

Trump also reignited concerns about democratic erosion in the U.S. through his statements suggesting he could suspend the Constitution, his pledge to act as a "dictator" on "day one", and his plans to weaponize the Justice Department and invoke the [[w:Insurrection Act of 1807|Insurrection Act of 1807]] against Democratic jurisdictions.

Observers warned that Trump’s actions and rhetoric posed a threat to U.S. democracy, with election deniers gaining ground within the Republican Party and plans to monitor polling places intensifying across battleground states.

2024 United States presidential election

2025-08-04T20:23:48Z

Nico:

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 United States presidential election
| country = United States
| flag_image = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| type = presidential
| opinion_polls = w:Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
| college_voted = yes
| previous_election = 2020 United States presidential election
| previous_year = 2020
| next_election = 2028 United States presidential election
| next_year = ''2028''
| election_date = November 5, 2024
| votes_for_election = 538 members of the [[w:United States Electoral College|Electoral College]]
| needed_votes = 270 electoral
| turnout = 62.7% ({{decrease}} 4.2 [[percentage point|pp]])
| map_image = {{2024 United States presidential election imagemap}}
| map_size =
|
| image1 = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200x200px
| nominee1 = '''[[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[w:California|California]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[w:Tim Walz|Tim Walz]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''303'''
| states_carried1 = '''25 + [[w:Washington, D.C.|DC]] + {{ushr|w:NE|2|NE-02}}'''
| popular_vote1 = '''80,482,976'''
| percentage1 = '''51.2%'''
|
| image2 = TrumpPortrait (3x4a).jpg
| nominee2 = [[w:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]]
| party2 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[w:Florida|Florida]]
| running_mate2 = [[w:JD Vance|JD Vance]]
| electoral_vote2 = 235
| states_carried2 = 25 + {{ushr|w:ME|2|ME-02}}
| popular_vote2 = 74,481,957
| percentage2 = 47.4%
|
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. Red denotes [[w:U.S. states|U.S. states]] won by Trump/Vance and blue denotes those won by Harris/Walz. Numbers indicate [[w:United States Electoral College|electoral votes]] cast by each state and the [[w:District of Columbia|District of Columbia]].
| title = President
| before_election = [[w:Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| posttitle = Elected President
| after_election = [[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
}}

[[w:United States presidential election|Presidential elections]] were held in the [[United States]] on November 5, 2024. The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s [[w:Ticket (election)|ticket]]—[[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]], the incumbent [[w:U.S. vice president|U.S. vice president]], and [[w:Tim Walz|Tim Walz]], the incumbent [[w:governor of Minnesota|governor of Minnesota]]—defeated the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]'s ticket—[[w:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]], who served as the 45th [[w:president of the United States|president of the United States]] from 2017 to 2021, and [[w:JD Vance|JD Vance]], a [[w:U.S. senator|U.S. senator]] from [[w:Ohio|Ohio]].

The incumbent president, Democrat [[w:Joe Biden|Joe Biden]], initially [[w:Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|ran for re-election]] as the party's [[w:presumptive nominee|presumptive nominee]], facing little opposition and easily defeating Representative [[w:Dean Phillips|Dean Phillips]] of [[w:Minnesota|Minnesota]] during the [[w:2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primaries]]; however, what was broadly considered a [[w:2024 Joe Biden–Donald Trump presidential debate|poor debate performance]] in June 2024 intensified [[w:Age and health concerns about Joe Biden|concerns about his age and health]], and led to [[w:List of Democrats who opposed the Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|calls within his party]] for him to leave the race. After initially declining to do so, [[w:Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|Biden withdrew]] on July 21, becoming the first eligible incumbent president to withdraw since [[w:Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election|Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968]]. Biden endorsed Harris, who was voted [[w:Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|the party's nominee]] by the delegates on August 5 and became the first nominee who did not participate in the [[w:United States presidential primary|primaries]] since [[w:Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign|Hubert Humphrey, also in 1968]]. Harris [[w:2024 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|selected Walz as her running mate]].

Trump, who lost [[w:2020 United States presidential election|the 2020 presidential election]] to Biden, [[w:Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|ran for reelection]] to a nonconsecutive second term. He was shot in the ear in [[w:Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania|an assassination attempt]] on July 13, 2024. Trump was nominated as the Republican Party's presidential candidate during the [[w:2024 Republican National Convention|2024 Republican National Convention]] alongside his running mate, Vance. [[w:Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|The Trump campaign]] ticket supported mass deportation of undocumented immigrants; an [[w:isolationism|isolationist]] "[[w:America First|America First]]" foreign policy agenda with support of Israel in the [[w:Gaza war|Gaza war]] and skepticism of Ukraine in its [[w:Russian invasion of Ukraine|war with Russia]]; [[w:Transphobia in the United States|anti-transgender policies]]; and [[w:Tariffs in the second Trump administration|tariffs]]. The campaign also made [[w:False or misleading statements by Donald Trump|false and misleading statements]], including [[w:False claims of fraud in the 2020 presidential election|claims of electoral fraud in 2020]]. [[w:Trumpism|Trump's political movement]] was seen by some historians and some former [[w:First cabinet of Donald Trump|Trump administrators]] as [[w:authoritarian|authoritarian]].

Harris won the [[w:United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] with 303 electoral votes to Trump's 235. She carried every state that Biden won in 2020, including the critical battlegrounds of [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Michigan|Michigan]], [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]], [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Arizona|Arizona]], [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Georgia|Georgia]], and [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Nevada|Nevada]]. She also won [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Nebraska|Nebraska's 2nd congressional district]], which had been a key target for both campaigns. Harris lost [[w:2024 United States presidential election in North Carolina|North Carolina]] and [[w:2024 United States presidential election in Florida|Florida]] by narrow margins. She became the first woman and first Asian American to be elected president of the United States. Harris won the national [[w:List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin|popular vote]] with 51.2%, defeating Trump by a margin of approximately 5.5 million votes. Analysts credited Harris's victory to high Democratic turnout, broad suburban support, and improved margins among women and young voters.

== Background ==
{{further|w:United States presidential election#Procedure}}
[[File:Absentee Ballot, 2024.jpg|thumb|A general election absentee ballot from [[Fairfax County, Virginia]], listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates]]
[[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[w:incumbent|incumbent]] in 2024, [[w:Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]. His term expired at noon on January 20, 2025.]]

In 2020, incumbent Republican President Donald Trump was defeated by Democratic challenger Joe Biden. Democratic U.S. Senator Kamala Harris of California was elected vice president as Biden’s running mate.

Trump was the first president in U.S. history to be [[w:Efforts to impeach Donald Trump|impeached twice]], and the first to seek re-election following impeachment. As he was acquitted by the Senate in both cases, he remained eligible to run in 2024.

[[File:USA electoral votes 2024 hex cartogram.svg|thumb|Hexagonal [[cartogram]] of the number of electoral college votes. States with opposite outcomes from [[w:2020 United States presidential election|2020]] are [[w:hatching|hatched]].]]

=== Election interference ===
{{main|w:Election interference}}
{{further|w:Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election|w:Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|w:Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump}}

In the run-up to the 2024 election, several state officials and courts attempted to disqualify Trump from the ballot under Section 3 of the [[w:Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], citing his role in the January 6 Capitol attack. These included the [[w:Colorado Supreme Court|Colorado Supreme Court]], a Circuit Court in [[w:Illinois|Illinois]], and the [[w:Secretary of State of Maine|Secretary of State of Maine]].

On March 4, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in ''[[w:Trump v. Anderson|Trump v. Anderson]]'' that states lacked the authority to enforce Section 3 for federal candidates without congressional legislation, allowing Trump to remain on the ballot nationwide.

==== Donald Trump's false claims of interference ====
{{further|w:Big lie#Donald Trump's false claims of a stolen election|w:Election denial movement in the United States|w:Republican Party efforts to disrupt the 2024 United States presidential election}}

[[File:20240524 Trump groundwork for election denial.svg|thumb|200x200px|Trump increased the use of "rigged election" and "election interference" rhetoric before the 2024 election.]]

Trump repeatedly claimed without evidence that the 2024 election would be rigged, continuing rhetoric similar to his false claims following the 2020 election.

''The New York Times'' reported in July 2024 that the Republican Party and aligned groups were preparing a broad legal campaign aimed at challenging election processes and results, including limiting voting access in key states and preparing to dispute certification should Trump lose.

The Republican Party also promoted baseless claims of noncitizen voting, while Trump and others refused to commit to accepting the 2024 results if they believed the outcome was "unfair".

Trump also reignited concerns about democratic erosion in the U.S. through his statements suggesting he could suspend the Constitution, his pledge to act as a "dictator" on "day one", and his plans to weaponize the Justice Department and invoke the [[w:Insurrection Act of 1807|Insurrection Act of 1807]] against Democratic jurisdictions.

Observers warned that Trump’s actions and rhetoric posed a threat to U.S. democracy, with election deniers gaining ground within the Republican Party and plans to monitor polling places intensifying across battleground states.

Template:Main

2025-08-04T20:18:16Z

Nico: Created page with "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}  </noinclude>"

<includeonly>{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Module:Hatnote list

2025-08-04T20:17:08Z

Nico: Created page with "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Module:Hatnote list -- -- -- -- This module produces and formats lists for use in hatnotes. In particular, -- -- it implements the for-see list, i.e. lists of "For X, see Y" statements, -- -- as used in {{about}}, {{redirect}}, and their variants. Also introd..."

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Module:Hatnote list --
-- --
-- This module produces and formats lists for use in hatnotes. In particular, --
-- it implements the for-see list, i.e. lists of "For X, see Y" statements, --
-- as used in {{about}}, {{redirect}}, and their variants. Also introduced --
-- are andList & orList helpers for formatting lists with those conjunctions. --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local mArguments --initialize lazily
local mFormatLink = require('Module:Format link')
local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote')
local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil')
local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType
local p = {}

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- List stringification helper functions
--
-- These functions are used for stringifying lists, usually page lists inside
-- the "Y" portion of "For X, see Y" for-see items.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--default options table used across the list stringification functions
local stringifyListDefaultOptions = {
conjunction = "and",
separator = ",",
altSeparator = ";",
space = " ",
formatted = false
}

--Searches display text only
local function searchDisp(haystack, needle)
return string.find(
string.sub(haystack, (string.find(haystack, '|') or 0) + 1), needle
)
end

-- Stringifies a list generically; probably shouldn't be used directly
local function stringifyList(list, options)
-- Type-checks, defaults, and a shortcut
checkType("stringifyList", 1, list, "table")
if #list == 0 then return nil end
checkType("stringifyList", 2, options, "table", true)
options = options or {}
for k, v in pairs(stringifyListDefaultOptions) do
if options[k] == nil then options[k] = v end
end
local s = options.space
-- Format the list if requested
if options.formatted then
list = mFormatLink.formatPages(
{categorizeMissing = mHatnote.missingTargetCat}, list
)
end
-- Set the separator; if any item contains it, use the alternate separator
local separator = options.separator
for k, v in pairs(list) do
if searchDisp(v, separator) then
separator = options.altSeparator
break
end
end
-- Set the conjunction, apply Oxford comma, and force a comma if #1 has "§"
local conjunction = s .. options.conjunction .. s
if #list == 2 and searchDisp(list[1], "§") or #list > 2 then
conjunction = separator .. conjunction
end
-- Return the formatted string
return mw.text.listToText(list, separator .. s, conjunction)
end

--DRY function
function p.conjList (conj, list, fmt)
return stringifyList(list, {conjunction = conj, formatted = fmt})
end

-- Stringifies lists with "and" or "or"
function p.andList (...) return p.conjList("and", ...) end
function p.orList (...) return p.conjList("or", ...) end

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- For see
--
-- Makes a "For X, see [[Y]]." list from raw parameters. Intended for the
-- {{about}} and {{redirect}} templates and their variants.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--default options table used across the forSee family of functions
local forSeeDefaultOptions = {
andKeyword = 'and',
title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text,
otherText = 'other uses',
forSeeForm = 'For %s, see %s.',
}

--Collapses duplicate punctuation at end of string, ignoring italics and links
local function punctuationCollapse (text)
return text:match("[.?!]('?)%1(%]?)%2%.$") and text:sub(1, -2) or text
end

-- Structures arguments into a table for stringification, & options
function p.forSeeArgsToTable (args, from, options)
-- Type-checks and defaults
checkType("forSeeArgsToTable", 1, args, 'table')
checkType("forSeeArgsToTable", 2, from, 'number', true)
from = from or 1
checkType("forSeeArgsToTable", 3, options, 'table', true)
options = options or {}
for k, v in pairs(forSeeDefaultOptions) do
if options[k] == nil then options[k] = v end
end
-- maxArg's gotten manually because getArgs() and table.maxn aren't friends
local maxArg = 0
for k, v in pairs(args) do
if type(k) == 'number' and k > maxArg then maxArg = k end
end
-- Structure the data out from the parameter list:
-- * forTable is the wrapper table, with forRow rows
-- * Rows are tables of a "use" string & a "pages" table of pagename strings
-- * Blanks are left empty for defaulting elsewhere, but can terminate list
local forTable = {}
local i = from
local terminated = false
-- If there is extra text, and no arguments are given, give nil value
-- to not produce default of "For other uses, see foo (disambiguation)"
if options.extratext and i > maxArg then return nil end
-- Loop to generate rows
repeat
-- New empty row
local forRow = {}
-- On blank use, assume list's ended & break at end of this loop
forRow.use = args[i]
if not args[i] then terminated = true end
-- New empty list of pages
forRow.pages = {}
-- Insert first pages item if present
table.insert(forRow.pages, args[i + 1])
-- If the param after next is "and", do inner loop to collect params
-- until the "and"'s stop. Blanks are ignored: "1|and||and|3" → {1, 3}
while args[i + 2] == options.andKeyword do
if args[i + 3] then
table.insert(forRow.pages, args[i + 3])
end
-- Increment to next "and"
i = i + 2
end
-- Increment to next use
i = i + 2
-- Append the row
table.insert(forTable, forRow)
until terminated or i > maxArg

return forTable
end

-- Stringifies a table as formatted by forSeeArgsToTable
function p.forSeeTableToString (forSeeTable, options)
-- Type-checks and defaults
checkType("forSeeTableToString", 1, forSeeTable, "table", true)
checkType("forSeeTableToString", 2, options, "table", true)
options = options or {}
for k, v in pairs(forSeeDefaultOptions) do
if options[k] == nil then options[k] = v end
end
-- Stringify each for-see item into a list
local strList = {}
if forSeeTable then
for k, v in pairs(forSeeTable) do
local useStr = v.use or options.otherText
local pagesStr =
p.andList(v.pages, true) or
mFormatLink._formatLink{
categorizeMissing = mHatnote.missingTargetCat,
link = mHatnote.disambiguate(options.title)
}
local forSeeStr = string.format(options.forSeeForm, useStr, pagesStr)
forSeeStr = punctuationCollapse(forSeeStr)
table.insert(strList, forSeeStr)
end
end
if options.extratext then table.insert(strList, punctuationCollapse(options.extratext..'.')) end
-- Return the concatenated list
return table.concat(strList, ' ')
end

-- Produces a "For X, see [[Y]]" string from arguments. Expects index gaps
-- but not blank/whitespace values. Ignores named args and args < "from".
function p._forSee (args, from, options)
local forSeeTable = p.forSeeArgsToTable(args, from, options)
return p.forSeeTableToString(forSeeTable, options)
end

-- As _forSee, but uses the frame.
function p.forSee (frame, from, options)
mArguments = require('Module:Arguments')
return p._forSee(mArguments.getArgs(frame), from, options)
end

return p

Module:Format link

2025-08-04T20:16:47Z

Nico: Created page with "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Format link -- -- Makes a wikilink from the given link and display values. Links are escaped -- with colons if necessary, and links to sections are detected and displayed -- with " § " as a separator rather than the standard MediaWiki "#". Used in -- the {{format link}} template. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local libraryUtil = require(..."

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Format link
--
-- Makes a wikilink from the given link and display values. Links are escaped
-- with colons if necessary, and links to sections are detected and displayed
-- with " § " as a separator rather than the standard MediaWiki "#". Used in
-- the {{format link}} template.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil')
local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType
local checkTypeForNamedArg = libraryUtil.checkTypeForNamedArg
local mArguments -- lazily initialise [[Module:Arguments]]
local mError -- lazily initialise [[Module:Error]]
local yesno -- lazily initialise [[Module:Yesno]]

local p = {}

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Helper functions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local function getArgs(frame)
-- Fetches the arguments from the parent frame. Whitespace is trimmed and
-- blanks are removed.
mArguments = require('Module:Arguments')
return mArguments.getArgs(frame, {parentOnly = true})
end

local function removeInitialColon(s)
-- Removes the initial colon from a string, if present.
return s:match('^:?(.*)')
end

local function maybeItalicize(s, shouldItalicize)
-- Italicize s if s is a string and the shouldItalicize parameter is true.
if s and shouldItalicize then
return '' .. s .. ''
else
return s
end
end

local function parseLink(link)
-- Parse a link and return a table with the link's components.
-- These components are:
-- - link: the link, stripped of any initial colon (always present)
-- - page: the page name (always present)
-- - section: the page name (may be nil)
-- - display: the display text, if manually entered after a pipe (may be nil)
link = removeInitialColon(link)

-- Find whether a faux display value has been added with the {{!}} magic
-- word.
local prePipe, display = link:match('^(.-)|(.*)$')
link = prePipe or link

-- Find the page, if it exists.
-- For links like [[#Bar]], the page will be nil.
local preHash, postHash = link:match('^(.-)#(.*)$')
local page
if not preHash then
-- We have a link like [[Foo]].
page = link
elseif preHash ~= '' then
-- We have a link like [[Foo#Bar]].
page = preHash
end

-- Find the section, if it exists.
local section
if postHash and postHash ~= '' then
section = postHash
end

return {
link = link,
page = page,
section = section,
display = display,
}
end

local function formatDisplay(parsed, options)
-- Formats a display string based on a parsed link table (matching the
-- output of parseLink) and an options table (matching the input options for
-- _formatLink).
local page = maybeItalicize(parsed.page, options.italicizePage)
local section = maybeItalicize(parsed.section, options.italicizeSection)
if (not section) then
return page
elseif (not page) then
return mw.ustring.format('§ %s', section)
else
return mw.ustring.format('%s § %s', page, section)
end
end

local function missingArgError(target)
mError = require('Module:Error')
return mError.error{message =
'Error: no link or target specified! ([[' .. target .. '#Errors|help]])'
}
end

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Main functions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

function p.formatLink(frame)
-- The formatLink export function, for use in templates.
yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local args = getArgs(frame)
local link = args[1] or args.link
local target = args[3] or args.target
if not (link or target) then
return missingArgError('Template:Format link')
end

return p._formatLink{
link = link,
display = args[2] or args.display,
target = target,
italicizePage = yesno(args.italicizepage),
italicizeSection = yesno(args.italicizesection),
categorizeMissing = args.categorizemissing
}
end

function p._formatLink(options)
-- The formatLink export function, for use in modules.
checkType('_formatLink', 1, options, 'table')
local function check(key, expectedType) --for brevity
checkTypeForNamedArg(
'_formatLink', key, options[key], expectedType or 'string', true
)
end
check('link')
check('display')
check('target')
check('italicizePage', 'boolean')
check('italicizeSection', 'boolean')
check('categorizeMissing')

-- Normalize link and target and check that at least one is present
if options.link == '' then options.link = nil end
if options.target == '' then options.target = nil end
if not (options.link or options.target) then
return missingArgError('Module:Format link')
end

local parsed = parseLink(options.link)
local display = options.display or parsed.display
local catMissing = options.categorizeMissing
local category = ''

-- Find the display text
if not display then display = formatDisplay(parsed, options) end

-- Handle the target option if present
if options.target then
local parsedTarget = parseLink(options.target)
parsed.link = parsedTarget.link
parsed.page = parsedTarget.page
end

-- Test if page exists if a diagnostic category is specified
if catMissing and (mw.ustring.len(catMissing) > 0) then
local title = nil
if parsed.page then title = mw.title.new(parsed.page) end
if title and (not title.isExternal) then
local success, exists = pcall(function() return title.exists end)
if success and not exists then
category = mw.ustring.format('[[Category:%s]]', catMissing)
end
end
end

-- Format the result as a link
if parsed.link == display then
return mw.ustring.format('[[:%s]]%s', parsed.link, category)
else
return mw.ustring.format('[[:%s|%s]]%s', parsed.link, display, category)
end
end

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Derived convenience functions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

function p.formatPages(options, pages)
-- Formats an array of pages using formatLink and the given options table,
-- and returns it as an array. Nil values are not allowed.
local ret = {}
for i, page in ipairs(pages) do
ret[i] = p._formatLink{
link = page,
categorizeMissing = options.categorizeMissing,
italicizePage = options.italicizePage,
italicizeSection = options.italicizeSection
}
end
return ret
end

return p

Module:Hatnote/styles.css

2025-08-04T20:16:24Z

Nico: Created page with "/* {{pp|small=y}} */ .hatnote { font-style: italic; } /* Limit structure CSS to divs because of Module:Hatnote inline */ div.hatnote { /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } .hatnote i { font-style: normal; } /* The templatestyles element inserts a link element before hatnotes. * TODO: Remove link if/when WMF resolves T200206 */ .hatnote + link + .hatnote { margin-top: -0.5em; } @media print { body.ns-0 .hatnote { display: none !impo..."

/* {{pp|small=y}} */
.hatnote {
font-style: italic;
}

/* Limit structure CSS to divs because of [[Module:Hatnote inline]] */
div.hatnote {
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 1.6em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}

.hatnote i {
font-style: normal;
}

/* The templatestyles element inserts a link element before hatnotes.
* TODO: Remove link if/when WMF resolves T200206 */
.hatnote + link + .hatnote {
margin-top: -0.5em;
}

@media print {
body.ns-0 .hatnote {
display: none !important;
}
}

Module:Hatnote

2025-08-04T20:16:08Z

Nico: Created page with "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Module:Hatnote -- -- -- -- This module produces hatnote links and links to related articles. It -- -- implements the {{hatnote}} and {{format link}} meta-templates and includes -- -- helper functions for other Lua hatnote modules...."

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Module:Hatnote --
-- --
-- This module produces hatnote links and links to related articles. It --
-- implements the {{hatnote}} and {{format link}} meta-templates and includes --
-- helper functions for other Lua hatnote modules. --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil')
local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType
local checkTypeForNamedArg = libraryUtil.checkTypeForNamedArg
local mArguments -- lazily initialise [[Module:Arguments]]
local yesno -- lazily initialise [[Module:Yesno]]
local formatLink -- lazily initialise [[Module:Format link]] ._formatLink

local p = {}

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Helper functions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local function getArgs(frame)
-- Fetches the arguments from the parent frame. Whitespace is trimmed and
-- blanks are removed.
mArguments = require('Module:Arguments')
return mArguments.getArgs(frame, {parentOnly = true})
end

local function removeInitialColon(s)
-- Removes the initial colon from a string, if present.
return s:match('^:?(.*)')
end

function p.defaultClasses(inline)
-- Provides the default hatnote classes as a space-separated string; useful
-- for hatnote-manipulation modules like [[Module:Hatnote group]].
return
(inline == 1 and 'hatnote-inline' or 'hatnote') .. ' ' ..
'navigation-not-searchable'
end

function p.disambiguate(page, disambiguator)
-- Formats a page title with a disambiguation parenthetical,
-- i.e. "Example" → "Example (disambiguation)".
checkType('disambiguate', 1, page, 'string')
checkType('disambiguate', 2, disambiguator, 'string', true)
disambiguator = disambiguator or 'disambiguation'
return mw.ustring.format('%s (%s)', page, disambiguator)
end

function p.findNamespaceId(link, removeColon)
-- Finds the namespace id (namespace number) of a link or a pagename. This
-- function will not work if the link is enclosed in double brackets. Colons
-- are trimmed from the start of the link by default. To skip colon
-- trimming, set the removeColon parameter to false.
checkType('findNamespaceId', 1, link, 'string')
checkType('findNamespaceId', 2, removeColon, 'boolean', true)
if removeColon ~= false then
link = removeInitialColon(link)
end
local namespace = link:match('^(.-):')
if namespace then
local nsTable = mw.site.namespaces[namespace]
if nsTable then
return nsTable.id
end
end
return 0
end

function p.makeWikitextError(msg, helpLink, addTrackingCategory, title)
-- Formats an error message to be returned to wikitext. If
-- addTrackingCategory is not false after being returned from
-- [[Module:Yesno]], and if we are not on a talk page, a tracking category
-- is added.
checkType('makeWikitextError', 1, msg, 'string')
checkType('makeWikitextError', 2, helpLink, 'string', true)
yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
title = title or mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
-- Make the help link text.
local helpText
if helpLink then
helpText = ' ([[' .. helpLink .. '|help]])'
else
helpText = ''
end
-- Make the category text.
local category
if not title.isTalkPage -- Don't categorise talk pages
and title.namespace ~= 2 -- Don't categorise userspace
and yesno(addTrackingCategory) ~= false -- Allow opting out
then
category = 'Hatnote templates with errors'
category = mw.ustring.format(
'[[%s:%s]]',
mw.site.namespaces[14].name,
category
)
else
category = ''
end
return mw.ustring.format(
'Error: %s%s.%s',
msg,
helpText,
category
)
end

local curNs = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace
p.missingTargetCat =
--Default missing target category, exported for use in related modules
((curNs == 0) or (curNs == 14)) and
'Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page' or nil

function p.quote(title)
--Wraps titles in quotation marks. If the title starts/ends with a quotation
--mark, kerns that side as with {{-'}}
local quotationMarks = {
["'"]=true, ['"']=true, ['“']=true, ["‘"]=true, ['”']=true, ["’"]=true
}
local quoteLeft, quoteRight = -- Test if start/end are quotation marks
quotationMarks[string.sub(title, 1, 1)],
quotationMarks[string.sub(title, -1, -1)]
if quoteLeft or quoteRight then
title = mw.html.create("span"):wikitext(title)
end
if quoteLeft then title:css("padding-left", "0.15em") end
if quoteRight then title:css("padding-right", "0.15em") end
return '"' .. tostring(title) .. '"'
end

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Hatnote
--
-- Produces standard hatnote text. Implements the {{hatnote}} template.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p[''] = function (frame) return p.hatnote(frame:newChild{ title = "Template:Hatnote" }) end

function p.hatnote(frame)
local args = getArgs(frame)
local s = args[1]
if not s then
return p.makeWikitextError(
'no text specified',
'Template:Hatnote#Errors',
args.category
)
end
return p._hatnote(s, {
extraclasses = args.extraclasses,
selfref = args.selfref
})
end

function p._hatnote(s, options)
checkType('_hatnote', 1, s, 'string')
checkType('_hatnote', 2, options, 'table', true)
options = options or {}
local inline = options.inline
local hatnote = mw.html.create(inline == 1 and 'span' or 'div')
local extraclasses
if type(options.extraclasses) == 'string' then
extraclasses = options.extraclasses
end

hatnote
:attr('role', 'note')
:addClass(p.defaultClasses(inline))
:addClass(extraclasses)
:addClass(options.selfref and 'selfref' or nil)
:wikitext(s)

return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Hatnote/styles.css' }
} .. tostring(hatnote)
end

return p

Module:Labelled list hatnote

2025-08-04T20:15:43Z

Nico: Created page with "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Labelled list -- -- -- -- This module does the core work of creating a hatnote composed of a list -- -- prefixed by a colon-terminated label, i.e. "LABEL: [andList of pages]", -- -- for {{see also}} and similar templates...."

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Labelled list --
-- --
-- This module does the core work of creating a hatnote composed of a list --
-- prefixed by a colon-terminated label, i.e. "LABEL: [andList of pages]", --
-- for {{see also}} and similar templates. --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote')
local mHatlist = require('Module:Hatnote list')
local mArguments --initialize lazily
local yesno --initialize lazily
local p = {}

-- Defaults global to this module
local defaults = {
label = 'See also', --Final fallback for label argument
labelForm = '%s: %s',
prefixes = {'label', 'label ', 'l'},
template = 'Module:Labelled list hatnote'
}

-- Localizable message strings
local msg = {
errorSuffix = '#Errors',
noInputWarning = 'no page names specified',
noOutputWarning =
"'''[[%s]] — no output: none of the target pages exist.'''"
}

-- Helper function that pre-combines display parameters into page arguments.
-- Also compresses sparse arrays, as a desirable side-effect.
function p.preprocessDisplays (args, prefixes)
-- Prefixes specify which parameters, in order, to check for display options
-- They each have numbers auto-appended, e.g. 'label1', 'label 1', & 'l1'
prefixes = prefixes or defaults.prefixes
local indices = {}
local sparsePages = {}
for k, v in pairs(args) do
if type(k) == 'number' then
indices[#indices + 1] = k
local display
for i = 1, #prefixes do
display = args[prefixes[i] .. k]
if display then break end
end
sparsePages[k] = display and
string.format('%s|%s', string.gsub(v, '|.*$', ''), display) or v
end
end
table.sort(indices)
local pages = {}
for k, v in ipairs(indices) do pages[#pages + 1] = sparsePages[v] end
return pages
end

--Helper function to get a page target from a processed page string
--e.g. "Page|Label" → "Page" or "Target" → "Target"
local function getTarget(pagename)
local pipe = string.find(pagename, '|')
return string.sub(pagename, 0, pipe and pipe - 1 or nil)
end

-- Produces a labelled pages-list hatnote.
-- The main frame (template definition) takes 1 or 2 arguments, for a singular
-- and (optionally) plural label respectively:
-- * {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Singular label|Plural label}}
-- The resulting template takes pagename & label parameters normally.
function p.labelledList (frame)
mArguments = require('Module:Arguments')
yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local labels = {frame.args[1] or defaults.label}
labels[2] = frame.args[2] or labels[1]
labels[3] = frame.args[3] --no defaulting
labels[4] = frame.args[4] --no defaulting
local template = frame:getParent():getTitle()
local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame, {parentOnly = true})
local pages = p.preprocessDisplays(args)
local options = {
category = yesno(args.category),
extraclasses = frame.args.extraclasses,
ifexists = yesno(frame.args.ifexists),
namespace = frame.args.namespace or args.namespace,
selfref = yesno(frame.args.selfref or args.selfref),
template = template
}
return p._labelledList(pages, labels, options)
end
local function exists(title)
local success, result = pcall(function() return title.exists end)
if success then
return result
else
return true
end
end

function p._labelledList (pages, labels, options)
local removednonexist = false
if options.ifexists then
for k = #pages, 1, -1 do --iterate backwards to allow smooth removals
local v = pages[k]
if mw.ustring.sub(mw.text.trim(v), 1, 1) ~= "#" then
local title = mw.title.new(getTarget(v), namespace)
if (v == '') or (title == nil) or not exists(title) then
table.remove(pages, k)
removednonexist = true
end
end
end
end
labels = labels or {}
label = (#pages == 1 and labels[1] or labels[2]) or defaults.label
for k, v in pairs(pages) do
if mHatnote.findNamespaceId(v) ~= 0 then
label =
(
#pages == 1 and
(labels[3] or labels[1] or defaults.label) or
(labels[4] or labels[2] or defaults.label)
) or defaults.label
end
end
if #pages == 0 then
if removednonexist then
mw.addWarning(
string.format(
msg.noOutputWarning, options.template or defaults.template
)
)
return ''
else
return mHatnote.makeWikitextError(
msg.noInputWarning,
(options.template or defaults.template) .. msg.errorSuffix,
options.category
)
end
end
local text = string.format(
options.labelForm or defaults.labelForm,
label,
mHatlist.andList(pages, true)
)
local hnOptions = {
extraclasses = options.extraclasses,
selfref = options.selfref
}
return mHatnote._hatnote(text, hnOptions)
end

return p

Template:Further

2025-08-04T20:15:17Z

Nico: Created page with "<includeonly>{{#invoke:labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Further information{{#if:{{{topic|}}}| on {{{topic|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}  </noinclude>"

<includeonly>{{#invoke:labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Further information{{#if:{{{topic|}}}| on {{{topic|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

2024 United States presidential election

2025-08-04T19:57:25Z

Nico:

Main Page

2025-08-04T18:39:21Z

Nico:

=== Welcome to h | Wiki ===

Main Page

2025-08-04T18:38:57Z

Nico: Replaced content with "== Welcome to h | Wiki =="

== Welcome to h | Wiki ==

2024 United States presidential election

2025-08-04T18:37:37Z

Nico:

United States

2025-08-04T18:31:39Z

Nico: Created page with "{{Short description|Country primarily in North America}} {{Hatnote|Several terms redirect here. For the totality of North and South America, see Americas. For other uses, see America (disambiguation), United States (disambiguation), US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and The United States of America (disambiguation).}} {{pp-move}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=January 2024}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox..."

{{Short description|Country primarily in North America}}
{{Hatnote|Several terms redirect here. For the totality of North and South America, see [[Americas]]. For other uses, see [[America (disambiguation)]], [[United States (disambiguation)]], [[US (disambiguation)]], [[USA (disambiguation)]], and [[The United States of America (disambiguation)]].}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = United States of America
| common_name = United States
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} 
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} 
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = "[[In God We Trust]]"<ref>{{USC|36|302}}</ref>{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Other traditional mottos:<ref name="de facto Motto">{{cite web |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}</ref>}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} "Out of many, one"
|{{native phrase|la|"[[Annuit cœptis]]"|italics=off}} "Providence favors our undertakings"
|{{native phrase|la|"[[Novus ordo seclorum]]"|italics=off}} "New order of the ages"
}}
| national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<ref>{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H.R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&page=1508}}</ref><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</div>

| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:USA orthographic.svg|frameless|alt=Orthographic map of the U.S. in North America]]|Show globe ([[U.S. state|states]] and [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] only)|[[File:US insular areas SVG.svg|upright=1.15|frameless|alt=World map showing the U.S., territories, and freely associated sovereign states]]|Show the U.S. and [[Territories of the United States|its territories]]|[[File:NOAA Map of the US EEZ.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show territories with boundaries of [[Exclusive economic zone of the United States|U.S. exclusive economic zone]]|default=1}}
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] {{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]] {{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[English language|English]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]].<ref name="EOWP">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U.S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}</ref><ref name="EONYT">{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump Signs Order to Designate English as Official Language of the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}</ref> States and territories variously recognize English only, English plus one or more local languages, or no language at all. See [[#Language|§ Language]].}}
| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''By race:''
*61.6% [[White Americans|White]]
*12.4% [[African Americans|Black]]
*6% [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
*1.1% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
*0.2% [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]]
*10.2% [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]]
*8.4% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|other]]
}}
{{plainlist|''By origin:''
* 81.3% non-[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]
* 18.7% Hispanic or Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2020
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2020CensusData">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="2020InteractiveCensusData">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}</ref>
| demonym = [[Americans|American]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}</ref>{{efn|name=demonym|The historical and informal demonym [[Yankee]] has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, and northeasterners since the 18th century.}}
| government_type = Federal [[Presidential system|presidential republic]] 
| leader_title1 = [[President of the United States|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[United States Congress|Congress]]
| upper_house = [[United States Senate|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of the United States|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Confederation period|Confederation]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Recognition]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Geography of the United States
| area_label = Total area
| area_footnote = <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref>{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3rd
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7.0<ref>{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}</ref> (2010)
| area_label2 = Land area
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020.</ref>{{efn|name="pop"}}
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 340,110,988<ref name="Vintage2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_rank = 3rd
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.3 
| population_density_rank = 180th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $30.507 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.US">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=April 22, 2025 |access-date=May 26, 2025}}</ref>{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 2nd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,105<ref name="IMFWEO.US" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 9th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $30.507 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.US" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 1st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,105<ref name="IMFWEO.US" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 7th
| Gini = 41.6 
| Gini_year = 2023
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/p60-282.html |title=Income in the United States: 2023 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=53 |access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref>{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI = 0.938 
| HDI_year = 2023 
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 17th
| currency = [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = −4 to −12, +10, +11
| utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{efn|name="time"}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]].}}
| drives_on = Right{{efn|name="drive"}}
| calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[.us]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between .us vs .com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}</ref>
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_year = 2023
| religion_ref = <ref name="Staff-2007">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc.]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The '''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), also known as the '''United States''' ('''U.S.''') or '''America''', is a country primarily located in [[North America]]. It is a [[federal republic]] of 50 [[U.S. state|states]] and a federal capital district, [[Washington, D.C.]] The 48 [[contiguous states]] border [[Canada]] to the north and [[Mexico]] to the south, with the [[semi-exclave]] of [[Alaska]] in the northwest and the [[archipelago]] of [[Hawaii]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The United States also asserts sovereignty over five [[Territories of the United States|major island territories]] and [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|various uninhabited islands]] in [[Oceania]] and the [[Caribbean]].{{efn|The five major territories outside the union of states are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. The seven undisputed island areas without permanent populations are [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], and [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], and [[Wake Island]] is disputed.<ref name="HRI-2012"/>}} It is a [[megadiverse country]], with the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|third-largest land area]]{{efn|At {{cvt|9,147,590|km2|order=flip}}, the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind [[Russia]] and [[China]]. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and [[Canada]], if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the [[Great Lakes]]), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.
 
Coastal/territorial waters included: {{cvt|9,833,517|km2|order=flip}}<ref name="CIA Factbook Area">{{cite web |title=Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=January 15, 2015 |archive-date=January 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html }}</ref>
 
Only internal waters included: {{cvt|9,572,900|km2|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |title=United States |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219194413/https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=January 31, 2010 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>|name=largestcountry}} and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|third-largest population]], exceeding 340 million.{{efn|The [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]'s latest official population estimate of 340,110,988 residents (2024) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]] and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: [https://www.census.gov/popclock/ www.census.gov/popclock]|name=pop clock}}

[[Paleo-Indians]] migrated from North Asia to North America over 12,000 years ago, and formed various civilizations. [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonization]] established [[Spanish Florida]] in 1513, the first European colony in what is now the continental United States. [[British colonization of the Americas|British colonization]] followed with the 1607 settlement of [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]], the first of the [[Thirteen Colonies]]. [[Middle Passage|Forced migration]] of [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved Africans]] supplied the labor force to sustain the [[Southern Colonies]]' [[plantation economy]]. Clashes with the [[The Crown|British Crown]] over taxation and lack of [[No taxation without representation|parliamentary representation]] sparked the [[American Revolution]], leading to the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] on July 4, 1776. Victory in the 1775–1783 [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] brought international recognition of U.S. sovereignty and fueled [[Territorial evolution of the United States|westward expansion]], dispossessing [[Native Americans in the United States|native inhabitants]]. As more states [[Admission to the Union|were admitted]], a North–South [[slave states and free states|division over slavery]] led the [[Confederate States of America]] to attempt secession and fight [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]] in the 1861–1865 [[American Civil War]]. With the United States' victory and reunification, [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|slavery was abolished nationally]]. By 1900, the country had established itself as a [[great power]], a status solidified after its involvement in [[World War I]]. Following [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]'s [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in 1941, the U.S. [[American entry into World War II|entered World War II]]. [[Aftermath of World War II|Its aftermath]] left the U.S. and the [[Soviet Union]] as rival [[superpower]]s, competing for [[ideological dominance]] and [[international influence]] during the [[Cold War]]. The [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union's collapse]] in 1991 ended the Cold War, leaving the U.S. as the world's sole superpower.

The [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. national government]] is a [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Constitution of the United States|constitutional]] federal republic and [[representative democracy]] with [[Separation of powers under the United States Constitution|three separate branches]]: [[United States Congress|legislative]], [[United States federal executive departments|executive]], and [[Federal judiciary of the United States|judicial]]. It has a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] national legislature composed of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] (a [[lower house]] based on population) and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] (an [[upper house]] based on equal representation for each state). [[Federalism in the United States|Federalism grants substantial autonomy]] to the 50 states. In addition, 574 Native American tribes have [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|sovereignty rights]], and there are 326 [[Native American reservations]]. Since the 1850s, the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] parties have dominated [[American politics]], while [[Americanism (ideology)|American values]] are based on a democratic tradition inspired by the [[American Enlightenment]] movement.

A [[developed country]], the [[International rankings of the United States|U.S. ranks]] high in economic competitiveness, innovation, and [[Higher education in the United States|higher education]]. Accounting for [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|over a quarter]] of nominal global economic output, [[Economy of the United States|its economy]] has been the world's largest [[List of countries by largest historical GDP|since about 1890]]. It is the [[List of countries by total wealth|wealthiest country]], with the [[Disposable household and per capita income#Household disposable income per capita (OECD)|highest disposable household income per capita]] among [[OECD]] members, though [[Wealth inequality in the United States|its wealth inequality]] is one of the most pronounced in those countries. Shaped by centuries of immigration, the [[culture of the United States|culture of the U.S.]] is diverse and [[Americanization|globally influential]]. Making up [[List of countries with highest military expenditures|more than a third]] of global military spending, the country has [[United States Armed Forces|one of the strongest militaries]] and is a recognized [[nuclear state]]. A member of [[International organization membership of the United States|numerous international organizations]], the U.S. plays a major role in global political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.

== Etymology ==
{{Further|Names of the United States|Demonyms for the United States|United Colonies|Naming of the Americas}}
Documented use of the phrase "United States of America" dates back to January 2, 1776. On that day, [[Stephen Moylan]], a [[Continental Army]] aide to General [[George Washington]], wrote a letter to [[Joseph Reed (politician)|Joseph Reed]], Washington's [[aide-de-camp]], seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] effort.<ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news |last=DeLear |first=Byron |date=July 4, 2013 |title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref> The first known public usage is an [[Anonymous work|anonymous essay]] published in the [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] newspaper ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' on April 6, 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Sometime on or after June 11, 1776, [[Thomas Jefferson]] wrote "United States of America" in a rough draft of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]],<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> which was adopted by the [[Second Continental Congress]] on July 4, 1776.<ref name="Davis72">[[#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref>

The term "United States" and its initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |website=Dictionary.com |date=March 9, 2017 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> "United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]], with prescribed rules.{{efn|The official [[U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual]] has prescribed specific usages for "U.S." and "United States" as part of official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages",<ref name="gpo-stylemanual" /> "United States" is always used. In a sentence containing the name of another country, "United States" must be used. Otherwise, "U.S." is used preceding a government organization or as an adjective, but "United States" is used as an adjective preceding non-governmental organizations (e.g. [[United States Steel Corporation]]).<ref name="gpo-stylemanual">{{cite book |title=U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual |date=January 12, 2017 |pages=222–223 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016/ |access-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref>}} "The States" is an established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad;<ref>{{cite dictionary |dictionary=Longman dictionary |title="The States" |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/the-states |access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref> "stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb.<ref>{{Cite dictionary |date=September 27, 2024 |title=Stateside |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside |access-date=October 4, 2024 |dictionary=Merriam-Webster}}</ref>

"{{vanchor|America}}" is the feminine form of the first word of {{lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, the Latinized name of Italian explorer [[Amerigo Vespucci]] (1454–1512); it was first used as a place name by the German cartographers [[Martin Waldseemüller]] and [[Matthias Ringmann]] in 1507.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci |title=Amerigo Vespucci |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=July 7, 2011 |archive-date=July 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|''Americus'' comes from the [[Medieval Latin]] name {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Emericus}} (for [[Saint Emeric of Hungary]]), itself derived from the Old High German name [[Emmerich (name)|Emmerich]].}} Vespucci first proposed that the [[West Indies]] discovered by [[Christopher Columbus]] in 1492 were part of a previously unknown landmass and not among the Indies at the eastern limit of Asia.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sandra |last=Sider |title=Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtYy67FsRosC&pg=PA226 |page=226 |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533084-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |publisher=[[Live Science]] |access-date=June 23, 2019 |date=September 20, 2017}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |website=Library of Congress Blog |access-date=September 3, 2020 |date=July 4, 2016}}</ref> In English, [[Americas (terminology)|the term "America"]] usually does not refer to topics unrelated to the United States, despite the usage of "the [[Americas]]" to describe the totality of the continents of [[North America|North]] and [[South America]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Kenneth G. |publisher=Columbia University Press |title=The Columbia guide to standard American English |location=New York |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-231-06989-2 |pages=27–28}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of the United States}}
{{For outline|Outline of the history of the United States}}

=== Indigenous peoples ===
{{Main|History of Native Americans in the United States|Pre-Columbian era}}
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cliff Palace]], a settlement of [[Ancestral Puebloans|ancestors of]] the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Pueblo peoples]] in present-day [[Montezuma County, Colorado]], built between {{Circa|1200 and 1275}}<ref>[https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-palace "Cliff Palace"] at Colorado Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 31, 2024.</ref>]]
The [[Paleo-Indians|first inhabitants of North America]] migrated from [[Siberia]] over 12,000 years ago, either across the [[Bering land bridge]] or along the [[Coastal migration (Americas)|now-submerged Ice Age coastline]].{{sfn|Erlandson|Rick|Vellanoweth|2008|p=19}}{{sfn|Savage|2011|pages=55-58}} The [[Clovis culture]], which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas.{{sfn|Waters|Stafford|2007|pages=1122–1126}}{{sfn|Flannery|2015|pages=173–185}} Over time, Indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the [[Mississippian culture]], developed [[Eastern Agricultural Complex|agriculture]], [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex|architecture]], and [[complex societies]].{{sfn|Lockard|2010|page=315}} In the [[History of Native Americans in the United States#Post-Archaic stage|post-archaic period]], the Mississippian cultures were located in the [[Midwestern United States|midwestern]], [[Eastern United States|eastern]], and [[Southern United States|southern]] regions, and the [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] in the [[Great Lakes region]] and along the [[East Coast of the United States|Eastern Seaboard]], while the [[Hohokam culture]] and [[Ancestral Puebloans]] inhabited the [[American Southwest|southwest]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Johansen |first=Bruce |title=The Native Peoples of North America: A History, Volume 1 |year=2006 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3899-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiKgBuSUPUIC&dq=native+american+history+archaic+period&pg=PA51}}</ref> [[Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native population estimates]] of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000{{sfn|Thornton|1998|page=34}}{{sfn|Perdue|Green|2005|page=40}} to nearly 10 million.{{sfn|Perdue|Green|2005|page=40}}{{sfn|Haines|Haines|Steckel|2000|page=12}}

=== European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513–1765) ===
{{Main|Colonial history of the United States|Colonial American military history}}
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|The [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial possessions]] of [[British colonization of the Americas|Britain]] (the Thirteen Colonies in pink and others in purple), [[New France|France]] (in blue), and [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] (in orange) in North America, 1750|upright=1.3]]

[[Christopher Columbus]] began exploring the [[Caribbean]] for Spain in 1492, leading to [[Spanish Empire|Spanish-speaking settlements and missions]] from what are now [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Spanish Florida|Florida]] to [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|New Mexico]] and [[Alta California|California]]. The first Spanish colony in the present-day continental United States was [[Spanish Florida]], chartered in 1513.<ref name="Galloway2006">{{cite book |author=Ralph H. Vigil |editor=Patricia Kay Galloway |title=The Hernando de Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, and "discovery" in the Southeast |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzGphaI83EUC&pg=PA329 |date=January 1, 2006 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=0-8032-7132-8 |page=329 |chapter=The Expedition and the Struggle for Justice}}</ref><ref name="Hudson2018">{{cite book |author=Charles M. Hudson |title=Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eapFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 |date=January 15, 2018 |publisher=University of Georgia Pres|isbn=978-0-8203-5290-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Frederick T. |year=1932 |title=The Record of Ponce de Leon's Discovery of Florida, 1513 |url=http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A21231 |journal=The QUARTERLY Periodical of THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY |volume=XI |issue=1 |pages=5–6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |title=A Short History of Florida |date=2002 |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> After several settlements failed there due to hunger and disease, Spain's first permanent town, [[Saint Augustine, Florida|Saint Augustine]], was founded in 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> France established its own settlements in [[French Florida]] in 1562, but they were either abandoned (Charlesfort, 1578) or destroyed by Spanish raids ([[Fort Caroline]], 1565); [[New France|permanent French settlements]] would be founded much later along the [[Great Lakes]] ([[Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit|Fort Detroit]], 1701), the [[Mississippi River]] (Saint Louis, 1764) and especially the [[Gulf of Mexico]] ([[New Orleans]], 1718).<ref name="Petto20072">{{cite book |author=Petto |first=Christine Marie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZiaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 |title=When France Was King of Cartography: The Patronage and Production of Maps in Early Modern France |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7391-6247-7 |page=125}}</ref> Early European colonies also included the thriving Dutch colony of [[New Nederland]] (settled 1626, present-day New York) and the small Swedish colony of [[New Sweden]] (settled 1638 in what is now Delaware). [[British colonization of the Americas|British colonization]] of the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] began with the [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia Colony]] (1607) and the [[Plymouth Colony]] (Massachusetts, 1620).<ref name="Jr.Selby20182">{{cite book |last1=Seelye |first1=James E. Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA344 |title=Shaping North America: From Exploration to the American Revolution [3 volumes] |last2=Selby |first2=Shawn |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4408-3669-5 |page=344}}</ref><ref name="BellahSullivan20062">{{cite book |last1=Bellah |first1=Robert Neelly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DQHmykT6u4C&pg=PA220 |title=Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life |last2=Madsen |first2=Richard |last3=Sullivan |first3=William M. |last4=Swidler |first4=Ann |last5=Tipton |first5=Steven M. |publisher=University of California Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-520-05388-5 |page=220 |ol=7708974M}}</ref>

The [[Mayflower Compact]] in Massachusetts and the [[Fundamental Orders of Connecticut]] established precedents for representative [[self-governance]] and [[constitutionalism]] that would develop throughout the American colonies.<ref name="Remini2–32">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Remini|2007|pp=2–3}}.</ref><ref name="Johnson26–302">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Johnson|1997|pp=26–30}}.</ref> While European settlers in what is now the United States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and animal pelts.<ref>[[#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]], p. 6.</ref>{{efn|From the late 15th century, the [[Columbian exchange]] had been catastrophic for native populations throughout the Americas. It is estimated [[Virgin soil epidemic|that up to 95 percent of the Indigenous populations]], especially in the Caribbean, [[Native American disease and epidemics|perished from infectious diseases during the years following European colonization]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ehrenpreis |first1=Jamie E. |last2=Ehrenpreis |first2=Eli D. |date=April 2022 |title=A Historical Perspective of Healthcare Disparity and Infectious Disease in the Native American Population |journal=The American Journal of the Medical Sciences |volume=363 |issue=4 |pages=288–294 |doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2022.01.005 |issn=0002-9629 |pmc=8785365 |pmid=35085528}}</ref> remaining populations were often displaced by European expansion.{{sfn|Joseph|2016 |page=590}}<ref>[[#Stannard|Stannard, 1993]] p. [[iarchive:americanholocaus00stan|xii]]</ref>}} Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity.<ref>[[#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]] p. 5</ref><ref>[[#Calloway1998|Calloway, 1998]], p. 55</ref> Along the eastern seaboard, settlers [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States|trafficked African slaves]] through the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Hugh |url=https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom/page/516 |title=The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440{{ndash}}1870 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1997 |isbn=0-684-83565-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom/page/516 516] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The original [[Thirteen Colonies]]{{efn|[[Province of New Hampshire|New Hampshire]], [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]], [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island]], [[Province of New York|New York]], [[Province of New Jersey|New Jersey]], [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], [[Delaware Colony|Delaware]], [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]], [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]], [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]], [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]], and [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]]}} that would later found the United States were administered as possessions of the [[British Empire]] by Crown-appointed governors,[[Category:Governors of the Thirteen Colonies]]<ref name="BilhartzElliott20072">{{cite book |author1=Bilhartz, Terry D. |url=https://archive.org/details/currentsinameric0000bilh |title=Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States |author2=Elliott, Alan C. |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7656-1817-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> though [[Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies|local governments held elections open to most white male property owners]].<ref name="Wood19982">{{cite book |author=Wood |first=Gordon S. |url=https://archive.org/details/creationofameric0000wood_r7v4 |title=The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 |publisher=UNC Press Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8078-4723-7 |page=263}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ratcliffe |first=Donald |year=2013 |title=The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828 |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |volume=33 |issue=2 |page=220 |doi=10.1353/jer.2013.0033 |s2cid=145135025 |issn=0275-1275}}</ref> The colonial population grew rapidly from Maine to Georgia, eclipsing Native American populations;<ref>[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], pp. 38–39.</ref> by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.<ref>[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 35.</ref> The colonies' distance from Britain facilitated the entrenchment of self-governance,<ref>{{cite book |author=Otis |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_52678 |title=The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved |year=1764}}</ref> and the [[First Great Awakening]], a series of [[Christian revival]]s, fueled colonial interest in guaranteed [[Freedom of religion|religious liberty]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foner |first1=Eric |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofamericanf00fone |title=The Story of American Freedom |date=1998 |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-04665-6 |edition=1st |pages=[https://archive.org/details/storyofamericanf00fone/page/4 4]–5 |quote=story of American freedom. |url-access=registration}}</ref>

===American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)===
{{Main|History of the United States (1776–1789)|History of the United States (1789–1815)|American Revolution}}
[[File:Declaration independence.jpg|alt=See caption|thumb|The ''[[Declaration of Independence (painting)|Declaration of Independence]]'' portrait depicts the
[[Committee of Five]] presenting [[United States Declaration of Independence|the Declaration]] to the [[Second Continental Congress|Continental Congress]] on June 28, 1776, in [[Philadelphia]].]]
Following their victory in the [[French and Indian War]], Britain began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting in [[American Revolution|colonial political resistance]]; one of the primary colonial grievances was a denial of their [[Rights of Englishmen|rights as Englishmen]], particularly the right to [[No taxation without representation|representation in the British government that taxed them]]. To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, the [[First Continental Congress]] met in 1774 and passed the [[Continental Association]], a colonial boycott of British goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]], igniting the [[American Revolutionary War]]. At the [[Second Continental Congress]], the colonies appointed [[George Washington]] commander-in-chief of the [[Continental Army]], and created [[Committee of Five|a committee]] that named [[Thomas Jefferson]] to draft the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]. Two days after passing the [[Lee Resolution]] to create an independent nation the Declaration was adopted on July 4, 1776.<ref name="YoungNash20112">{{cite book |author1=Fabian Young, Alfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEzaLJ4u_MEC&pg=PA4 |title=Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation |author2=Nash, Gary B. |author3=Raphael, Ray |publisher=Random House Digital |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-27110-5 |pages=4–7}}</ref> The [[American Enlightenment|political values of the American Revolution]] included [[liberty]], [[Natural rights and legal rights|inalienable individual rights]]; and the [[Popular sovereignty|sovereignty of the people]];<ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> supporting [[Republicanism in the United States|republicanism]] and rejecting [[monarchy]], [[aristocracy]], and all hereditary political power; [[civic virtue]]; and vilification of [[political corruption]].<ref>Richard Buel, ''Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815'' (1972)</ref> The [[Founding Fathers of the United States]], who included Washington, Jefferson, [[John Adams]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[John Jay]], [[James Madison]], [[Thomas Paine]], and many others, were inspired by [[Classical republicanism#Classical antecedents|Classical]], [[Renaissance philosophy|Renaissance]], and [[Age of Enlightenment#Politics|Enlightenment]] philosophies and ideas.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>

Though in practical effect since its drafting in 1777, the [[Articles of Confederation]] [[Perpetual Union|and Perpetual Union]] was ratified in 1781 and formally established a decentralized government that operated until 1789.<ref name="YoungNash20112" /> After the British surrender at the [[siege of Yorktown]] in 1781, American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to [[Spanish Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> The [[Northwest Ordinance]] (1787) established the precedent by which the country's territory would expand with the [[Admission to the Union|admission of new states]], rather than the expansion of existing states.<ref>Shōsuke Satō, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PY0VAAAAYAAJ History of the land question in the United States]'', Johns Hopkins University, (1886), p. 352</ref> The [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] was drafted at the 1787 [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a [[federal republic]] governed by [[Separation of powers under the United States Constitution|three separate branches]] that together ensured a system of [[checks and balances]].{{sfn|Foner|2020|p=524}} George Washington [[1788–89 United States presidential election|was elected]] the country's first president under the Constitution, and the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government.{{sfn|Foner|2020|pp=538-540}} [[George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief|His resignation as commander-in-chief]] after the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in the United States and the [[Peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]].<ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref>

===Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)===
{{Main||History of the United States (1815–1849)|History of the United States (1849–1865)}}
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|upright=1.3|thumb|[[Territorial evolution of the United States|Territorial expansion of the United States]]|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States]]
In the late 18th century, American settlers began to [[Territorial evolution of the United States|expand westward]] in larger numbers, many with a sense of [[manifest destiny]].<ref name="MD20072">{{Cite book |last1=Carlisle |first1=Rodney P. |title=Manifest destiny and the expansion of America |last2=Golson |first2=J. Geoffrey |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-834-7 |series=Turning Points in History Series |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |page=238 |oclc=659807062}}</ref>{{Sfn|McPherson|1988|p=41–46}} The [[Louisiana Purchase]] of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |access-date=March 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |url-status=dead |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> [[Origins of the War of 1812|Lingering issues with Britain remained]], leading to the [[War of 1812]], which was fought to a draw.<ref name="Wait19992">{{cite book |last=Wait |first=Eugene M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puuQ30N0EsIC&pg=PA78 |title=America and the War of 1812 |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56072-644-9 |page=78}}</ref> [[Adams–Onís Treaty|Spain ceded Florida]] and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.<ref name="KloseJones19942">{{cite book |author1=Klose, Nelson |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 |title=United States History to 1877 |author2=Jones, Robert F. |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 150]}}</ref>

The [[Missouri Compromise]] of 1820, which admitted [[Missouri]] as a [[Slave states and free states|slave state]] and [[Maine#Statehood|Maine]] as a free state, attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it there. Primarily, the compromise prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the [[parallel 36°30′ north|36°30′ parallel]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammond |first=John Craig |date=March 2019 |title=President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of Slavery |journal=Journal of American History |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=843–867 |doi=10.1093/jahist/jaz002}}</ref>

As Americans expanded further into territory inhabited by Native Americans, the [[Federal Indian Policy|federal government implemented policies]] of [[Indian removal]] or [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|assimilation]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frymer |first=Paul |title=Building an American empire: the era of territorial and political expansion |date=2017 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-8535-0 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |oclc=981954623}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calloway |first=Colin G. |title=First peoples: a documentary survey of American Indian history |date=2019 |publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's, Macmillan Learning |isbn=978-1-319-10491-7 |edition=6th |location=Boston |oclc=1035393060}}</ref> The most significant such legislation was the [[Indian Removal Act|Indian Removal Act of 1830]], a key policy of President [[Andrew Jackson]]. It resulted in the [[Trail of Tears]] (1830–1850), in which an estimated 60,000 Native Americans living east of the [[Mississippi River]] were forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to the west, causing 13,200 to 16,700 deaths along the forced march.{{Sfn|McPherson|1988|p=45}} Settler expansion as well as this influx of Indigenous peoples from the East resulted in the [[American Indian Wars]] west of the Mississippi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michno |first=Gregory |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890 |date=2003 |publisher=Mountain Press Publishing |isbn=978-0-87842-468-9}}</ref><ref name="BillingtonRidge2001j2">{{cite book |author1=Billington, Ray Allen |url=https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22 |title=Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier |author2=Ridge, Martin |publisher=UNM Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8263-1981-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22 22] |author-link2=Martin Ridge (historian)}}</ref>

The United States [[Texas annexation|annexed the Republic of Texas]] in 1845,<ref name="Morrison19992">{{cite book |author=Morrison, Michael A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTaxzMlkVEMC&pg=PA13 |title=Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War |date=April 28, 1997 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-4796-1 |pages=13–21}}</ref> and the 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]] led to U.S. control of the present-day [[Northwestern United States|American Northwest]].<ref name="Kemp20102">{{cite book |author=Kemp, Roger L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA180 |title=Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works |publisher=McFarland |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2 |page=180 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Dispute with Mexico over Texas led to the [[Mexican–American War]] (1846–1848). After the victory of the U.S., Mexico recognized U.S sovereignty over Texas, [[New Mexico]], and [[California]] in the 1848 [[Mexican Cession]]; the cession's lands also included the future states of [[Nevada]], [[Colorado]] and [[Utah]].<ref name="MD20072" /><ref name="McIlwraithMuller20012">{{cite book |author1=McIlwraith, Thomas F. |url=https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/61 |title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent |author2=Muller, Edward K. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/61 61] |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[California gold rush]] of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent, the [[California genocide]] of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the mid-1870s.<ref>
* {{harvnb|Meyer|Snow|Snow|Cohen|Meyer|Thornton|Grinde|Dilworth|2001|loc=From 1800 to 1900}}: "The discovery of gold in California in 1848 proved a momentous watershed for native people in the West. Hordes of single men stampeded to find fortune. Unrestrained by family, community, or church, they decimated the native population near the goldfields. California natives suffered the most complete genocide in U.S. history."
* {{cite web |url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/revealing-the-history-of-genocide-against-californias-native-americans |title=Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans |last=Wolf |first=Jessica |website=UCLA Newsroom |language=en |access-date=July 8, 2018}}
* {{Cite book |last=Madley |first=Benjamin |date=2016 |title=An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873. |publisher=Yale University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/americangenocide0000madl |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-300-23069-7}}
* {{harvnb|Smithers|2012|p=339}}: "The genocidal intent of California settlers and government officials was acted out in numerous battles and massacres (and aided by technological advances in weaponry, especially after the Civil War), in the abduction and sexual abuse of Indian women, and in the economic exploitation of Indian child labourers"
* {{harvnb|Blackhawk|2023|p=38}}: "With these works, a near consensus emerged. By most scholarly definitions and consistent with the UN Convention, these scholars all asserted that genocide against at least some Indigenous peoples had occurred in North America following colonisation, perpetuated first by colonial empires and then by independent nation-states"</ref> Additional western territories and states were created.<ref name="Rawls1999">{{cite book |author=Rawls, James J. |title=A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&pg=PA20 |year=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21771-3 |page=20}}</ref>

[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|[[Slave states and free states]] in 1858]]
During the colonial period, [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States|slavery had been legal in the American colonies]], becoming the main labor force in the [[Plantation complexes in the Southern United States|large-scale]], [[Antebellum South#Economic structure|agriculture-dependent economies]] of the [[Southern Colonies]] from Maryland to Georgia. The practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution, {{sfnm|1a1=Walker Howe|1y=2007|1p=52–54|2a1=Wright|2y=2022}} and spurred by an active [[abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist movement]] that had reemerged in the 1830s, states in [[Northern United States|the North]] enacted laws to prohibit slavery within their boundaries.{{sfnm|1a1=Walker Howe|1y=2007|1p=52–54|2a1=Rodriguez|2y=2015|2p=XXXIV|3a1=Wright|3y=2022}} At the same time, [[Pro-slavery ideology in the United States|support for slavery had strengthened in Southern states]], with widespread use of inventions such as the [[cotton gin]] (1793) having made slavery immensely profitable for [[Planter class|Southern elites]].<ref>[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 43</ref><ref>[[#Gordon|Gordon, 2004]], pp. 27, 29</ref>{{sfn|Walker Howe|2007|p=478, 481–482, 587–588}} Throughout the 1850s, this [[Slave states and free states|sectional conflict regarding slavery]] was further inflamed by national legislation in the U.S. Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court. In Congress, the [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850]] mandated the forcible return to their owners in the South of slaves taking refuge in non-slave states, while the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] of 1854 effectively gutted the anti-slavery requirements of the Missouri Compromise.<ref>{{cite web |title=Milestone documents: Kansas–Missouri Act (1854) |date=July 12, 2021 |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.) |access-date=January 5, 2025}}</ref> In its [[Dred Scott v. Sandford|Dred Scott decision]] of 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against a slave brought into non-slave territory, simultaneously declaring the entire Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional. These and other [[Origins of the American Civil War|events exacerbated tensions between North and South]] that would culminate in the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865).<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76 |title=Atlas of American Military History |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5 |page=76 |access-date=October 25, 2015}} {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Harold T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53 |title=Christian Social Witness |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-56101-188-9 |page=53}}</ref><ref name="Woods 2012 pp. 415–4392">{{cite journal |last=Woods |first=Michael E. |year=2012 |title=What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=415–439 |doi=10.1093/jahist/jas272 |issn=0021-8723 |jstor=44306803}}</ref>

Beginning with [[South Carolina]], 11 slave-state governments voted to [[Secession in the United States|secede from the United States]] in 1861, joining to create the [[Confederate States of America]]. All other state governments remained loyal to [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]].{{efn|The Confederate States of America was formed by the following states, each state government of which formally declared its [[Secession in the United States|secession]] from the United States: [[South Carolina in the American Civil War|South Carolina]], [[Mississippi in the American Civil War|Mississippi]], [[Florida in the American Civil War|Florida]], [[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama]], [[Georgia in the American Civil War|Georgia]], [[Louisiana in the American Civil War|Louisiana]], [[Texas in the American Civil War|Texas]], [[Virginia in the American Civil War|Virginia]], [[Arkansas in the American Civil War|Arkansas]], [[Tennessee in the American Civil War|Tennessee]], and [[North Carolina in the American Civil War|North Carolina]].}}<ref name="Silkenat 2019 p. 252">{{cite book |last=Silkenat |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4696-4973-3 |series=Civil War America |page=25 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref>{{Sfn|McPherson|1988|p=236}} War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederacy [[Battle of Fort Sumter|bombarded Fort Sumter]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Vinovskis |first=Maris |title=Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays |date=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-39559-5 |location=Cambridge; New York |page=4}}</ref>{{Sfn|McPherson|1988|pp=273–274}} Following the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] on January 1, 1863, many freed slaves joined the [[Union army]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |date=August 15, 2016 |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> The war [[Turning point of the American Civil War|began to turn in the Union's favor]] following the 1863 [[Siege of Vicksburg]] and [[Battle of Gettysburg]], and the Confederates surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the [[Battle of Appomattox Court House]].<ref>Davis, Jefferson. [https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistoryco00davigoog#page/n544/mode/2up/search/surrender+at+Appomattox ''A Short History of the Confederate States of America''], 1890, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-175-82358-8}}. Available free online as an ebook. Chapter LXXXVIII, "Re-establishment of the Union by force", p. 503. Retrieved March 14, 2012.</ref>

=== Reconstruction, Gilded Age, and Progressive Era (1863–1917) ===
{{Main|History of the United States (1865–1917)}}
[[File:Emigrants (i.e. immigrants) landing at Ellis Island -.webm|thumb|left|An [[Edison Studios]] film showing immigrants arriving at [[Ellis Island]] in [[New York Harbor]], a major point of entry for European [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries<ref name="PriceBenton-Short2008">{{cite book |first1=Marie |last1=Price |first2=Lisa |last2=Benton-Short |title=Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tb5HMB63xAC&pg=PA51 |year=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-3186-6 |page=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island |language=en}}</ref>]]

Efforts toward [[Reconstruction era|reconstruction in the secessionist South]] had begun as early as 1862,{{sfn|Dubois|1935|p=163}} but it was only after [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|President Lincoln's assassination]] that the three [[Reconstruction Amendments]] to the Constitution were ratified [[Civil rights movement (1865–1896)|to protect civil rights]]. The amendments codified nationally the abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crimes, promised equal protection under the law for all persons, and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or previous enslavement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments|website=www.senate.gov|access-date=January 3, 2021|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Foner|1988|p=66-7, 251-261, 446-449}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv|title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution|website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution|language=en|access-date=January 3, 2020|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, African Americans took an active political role in ex-Confederate states in the decade following the Civil War.{{sfn|Foner|1988|p=xxv}}{{sfn|Dubois|1935|p=381-727}} The former Confederate states were readmitted to the Union, beginning with Tennessee in 1866 and ending with Georgia in 1870.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990 |access-date=May 11, 2021 |work=Politico |date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref>

National infrastructure, including [[First transcontinental telegraph|transcontinental telegraph]] and [[First transcontinental railroad|railroads]], spurred growth in the [[American frontier]]. This was accelerated by the [[Homestead Acts]], through which nearly 10 percent of the total land area of the United States was given away free to some 1.6 million homesteaders.<ref name="Black2011kj2">{{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&pg=PA275 |title=Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-253-35660-4 |page=275 |author-link=Jeremy Black (historian)}}</ref><ref>[https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/ ''The Homestead Act of 1862'']; Archives.gov</ref> From 1865 through 1917, an unprecedented stream of [[immigrants]] arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe.<ref>U.S. Bureau of the Census, ''Historical Statistics of the United States'' (1976) series C89–C119, pp. 105–109</ref> Most came through the [[Port of New York and New Jersey|port of New York City]], and New York City and other large cities on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] became home to large [[History of the Jews in the United States|Jewish]], [[Irish Americans|Irish]], and [[Italian Americans|Italian]] populations, while many [[German Americans|Germans]] and Central Europeans moved to the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]. At the same time, about one million [[French-Canadian Americans|French Canadians]] migrated from [[Quebec]] to [[New England]].<ref>Stephan Thernstrom, ed., ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups'' (1980) covers the history of all the main groups</ref> During the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], millions of African Americans [[Jim Crow economy|left the rural South]] for urban areas in the North.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska Purchase|Alaska was purchased]] from [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in 1867.<ref>{{cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>

The [[Compromise of 1877]] is generally considered the end of the Reconstruction era, as it resolved the electoral crisis following the [[1876 United States presidential election|1876 presidential election]] and led President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] to reduce the role of federal troops in the South.{{sfn|Foner|1988|p=xxvii, 575-587}} Immediately, the [[Redeemers]] began evicting the [[Carpetbaggers]] and quickly regained local control of Southern politics in the name of [[white supremacy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Woodward |first=C. Vann |title=Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=United Kingdom |pages=237–246}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |author2=Eric Foner |author2-link=Eric Foner |author3=Clarence E. Walker |author3-link=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |work=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> African Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often called the [[nadir of American race relations]].<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite book |last=Trelease |first=Allen W. |title=White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1979 |isbn=0-313-21168-X |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Shearer Davis Bowman |url=https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm |title=Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers |publisher=Oxford UP |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-536394-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm/page/221 221] |url-access=registration}}</ref> A series of Supreme Court decisions, including ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', emptied the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth]] and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth Amendment]]s of their force, allowing [[Jim Crow laws]] in the South to remain unchecked, [[sundown town]]s in the Midwest, and [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation in communities across the country]], which would be reinforced by the policy of [[redlining]] later adopted by the federal [[Home Owners' Loan Corporation]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plessy's Legacy: The Government's Role in the Development and Perpetuation of Segregated Neighborhoods |last=Ware |first=Leland |journal=RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences |date=February 2021 |pages=92–109 |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.7758/rsf.2021.7.1.06 |s2cid=231929202|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Second Industrial Revolution|An explosion of technological advancement]] accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hirschman |first1=Charles |last2=Mogford |first2=Elizabeth |date=December 1, 2009 |title=Immigration and the American Industrial Revolution From 1880 to 1920 |journal=Social Science Research |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=897–920 |doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.04.001 |issn=0049-089X |pmc=2760060 |pmid=20160966}}</ref> led to [[Gilded Age|rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries]], allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Thomas |last2=Bonk |first2=Mary |title=Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History |date=1999 |publisher=Gale |chapter=Industrial Revolution}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Riggs |first1=Thomas |title=Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History Vol. 3 |date=2015 |publisher=Gale |page=1179 |edition=2}}</ref> This fostered the amassing of power by [[Robber baron (industrialist)|a few prominent industrialists]], largely by their formation of [[Trust (business)|trusts]] and [[Monopoly|monopolies]] to prevent competition.<ref name="Atlantic2">{{Cite journal |last=Dole |first=Charles F. |year=1907 |title=The Ethics of Speculation |journal=[[The Atlantic Monthly]] |volume=C |issue=December 1907 |pages=812–818}}</ref> [[Tycoon]]s led the nation's expansion in the [[History of rail transportation in the United States|railroad]], [[History of the petroleum industry in the United States|petroleum]], and [[History of the steel industry (1850–1970)|steel]] industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|automotive industry]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history }}</ref> These changes resulted in significant increases in [[economic inequality]], [[How the Other Half Lives|slum conditions]], and [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States|social unrest]], creating the environment for [[Labor history of the United States|labor unions]] and [[History of the socialist movement in the United States|socialist movements]] to begin to flourish.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). ''America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2).'' [[W. W. Norton & Company]]. {{ISBN|978-0-393-91267-8}}, p. 589.</ref><ref>[[#Zinn|Zinn, 2005]], pp. 321–357</ref><ref name="Fraser2">{{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |title=The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-316-18543-1 |page=66}}</ref> This period eventually ended with the advent of the [[Progressive Era]], which was characterized by significant reforms.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark. ''Safety First: Technology, Labor and Business in the Building of Work Safety, 1870-1939.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-8018-5405-9}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>

Pro-American elements in Hawaii [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom|overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy]]; the islands [[Newlands Resolution|were annexed]] in 1898. That same year, [[Puerto Rico]], [[the Philippines]], and [[Guam]] were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the [[Spanish–American War]]. (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the [[Second Samoan Civil War]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert. ''The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa''. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.</ref> The [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] were purchased from [[Denmark]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref>

=== World War I, Great Depression, and World War II (1917–1945) ===
{{Main|History of the United States (1917–1945)}}
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|The 1945 American [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity test]], the first-ever detonation of a [[nuclear weapon]]]]

The United States [[American entry into World War I|entered World War I]] alongside the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in 1917 helping to turn the tide against the [[Central Powers]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. {{ISBN|978-0-7386-0070-3}}.</ref> In 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|a constitutional amendment]] granted nationwide [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=Elizabeth C. |last2=Meltvedt |first2=Kristi R. |year=2021 |title=Women's suffrage: fact sheet |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45805 |journal=CRS Reports (Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service) |series=Report / Congressional Research Service |access-date=August 9, 2023}}</ref> During the 1920s and 1930s, radio for [[mass communication]] and early television transformed communications nationwide.{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=410–411}} The [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] triggered the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], to which President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded with the [[New Deal]] plan of "reform, recovery and relief", a series of unprecedented and sweeping [[Alphabet agencies|recovery programs]] and [[Works Progress Administration|employment relief projects]] combined with [[Regulatory economics|financial reforms and regulations]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Axinn |first1=June |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |last2=Stern |first2=Mark J. |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |location=Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James Noble Gregory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNdtGwnXYrIC |title=American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-19-507136-8 |access-date=October 25, 2015}} {{cite web |author= |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}} {{cite web |last1=Fanslow |first1=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}} {{cite book |last=Stein |first=Walter J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGuGAAAAIAAJ |title=California and the Dust Bowl Migration |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-8371-6267-6 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref>

[[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Initially neutral]] during [[Military history of the United States during World War II|World War II]], the U.S. began [[Lend-Lease|supplying war materiel]] to the [[Allies of World War II]] in March 1941 and [[American entry into World War II|entered the war]] in December after the [[Empire of Japan]]'s [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{cite web |last1=Yamasaki |first1=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> The U.S. [[Manhattan Project|developed the first nuclear weapons]] and [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in August 1945, ending the war.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? |language=en |newspaper=The Japan Times |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/ |access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-4-7700-2887-7}}.</ref> The United States was one of the "[[Four Policemen]]" who met to plan the [[Aftermath of World War II|post-war world]], alongside the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Soviet Union]], and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]].{{sfn|Hoopes|Brinkley|1997|p=100}}{{sfn|Gaddis|1972|p=25}} The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater [[economic power]] and [[Sphere of influence|international political influence]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989). ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''. New York: Vintage. p. 358. {{ISBN|978-0-679-72019-5}}.</ref>

=== Cold War and social revolution (1945–1991) ===
{{Main|History of the United States (1945–1964)|History of the United States (1964–1980)|History of the United States (1980–1991)}}
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Civil rights activists during the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] in August 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and President [[Ronald Reagan]] sign the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]] at the [[White House]] in 1987. |alt=Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at the White House in 1987. Gorbachev was the final leader of the Soviet Union before its dissolution in 1991.]]
The end of [[World War II]] in 1945 left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as [[superpower]]s, each with its own political, military, and economic [[sphere of influence]]. Geopolitical tensions between the two superpowers soon led to the [[Cold War]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |publisher=Wiley |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sempa |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4uDwAAQBAJ |title=Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century |date=July 12, 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-51768-3}}</ref> The U.S. utilized the policy of [[containment]] to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, engaged in [[United States involvement in regime change#1945–1991: Cold War|regime change]] against governments perceived to be aligned with Moscow, and prevailed in the [[Space Race]], which culminated with the [[Apollo 11|first crewed Moon landing]] in 1969.<ref>[[#Blakeley|Blakeley, 2009]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA92&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 85-96]</ref><ref name="Proxy2">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8021-1011-4 |location=New York |author-link=Michael Collins (astronaut) |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Domestically, the U.S. [[Post–World War II economic expansion|experienced economic growth]], [[Urbanization in the United States|urbanization]], and [[Mid-20th century baby boom|population growth following World War II]].{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=305–308}} The [[civil rights movement]] emerged, with [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> The [[Great Society]] plan of President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|a constitutional amendment]] to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering [[institutional racism]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Alan |last=Brinkley |chapter=Great Society |title=The Reader's Companion to American History |date=January 24, 1991 |editor1=Eric Foner |editor2=John Arthur Garraty |isbn=0-395-51372-3 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books |page=472}}</ref>

The [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward [[recreational drug use]] and [[Sexual revolution|sexuality]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> It also encouraged [[Draft evasion in the Vietnam War|open defiance of the military draft]] (leading to the [[Conscription in the United States|end of conscription]] in 1973)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-15 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> and [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|wide opposition]] to [[United States in the Vietnam War|U.S. intervention in Vietnam]], with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Daniel |date=January 19, 2018 |title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968 |url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref> [[Women's liberation movement in the United States|A societal shift in the roles of women]] was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=March 21, 2014 |page=11 |year=2013}}</ref>

The [[Revolutions of 1989|Fall of Communism]] and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] from 1989 to 1991 marked the [[end of the Cold War]] and [[Superpower#After the Cold War|left the United States as the world's sole superpower]].<ref name="Gaidar2">{{cite book |last=Gaĭdar |first=E.T. |url={{GBUrl|bDSfnxYjVwAC |pg=PA102}} |title=Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia |publisher=[[Brookings Institution#Publications|Brookings Institution Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8157-3114-6 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=190–205}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |publisher=Texas A&M University |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IZboamhb5EC&pg=PA731 |title=Diplomacy |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |author-link=Henry Kissinger |access-date=October 25, 2015}} {{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12 |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |publisher=Penguin |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}</ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref> This cemented the United States' global influence, reinforcing the concept of the "[[American Century]]" as the U.S. dominated international political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frum |first=David |date=December 24, 2014 |title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/ |access-date=December 10, 2024 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref>

=== Contemporary (1991–present) ===
{{Main|History of the United States (1991–2016)|History of the United States (2016–present)}}
[[File:Explosion following the plane impact into the South Tower (WTC 2) - B6019~11.jpg|thumb|The [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|Twin Towers]] in New York City during the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Supporters of then-[[Donald Trump|President Trump]] attempting to stop the counting of [[electoral votes]] on [[January 6, 2021]]]]

The 1990s saw the [[1990s United States boom|longest recorded economic expansion in American history]], a dramatic [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|decline in U.S. crime rates]], and [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|advances in technology]]. Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the [[World Wide Web]], the evolution of the [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor in accordance with [[Moore's law]], rechargeable [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]], the first [[gene therapy]] trial, and [[cloning]] either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The [[Human Genome Project]] was formally launched in 1990, while [[Nasdaq]] became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Corporate Finance Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the [[Gulf War]] of 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|an American-led international coalition of states]] expelled an [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraqi]] invasion force that had occupied neighboring [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Holsti |first=Ole R. |author-link=Ole R. Holsti |title=American Public Opinion on the Iraq War |page=20 |chapter=The United States and Iraq before the Iraq War |date=November 7, 2011 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0-472-03480-2}}</ref> The [[September 11 attacks]] on the United States in 2001 by the [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] militant organization [[al-Qaeda]] led to the [[war on terror]] and subsequent [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|military interventions in Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|in Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |date=December 9, 2008 |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |access-date=March 6, 2013}} {{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |author-link=Stephen E. Atkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Edward |date=February 15, 2008 |title=Overview: The Iraq War |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |access-date=March 7, 2013}} {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}} {{cite news |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |date=December 21, 2011 |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |newspaper=USA Today |agency=Associated Press |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |access-date=March 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |archive-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref>

The [[2000s United States housing bubble|U.S. housing bubble]] culminated in 2007 with the [[Great Recession]], the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hilsenrath |first1=Jon |last2=Ng |first2=Serena |last3=Paletta |first3=Damian |date=September 18, 2008 |title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 |archive-date=December 25, 2014 |issn=1042-9840 |oclc=781541372}}</ref> In the 2010s and early 2020s, the United States has experienced increased [[Political polarization in the United States|political polarization]] and [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|democratic backsliding]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Murray |first1=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lührmann|first1=Anna|authorlink=Anna Lührmann|last2=Lindberg|first2=Staffan I.|author2-link=Staffan I. Lindberg|title=A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it?|journal=Democratization|date=2019|volume=26|issue=7|page=1097|doi=10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029|s2cid=150992660|doi-access=free|quote=Now evidence is mounting that a global reversal is challenging a series of established democracies, including the United States who were downgraded by both Freedom House and V-Dem in 2018.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1-last=Grumbach|author1-first=Jacob M.|date=December 1, 2021|title=Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|publisher=Published by [[Cambridge University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Political Science Association]]|volume=117|issue=3|pages=967-984|doi=10.1017/S0003055422000934|doi-access=free|issn=0003-0554|quote=Prominent cross-national measures of democracy from the Varieties of Democracy Project (V-Dem), Bright Line Watch, and Freedom House, which had once ranked the country as a global leader, show a U.S. democracy slipping toward "mixed regime" or "illiberal democracy" status.}}</ref> The country's polarization was violently reflected in the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 2021 Capitol attack]],<ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{cite web |last1=Kleinfeld |first1=Rachel |title=Polarization, Democracy, and Political Violence in the United States: What the Research Says |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/09/polarization-democracy-and-political-violence-in-the-united-states-what-the-research-says?lang=en |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |access-date=September 13, 2024 |date=September 5, 2023}}</ref> when a mob of insurrectionists<ref name="Pape-2022">{{cite web |last1=Pape |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Pape |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=University of Chicago, Chicago Project on Security and Threats |access-date=September 13, 2024 |date=January 5, 2022}}</ref> entered the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rutenberg |first1=Jim |last2=Becker |first2=Jo |last3=Lipton |first3=Eric |last4=Haberman |first4=Maggie |last5=Martin |first5=Jonathan |last6=Rosenberg |first6=Matthew |last7=Schmidt |first7=Michael S. |title=77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220618170015/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> in an [[Self-coup#Notable events described as attempted self-coups|attempted self-coup d'état]].<ref name="Multiple Sources">{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of the United States}}
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|A [[topographic map]] of the United States]]

The United States is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|third-largest country]] by total area behind Russia and Canada.{{efn|name=largestcountry}} The 48 [[Contiguous United States|contiguous states and the District of Columbia]] have a combined area of {{convert|3,119,885|sqmi|km2|abbr=}}.<ref name="CensusGov2010HTML"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |work=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov |title=Field Listing: Area |access-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as }}</ref> In 2021, the United States had 8% of the Earth's permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of its cropland.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2023">{{Cite book |title=World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en |access-date=December 13, 2023 |date=2023 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cc8166en |isbn=978-92-5-138262-2}}</ref>

Starting in the east, [[Atlantic Plain|the coastal plain]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]] plateau region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographic Regions of Georgia |url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/geography/article/geographic-regions-of-georgia |website=Georgia Info |publisher=Digital Library of Georgia |access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The [[Appalachian Mountains]] and the [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondack Massif]] separate the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] from the [[Great Lakes]] and the grasslands of [[Midwestern United States|the Midwest]].<ref name="NAU">{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University |access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The [[Mississippi River System]], the world's [[List of rivers by length|fourth-longest river system]], runs predominantly north–south through the center of the country. The flat and fertile [[prairie]] of the [[Great Plains]] stretches to the west, interrupted by [[U.S. Interior Highlands|a highland region]] in the southeast.<ref name="NAU" />

[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|The [[Grand Canyon]] in Arizona]]

The [[Rocky Mountains]], west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over {{convert|14000|ft}} in [[Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |work=USA Today |access-date=December 24, 2014 |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html }}</ref> The [[supervolcano]] underlying [[Yellowstone National Park]] in the Rocky Mountains, the [[Yellowstone Caldera]], is the continent's largest volcanic feature.<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |date=March 14, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |publisher=Discovery Channel |access-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref> Farther west are the rocky [[Great Basin]] and the [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], and [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]] deserts.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tinkham |first=Ernest R. |title=Biological, Taxonomic and Faunistic Studies on the Shield-Back Katydids of the North American Deserts |jstor=2421073 |doi=10.2307/2421073 |journal=[[The American Midland Naturalist]] |volume=31 |number=2 |date=March 1944 |pages=257–328 |publisher=The [[University of Notre Dame]]}}</ref> In the northwest corner of [[Arizona]], carved by the [[Colorado River]], is the [[Grand Canyon]], a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination<ref>
{{cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |publisher=Northern Arizona University |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |format=PDF |access-date=January 4, 2007}}</ref> known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape. The [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] and [[Sierra Nevada]] mountain ranges run close to the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific coast]]. The [[Extreme points of the United States|lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States]] are in the State of California,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |publisher=Peakbagger |access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> about {{convert|84|mi|km}} apart.<ref>{{cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref>

At an elevation of {{convert|20310|ft|1}}, Alaska's [[Denali]] (also called Mount McKinley) is the highest peak in the country and on the continent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |date=August 28, 2013 |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |publisher=LiveScience |access-date=May 2, 2015}}</ref> Active [[List of volcanoes in the United States|volcanoes in the U.S.]] are common throughout Alaska's [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] and [[Aleutian Islands]]. Located entirely outside North America, the archipelago of Hawaii consists of volcanic islands, [[Physical geography|physiographically]] and [[Ethnology|ethnologically]] part of the [[Polynesia]]n subregion of [[Oceania]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |website=WorldAtlas |date=January 12, 2018 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of the United States}}
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|upright=1.4|The [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of the United States]]
With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the [[100th meridian west|100th meridian]], the climate ranges from [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] in the north to [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |work=USA Today |access-date=December 24, 2014 |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html }}</ref> The western Great Plains are [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=McGranahan, Devan Allen |author2=Wonkka, Carissa L. |title=Pyrogeography of the Western Great Plains: A 40-Year History of Fire in Semi-Arid Rangelands |journal=Fire |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=32 |year=2024 |doi=10.3390/fire7010032 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Fire....7...32M}}</ref> Many mountainous areas of the American West have an [[alpine climate]]. The climate is [[Desert climate|arid]] in the Southwest, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in [[coastal California]], and [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], and southern [[Alaska]]. Most of Alaska is [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] or [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], the [[South Florida|southern tip of Florida]] and U.S. territories in the [[Caribbean]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] are [[Tropical climate|tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |access-date=August 19, 2015 |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf }}</ref>

The United States receives more high-impact [[extreme weather]] incidents than any other country.<ref>{{cite web |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |last=Rice |first=Doyle |website=USA Today |language=en |access-date=May 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> States bordering the [[Gulf of Mexico]] are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes [[Tornadoes in the United States|occur in the country]], mainly in [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Perkins, Sid |date=May 11, 2002 |title=Tornado Alley, USA |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp |archive-date=July 1, 2007 |access-date=September 20, 2006 |work=Science News}}</ref> Due to [[Climate change in the United States|climate change in the country]], extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported [[heat waves]] compared to the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=26 March 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=30 May 2025 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=18 April 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=US Global Change Research Program |title=Heat Waves |url=http://www.globalchange.gov/indicators/heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630043645/https://globalchange.gov/indicators/heat-waves |archive-date=June 30, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.globalchange.gov |language=en |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Since the 1990s, droughts in the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]] have become more persistent and more severe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> The regions considered as the most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |website=Propublica |date=November 10, 2020 |publisher=Rhodium Group |access-date=November 25, 2024}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity and conservation ===
{{Main|Fauna of the United States|Flora of the United States}}
{{Anchor|Wildlife and conservation}}
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|alt=A bald eagle|thumb|The [[bald eagle]], the [[Bald eagle#National symbol of the United States|national emblem of the United States]] since 1782 and officially declared the national bird in 2024<ref>{{cite web |last=Koch |first=Alexandra |title=It's official: Biden signs new law, designates bald eagle as 'national bird' |publisher=FOX 13 Seattle |date=December 25, 2024 |url=https://www.fox13seattle.com/news/its-official-biden-signs-new-law-designates-bald-eagle-national-bird |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref>]]

The U.S. is one of 17 [[megadiverse countries]] containing large numbers of [[List of endangered animals of North America|endemic species]]: about 17,000 species of [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of [[flowering plant]]s are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service |access-date=October 27, 2008 |archive-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> The United States is home to 428 [[mammal]] species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 [[amphibian]]s,<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web |last1=Osborn |first1=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |publisher=Current Results Nexus |access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> and around 91,000 insect species.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=January 20, 2009}}</ref>

There are [[List of national parks of the United States|63 national parks]], and [[Federal lands|hundreds of other federally managed]] parks, forests, and [[National Wilderness Preservation System|wilderness areas]], administered by the [[National Park Service]] and other agencies.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref> About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news |last1=Lipton |first1=Eric |last2=Krauss |first2=Clifford |title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> primarily in the [[Western United States|Western States]].<ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report |url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224 |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=March 3, 2017 |access-date=June 18, 2020 |last1=Vincent |first1=Carol H. |last2=Hanson |first2=Laura A. |last3=Argueta |first3=Carla N. |page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Most of this land is protected]], though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes.<ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=January 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |website=doi.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=January 19, 2015 |archive-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>

[[Environmental issues in the United States]] include debates on [[non-renewable resource]]s and [[Nuclear power debate|nuclear energy]], [[Pollution prevention in the US|air and water pollution]], [[biodiversity]], logging and [[Deforestation in the United States|deforestation]],<ref>{{cite web |author=The National Atlas of the United States of America |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |title=Forest Resources of the United States |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov |date=January 14, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |year=2003 |access-date=January 13, 2014}}</ref> and [[Climate change in the United States|climate change]].<ref>[[#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref><ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000). ''A History of Environmental Politics since 1945''.</ref> The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) is the federal agency charged with [[Environmental policy of the United States|addressing most environmental-related issues]].<ref name="Collin2006">{{cite book |last=Collin |first=Robert W. |title=The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVPoqXeTYTwC&pg=PA1 |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-33341-5 |page=1 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[National Wilderness Preservation System|idea of wilderness]] has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the [[Wilderness Act]].<ref>Turner, James Morton (2012). ''The Promise of Wilderness'', pp. 29–32</ref> The [[Endangered Species Act of 1973]] provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] implements and enforces the Act.<ref name="Office">{{cite book |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015 |year=2003}}</ref> In 2024, the U.S. ranked 35th among 180 countries in the [[Environmental Performance Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of the United States}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 225
| image1 = Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg
| caption1 = The [[United States Capitol|Capitol Building]], seat of legislative government, houses both chambers of [[U.S. Congress|Congress]].
| image2 = White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg
|caption2 = The [[White House]], residence and workplace of the president, includes offices for [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|the executive staff]].
|image3 = Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg
|caption3= The [[United States Supreme Court Building|Supreme Court Building]] houses the [[Supreme Court of the United States|nation's highest court]].}}

The United States is a [[federal republic]] of 50 [[U.S. state|states]] and a federal capital district, [[Washington, D.C.]] The U.S. asserts sovereignty over five [[Territories of the United States|unincorporated territories]] and [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|several uninhabited island possessions]].<ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}}
}}</ref>{{sfn|Onuf|2010|p=xvii}} It is the world's oldest surviving federation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> and its [[presidential system]] of national government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following their [[decolonization]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=David |editor-first1=David |editor-first2=Victor |editor-last1=Ryan |editor-last2=Pungong |title=The United States and Decolonization |year=2000 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1057/9780333977958 |hdl=1887/72726 |isbn=978-1-349-40644-9 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780333977958}}</ref> The [[Constitution of the United States]] serves as [[Supremacy Clause|the country's supreme legal document]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=William |title=Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States |edition=4th |date=2006 |publisher=Thomson West |location=St. Paul, Minnesota |page=41 |isbn=978-0-314-06661-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontola0000burn}}</ref> Most scholars describe the United States as a [[liberal democracy]].<ref name="Scheb">Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). ''An Introduction to the American Legal System''. Florence, Kentucky: Delmar, p. 6. {{ISBN|978-0-7668-2759-2}}.</ref>{{efn|Some scholars have used descriptions such as [[Oligarchy#United States|oligarchy]] or [[Plutocracy#Post-World War II|plutocracy]] instead.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020604015016/http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript_phillips.html Transcript. Bill Moyers Interviews Kevin Phillips]. ''[[NOW with Bill Moyers]]'' 4.09.04 | PBS</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter|last1=Viereck|title=Conservative thinkers: from John Adams to Winston Churchill|year=2006|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1412805261|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conservativethin00pete/page/103 103]|url=https://archive.org/details/conservativethin00pete/page/103}}</ref><ref name="Kroll 2010-12-02">{{cite news |first=Andy |last=Kroll |title=The New American Oligarchy |date=December 2, 2010 |publisher=[[Truthout]] |url=http://archive.truthout.org/andy-kroll-the-new-american-oligarchy65597 |work=TomDispatch |access-date=August 17, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122032008/http://archive.truthout.org/andy-kroll-the-new-american-oligarchy65597 |archive-date=January 22, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/magazine/books-and-arts/106430/money-politics-inequality-power-one-percent-move-on-effect |title=America on the Brink of Oligarchy |magazine=The New Republic |date=August 24, 2012 |last1=Starr |first1=Paul}}</ref><ref name="TAI 11-12/2011"> {{cite journal |title=Oligarchy and Democracy |url=http://www.the-american-interest.com/articles/2011/09/28/oligarchy-and-democracy/ |journal=[[The American Interest]] |date=November–December 2011 |orig-year=September 28, 2011 |first=Jeffrey A. |last=Winters |volume=7 |issue=2 |access-date=August 17, 2012}}</ref><ref name="NYT-19980719">{{cite news |last=Herbert |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Herbert |title=The Donor Class |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/19/opinion/in-america-the-donor-class.html |date=July 19, 1998 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151010">{{cite news |last1=Confessore |first1=Nicholas |last2=Cohen |first2=Sarah |last3=Yourish |first3=Karen |title=The Families Funding the 2016 Presidential Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/11/us/politics/2016-presidential-election-super-pac-donors.html |date=October 10, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151010-el">{{cite news |last1=Lichtblau |first1=Eric |last2=Confessore |first2=Nicholas |title=From Fracking to Finance, a Torrent of Campaign Cash – Top Donors List |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/us/politics/wealthy-families-presidential-candidates.html#donors-list |date=October 10, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name="CS-20141226">{{cite news |last=McCutcheon |first=Chuck |title=Why the 'donor class' matters, especially in the GOP presidential scrum |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Politics-Voices/2014/1226/Why-the-donor-class-matters-especially-in-the-GOP-presidential-scrum |date=December 26, 2014 |work="[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>[[Thomas Piketty|Piketty, Thomas]] (2014). ''[[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]].'' [[Belknap Press]]. {{ISBN|067443000X}} p. 514 "The risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed."</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=|date=January 17, 2025|title=Is the U.S. witnessing the rise of oligarchy?|url=https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/issues/economic-justice/is-the-us-witnessing-the-rise-of-oligarchy/|website= |location= |publisher=[[Oxfam]] |access-date=July 22, 2025|quote=}}</ref>}}

=== National government ===
{{Main|Federal government of the United States}}
Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. The [[U.S. Constitution]] establishes a [[separation of powers]] intended to provide a system of [[checks and balances]] to prevent any of the three branches from becoming supreme.<ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref>
* The [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] is a [[bicameral legislature]] made up of the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The Senate has 100 members—two from each state and elected by that state’s voters for a six-year term. The House of Representatives has 435 members, elected for a two-year term by the constituency of the [[List of United States congressional districts|congressional district]] where they reside. A state’s legislature decides the district boundaries, which are contiguous within the state. Every U.S. congressional district is of equivalent population and sends one representative to Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Election years for senators are staggered so that only one-third of them will be up for election every two years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210|title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022|website=dw.com|access-date=February 16, 2024|archive-date=February 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210|url-status=live}}</ref> U.S. representatives are all up for election at the same time every two years. The U.S. Congress makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, has the [[power of the purse]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |access-date=August 20, 2012 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has [[Impeachment in the United States|the power of impeachment]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |publisher=ThinkQuest |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |access-date=August 20, 2012 |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm }}</ref> One of its foremost non-legislative functions is [[Congressional investigation|the power to investigate]] and oversee the executive branch.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{cite news |author=Broder |first=David S. |date=March 18, 2007 |title=Congress's Oversight Offensive |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031601989.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501115602/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031601989.html |archive-date=May 1, 2011 |access-date=September 11, 2010 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> [[Congressional oversight]] is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress’s subpoena power.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news |author=Ferraro |first=Thomas |date=April 25, 2007 |title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=September 11, 2010 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Much of the work of Congress is performed by [[United States congressional committee|a collection of committees]], each appointed for a specific purpose or function. Committee membership is by tradition and statute [[bipartisan]].
{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg
| image2 = VancePortrait.jpg
| caption1 = [[Donald Trump]] [[President of the United States]] 
| caption2 = [[JD Vance]] [[Vice President of the United States]] 
| alt1 =
| alt2 =
}}
* The U.S. president is the [[head of state]], [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, chief executive of the federal government, and has the ability to veto [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] from the U.S. Congress before they become law. However, [[Veto power in the United States|presidential vetoes]] can be overridden by a two-thirds [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|supermajority]] vote in both chambers of Congress. The president appoints the [[Cabinet of the United States|members of the Cabinet]], subject to Senate approval, and names other officials who administer and enforce federal law and policy through [[List of federal agencies in the United States|their respective agencies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |website=The White House |access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref> The president also has clemency power for federal crimes and [[Federal pardons in the United States|can issue pardons]]. Finally, the president has the right to issue expansive "[[executive orders]]", subject to [[Judicial review in the United States|judicial review]], in a number of policy areas. Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidential [[running mate]]. Both candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is technically an [[indirect election]] in which the winner will be determined by the [[United States Electoral College|U.S. Electoral College]]. There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected by [[State legislature (United States)|their state legislature]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> In practice, however, each of the 50 states chooses a group of presidential electors who are required by state law to confirm the winner of their state's popular vote. Each state is allocated two electors plus one additional elector for each congressional district in the state, which in effect combines to equal the number of elected officials that state sends to Congress. The District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes. Both the president and the vice president serve a four-year term, and the president may be [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|reelected to the office only once]], for one additional four-year term.{{efn|Per the [[Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-three]], proposed by the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960, and ratified by the States on March 29, 1961}}
* The [[Federal judiciary of the United States|U.S. federal judiciary]], whose judges are all appointed for life by the president with Senate approval, consists primarily of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]], the [[United States courts of appeals|U.S. courts of appeals]], and the [[United States district court|U.S. district courts]]. The lowest level in the federal judiciary is the [[federal district court]], which decides all cases considered to be under "[[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|original jurisdiction]]", such as federal statutes, constitutional law, or [[international treaties]]. After a federal district court has decided a case, its decision may be contested and sent to a higher court, [[Appellate court|a federal court of appeals]]. The U.S. judicial system's 12 [[United States Courts of Appeals|federal circuit]]s divide the country into separate administrative regions for appeals decisions. The next and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the United States.<ref name=FedJud /> The U.S. Supreme Court interprets laws and [[judicial review|overturns those it finds unconstitutional]].<ref name=FedJud>{{multiref2
|{{cite book |first1=Kermit L. |last1=Hall |first2=Kevin T. |last2=McGuire |title=Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rWCaMAdUzgC |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-988374-5}}
|{{cite book |author=U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services |title=Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8X1CzvBXHksC&pg=PA4 |date=2013 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-091708-0 |page=4}}
|{{cite book |first=Bryon |last=Giddens-White |title=The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbZw3bJsWtUC |year=2005 |publisher=Heinemann Library |isbn=978-1-4034-6608-2}}
|{{cite book |first=Charles L. |last=Zelden |title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld |url-access=registration |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-702-9 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}
|{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts.aspx |title=Federal Courts |author= |publisher=United States Courts |access-date=October 19, 2014}} }}</ref> On average, the Supreme Court receives about 7,000 appeals petitions for [[writs of certiorari]] each year, but only grants about 80.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref> Consisting of nine members led by the [[Chief Justice of the United States]], the court judges each case before it by majority decision. As with all other federal judges, the members are appointed for life by the sitting president with Senate approval when a vacancy becomes available.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life |first=Roger |last=Cossack |url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/ |publisher=CNN |date=July 13, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12 |archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref>

The three-branch system is known as the [[presidential system]], in contrast to the [[parliamentary system]] where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world adopted this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United States, especially in the [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial]] Americas.<ref name="Sundquist">{{Cite book |last=Sundquist |first=James L. |title=Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1997 |isbn=0-7656-0052-8 |editor-last=Baaklini |editor-first=Abdo I. |pages=53–72 |language=en |chapter=The U.S. Presidential System as a Model for the World |editor-last2=Desfosses |editor-first2=Helen}}</ref>

=== Subdivisions ===
{{Main|U.S. state|County (United States)|Indian country|Territories of the United States}}
{{further|List of states and territories of the United States|List of federally recognized tribes by state|Federally recognized tribe}}
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|alt=Territories of the United States.|[[Territories of the United States]] include [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]].|upright=1.3]]
In the [[Federalism in the United States|U.S. federal system]], sovereign powers are shared between three levels of government specified in the Constitution: the national government, the states, and Indian tribes.<ref name=3Sovereigns /><ref name= FelixSCohen /> The U.S. also asserts sovereignty over five permanently inhabited territories: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-2012" />

Residents of the 50 states are governed by their elected state government, and by elected [[Local government in the United States|local governments]] that are administrative divisions of a state.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |website=Cato Institute |access-date=January 13, 2024 |date=October 2011}}</ref> States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and (except for Hawaii) [[Local government in the United States|further divided into municipalities]], each administered by elected representatives. The District of Columbia is [[Federal district of the United States|a federal district]] containing the U.S. capital, [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. {{USC|8|1101a}}</ref> The federal district is an administrative division of the federal government.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feldstein |first=Martin |date=March 2017 |title=Why is Growth Better in the United States Than in Other Industrial Countries? |journal=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |doi=10.3386/w23221}}</ref>

[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Map of [[List of Indian reservations in the United States|326 Indian reservations]] in the United States; 231 recognized [[List of Alaska Native tribal entities|Alaska Native tribes]] are not shown.]]

Indian country is made up of 574 [[federally recognized tribe]]s and [[List of Indian reservations in the United States|326 Indian reservations]]. They hold a government-to-government relationship with the U.S. federal government in Washington and are legally defined as [[domestic dependent nations]] with [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|inherent tribal sovereignty rights]].<ref name=FelixSCohen>{{cite book | last = Cohen | first = Felix S. | title = Handbook of federal Indian law: with reference tables and index | publisher = GPO | year = 1942 | location = Washington, D.C. | url =https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.74149| lccn = 42038386 }}</ref><ref name=3Sovereigns>{{cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=Sandra Day |date=Fall 1997 |title=Lessons from the Third Sovereign: Indian Tribal Courts |url=https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf |journal=Tulsa Law Journal |volume=33 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a federal Indian reservation? |url=https://www.bia.gov/faqs/what-federal-indian-reservation#:~:text=There%20are%20approximately%20326%20Indian,%2C%20communities%2C%20etc.). |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=bia.gov |date=August 19, 2017 |publisher=[[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]}}</ref><ref name="www.justice.gov-2017">{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2017 |title=Attorney General June 1, 1995 Memorandum on Indian Sovereignty |url=https://www.justice.gov/archives/ag/attorney-general-june-1-1995-memorandum-indian-sovereignty |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to the five major territories, the U.S. also asserts sovereignty over the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]] and the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="HRI-2012" /> The seven undisputed islands without permanent populations are [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], and [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], and [[Wake Island]] is disputed.<ref name="HRI-2012" />
{{USA image map|center}}

=== Political parties ===
{{main|Political parties in the United States}}{{further|List of political parties in the United States|Political party strength in U.S. states}}
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|States and territories by partisan control, as of February 2025:
{{legend|#33f|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]}}
{{legend|#f33|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]}}
{{legend|#161687|[[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|New Progressive Party]]}}
{{legend|#829|Divided partisan control}}]]

The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] and [[Anti-Federalist Party|Anti-Federalist]] parties.<ref name="Hofstadter-1969-iv">{{cite book |last1=Hofstadter |first1=Richard |title=The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 |date=1969 |publisher=University of California Press |page=iv |isbn=978-0-520-01389-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG5rCKm8SmAC&q=%E2%80%9Cdid+not+believe+in+parties+as+such,+scorned+those+that+they+were+conscious+of+as+historical+models%22 |access-date=October 5, 2022}}</ref> Since then, the United States has operated as a ''de facto'' [[two-party system]], though the parties have changed over time.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |date=November 25, 2021 |title=Why are there only two parties in American politics? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/ |access-date=May 4, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Since the mid-19th century, the two main national parties have been the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. The former is perceived as [[Modern liberalism in the United States|relatively liberal]] in [[Political positions of the Democratic Party (United States)|its political platform]] while the latter is perceived as [[Conservatism in the United States|relatively conservative]] in [[Political positions of the Republican Party (United States)|its platform]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levendusky |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Levendusky |title=The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans |date=2009 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of the United States|Foreign policy of the United States}}
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|The [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]] has been situated along the [[East River]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]] since 1952; in 1945, the United States was a [[Founding member of the United Nations|founding member of the UN]].|alt=see caption]]

The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, with the world's [[List of countries by number of diplomatic missions|second-largest diplomatic corps]] {{As of|2024|lc=y}}. It is a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member of the United Nations Security Council]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members |title=Current Members |work=[[United Nations Security Council]] |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> and home to the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=United Nations Headquarters Agreement |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=42 |number=2 |date=April 1948 |pages=445–447 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.2307/2193692 |jstor=2193692 |s2cid=246008694}}</ref> The United States is a member of the [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City |date=June 28, 2022}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |date=July 6, 2022 |work=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> and [[OECD]] intergovernmental organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |title=Our global reach |work=[[OECD]] |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> [[List of diplomatic missions in the United States|Almost all countries have embassies]] and many have [[consul (representative)|consulates]] (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal [[diplomatic mission]]s with the United States, except [[Iran–United States relations|Iran]],<ref>{{cite report |last1=Fialho |first1=Livia Pontes |last2=Wallin |first2=Matthew |title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran |date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=American Security Project |jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea–United States relations|North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336 |title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea? |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=December 19, 2017 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |last1=Oliver |first1=Alex |last2=Graham |first2=Euan}}</ref> and [[Foreign relations of Bhutan#Other countries|Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/ |title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties |newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=December 22, 2014 |last=Ferraro |first=Matthew F. |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Though [[Taiwan–United States relations|Taiwan]] does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> The United States regularly [[Six Assurances|supplies Taiwan with military equipment]] to deter potential Chinese aggression.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister |title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=September 22, 2020 |last=Ruwitch |first=John |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Its geopolitical attention also turned to the [[Indo-Pacific]] when the United States joined the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]] with Australia, India, and Japan.<ref name="kobara">{{cite news |last1=Kobara |first1=Junnosuke |last2=Moriyasu |first2=Ken |date=March 27, 2021 |title=Japan will turn to Quad in 'nealsow Cold War': Defense Ministry think tank |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Japan-will-turn-to-Quad-in-new-Cold-War-Defense-Ministry-think-tank |access-date=April 13, 2021 |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref>

The United States has a "[[Special Relationship]]" [[United Kingdom–United States relations|with the United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLy-NKnQitIC&q=uk+us+special+relationship&pg=PA45 |title=America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance |page=45 |first1=John |first2=Axel |last2=Schäfer |last1=Dumbrell |year=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-87270-3 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> and strong ties [[Canada–United States relations|with Canada]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |author1=Ek, Carl |first2=Ian F. |last2=Fergusson |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=September 3, 2010 |access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Australia–United States relations|Australia]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Australia: Background and U.S. Relations |author=Vaughn, Bruce |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=August 8, 2008 |oclc=70208969}}</ref> [[New Zealand–United States relations|New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |author=Vaughn, Bruce |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=May 27, 2011 |access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Philippines–United States relations|the Philippines]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |author=Lum, Thomas |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=January 3, 2011 |access-date=August 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Japan–United States relations|Japan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |author=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=June 8, 2011 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[South Korea–United States relations|South Korea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |first1=Mark E. |last1=Manyin |first2=Emma |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first3=Mary Beth |last3=Nikitin |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=July 8, 2011 |access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Israel–United States relations|Israel]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |author=Zanotti, Jim |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=July 31, 2014 |access-date=September 12, 2014}}</ref> and several [[Member state of the European Union|European Union countries]] such as [[France–United States relations|France]], [[Italy–United States relations|Italy]], [[Germany–United States relations|Germany]], [[Spain–United States relations|Spain]], and [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |website=State.gov |access-date=June 19, 2023}}</ref> The U.S. works closely with its [[NATO]] allies on military and [[national security]] issues, and with countries in the Americas through the [[Organization of American States]] and the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement]]. In South America, [[Colombia]] is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Untapped Potential of the US-Colombia Partnership |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/untapped-potential-us-colombia-partnership/ |date=September 26, 2019 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en |access-date=May 30, 2020 |last1=Kimer |first1=James}}</ref> The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Palau]] through the [[Compact of Free Association]].<ref name=FedJud/> It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation [[India–United States relations|with India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |publisher=White House |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> while [[China–United States relations|its ties with China]] have steadily deteriorated.<ref>{{cite report |last=Meidan |first=Michal |title=US-China: The Great Decoupling |date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] |jstor=resrep33982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |date=March 28, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Beginning in 2014, the U.S. had become [[Ukraine–United States relations|a key ally of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rumer |first1=Eugene |last2=Sokolsky |first2=Richard |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en |title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken? |newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=June 20, 2019 |access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> After [[Donald Trump]] was elected U.S. president in 2024, he sought to negotiate an end to the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. He paused all military aid to Ukraine in March 2025,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Andrew |last2=Holmes |first2=Oliver |date=4 March 2025 |title=US suspends all military aid to Ukraine in wake of Trump-Zelenskyy row |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/04/us-military-aid-ukraine-pause-trump-zelenskyy-updates |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> although the aid resumed later.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |title=Why has Trump halted military aid to Ukraine and what will it mean for the war? Here's what to know |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/04/europe/explainer-trump-suspends-ukraine-military-aid-intl-latam |website=[[CNN]] |date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Trump also ended U.S. intelligence sharing with the country,<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Christopher |last2=Foy |first2=Henry |last3=Fisher |first3=Lucy |last4=Hall |first4=Ben |date=5 March 2025 |title=US cuts off intelligence sharing with Ukraine |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c58fccea-00c4-4fad-bc0a-0185b7415579 |access-date=5 March 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> but this too was eventually restored.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sarotte |first=M. E. |magazine=Foreign Affairs |title=Why they fight: What's at stake in the blame game over Ukraine |page=160 |date=May–June 2025}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|United States Armed Forces}}
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|[[The Pentagon]], the headquarters of the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], is one of the world's largest office buildings with over {{convert|6.5|e6ft2|m2}} of [[floor space]].]]
The president is the [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|commander-in-chief]] of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. The [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], which is headquartered at [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], and [[United States Space Force|Space Force]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/about/our-forces |title=Our Forces |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> The [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] is administered by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] in peacetime and can be transferred to the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] in wartime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City |date=August 4, 2021 |access-date=July 16, 2022 |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy.}}</ref>

The United States [[Military budget of the United States|spent $997 billion on its military]] in 2024, which is by far the [[List of countries with highest military expenditures|largest amount of any country]], making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2024 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/2504_fs_milex_2024.pdf#page=2 |access-date=28 April 2025 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' The [[Nuclear weapons of the United States|U.S. possesses]] 42% of the world's nuclear weapons—the second-largest stockpile after [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|that of Russia]].<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-2024">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-27 |title=United States country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057 |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ryan |first=Missy |last2=Jeong |first2=Andrew |last3=Masih |first3=Niha |last4=Sands |first4=Leo |last5=Somasundaram |first5=Praveena |last6=Wu |first6=Daniel |last7=Haspel |first7=Tamar |last8=Dougherty |first8=Jesse |last9=Nusbaum |first9=Spencer |date=2021-04-01 |title=The U.S. system created the world’s most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

The United States has the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|third-largest combined armed forces]] in the world, behind the [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese People's Liberation Army]] and [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hackett |first1=James |title=The military balance. 2023 |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-032-50895-5}}</ref> The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |website=Vox |access-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states}}</ref> and maintains [[United States military deployments|deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel]] in 25 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |publisher=Department of Defense |date=March 31, 2010 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |archive-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> The United States has engaged in over 400 military interventions since its founding in 1776, with over half of these occurring between 1950 and 2019 and 25% occurring in the post-Cold War era.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kushi |first1=Sidita |last2=Toft |first2=Monica Duffy |date=April 1, 2023 |title=Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A New Dataset on US Military Interventions, 1776–2019 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00220027221117546 |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |language=EN |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=752–779 |doi=10.1177/00220027221117546 |issn=0022-0027|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[State defense forces]] (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of [[Governor (United States)|the state's governor]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |title=StateDefenseForce.com |date=September 17, 2024 |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sgaus.org/ |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref>
They are distinct from the state's [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]] units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the [[National Defense Act of 1916#National Defense Act Amendments of 1933|National Defense Act Amendments of 1933]], which created the Guard and provides for the integration of [[Army National Guard]] units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |publisher=Army National Guard |year=2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013}}</ref>

=== Law enforcement and criminal justice ===
{{Main|Law of the United States|Law enforcement in the United States|Crime in the United States}}
[[File:Washington DC, FBI - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[J. Edgar Hoover Building]], the headquarters of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Banks |first1=Duren |last2=Hendrix |first2=Joshua |last3=Hickman |first3=Mathhew |date=October 4, 2016 |title=National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/nsleed.pdf |journal=[[U.S. Department of Justice]] |page=1}}</ref> Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and [[Sheriffs in the United States|sheriff departments]] in their municipal or county jurisdictions. [[State police (United States)|The state police]] departments [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|have authority in their respective state]], and [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|federal agencies]] such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals Service]] have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting [[civil rights]], [[National security of the United States|national security]], enforcing [[U.S. federal courts]]' rulings and federal laws, and interstate criminal activity.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |publisher=Chiff.com |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |access-date=November 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 }}</ref> [[State court (United States)|State courts]] conduct almost all civil and criminal trials,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Manweller |first1=Mathew |editor1-last=Hogan |editor1-first=Sean O. |title=The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics |date=2006 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |isbn=978-1-85109-751-7 |pages=37–96 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ong5k8n97P4C&pg=PA55 |access-date=October 5, 2020 |chapter=Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts}}</ref> while federal courts [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|adjudicate the much smaller number of civil and criminal cases that relate to federal law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |work=[[United States Attorney]] |date=November 7, 2014 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |access-date=July 14, 2022 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>

There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The [[Incarceration in the United States|American prison system]] is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2025, "these systems hold [[Incarceration in the United States|nearly 2 million people]] in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,277 juvenile correctional facilities, 133 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last1=Sawyer |first1=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html|date=March 11, 2025 |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref>

Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: [[List of United States federal prisons|federal prisons]], [[Lists of United States state prisons|state prisons]], local jails, and [[American juvenile justice system|juvenile correctional facilities]].<ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Federal prisons are run by the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] and hold pretrial detainees as well as people who have been convicted of federal crimes.<ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> State prisons, run by the department of corrections of each state, hold people sentenced and serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses.<ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under a year).<ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any [[Juvenile delinquency|minor adjudicated as delinquent]] and ordered by a judge to be confined.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2023, the United States had the [[List of countries by incarceration rate|sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate]] in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with more than 1.9 million people incarcerated.<ref name="Sawyer-2025"/><ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America]. [[World Prison Brief]].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest Highest to Lowest]. [[World Prison Brief]] (WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See the [http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data WPB main data page] and click on the map links or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.</ref> An analysis of the [[World Health Organization]] Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by [[Gun deaths in the United States|a gun homicide rate]] that was 25 times higher".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grinshteyn |first1=Erin |last2=Hemenway |first2=David |date=March 2016 |title=Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010 |url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=226–273 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025 |pmid=26551975 |access-date=June 18, 2017 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of the United States}}
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption|The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] is the most-used currency [[International use of the U.S. dollar|in international transactions]] and the world's foremost [[reserve currency]].<ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref>]]

The U.S. has a highly developed [[mixed economy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=2020-01-27 |title=Why the US Is Said to Have a Mixed Economy |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref> that has been the world's largest nominally [[List of countries by largest historical GDP|since about 1890]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fordham |first=Benjamin |date=October 2017 |title=Protectionist Empire: Trade, Tariffs, and United States Foreign Policy, 1890–1914 |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=170–192 |doi=10.1017/s0898588x17000116 |s2cid=148917255 |issn=0898-588X}}</ref> Its 2024 [[gross domestic product]] (GDP){{Efn|U.S. nominal and PPP-adjusted GDP are the same as the U.S. is the reference country for PPP calculations.|name=PPP}} of more than $29 trillion<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> constituted over 25% of nominal [[Gross world product|global economic output]], or 15% at [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP). From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the [[G7]].<ref name="Hagopian">{{cite journal |author=Hagopian |first1=Kip |last2=Ohanian |first2=Lee |date=August 1, 2012 |title=The Mismeasure of Inequality |url=https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |journal=Policy Review |issue=174 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012353/https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=January 23, 2020}}</ref> The country ranks [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|first in the world by nominal GDP]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|second when adjusted for purchasing power parities]] (PPP),<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita]].<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> In February 2024, the total [[National debt of the United States|U.S. federal government debt]] was $34.4 trillion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fox |first=Michelle |date=March 1, 2024 |title=The U.S. national debt is rising by $1 trillion about every 100 days |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/01/the-us-national-debt-is-rising-by-1-trillion-about-every-100-days.html}}</ref>
[[File:Aerial Microsoft West Campus August 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Microsoft]], one of the world's [[List of public corporations by market capitalization|largest companies by market capitalization]] in 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2024 |title=Microsoft back as most valuable listed company as Nvidia slips |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8884389l35o |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> has its global headquarters in [[Redmond, Washington]].]]
Of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies by revenue]], [[List of largest companies in the United States by revenue|136 were headquartered in the U.S.]] in 2023,<ref name="Fortune-2022">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=August 3, 2023 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> which is the highest number of any country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] is the currency most used [[International use of the U.S. dollar|in international transactions]] and the world's foremost [[reserve currency]], backed by the country's dominant economy, [[United States Armed Forces|its military]], the [[petrodollar]] system, its large [[U.S. Treasury|U.S. treasuries market]], and its linked [[eurodollar]].<ref name="federalreserve.gov" /> [[United States dollar#Countries that use US dollar|Several countries use it as their official currency]], and in others it is the [[de facto currency|''de facto'' currency]].<ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-691-11666-0}}; ''cf''. "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar, ''[[Frommer's]] Vietnam'', 2006, {{ISBN|0-471-79816-9}}, p. 17.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> The U.S. has [[free trade agreements]] with [[Free trade agreements of the United States|several countries]], including the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |work=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Although the United States has reached a [[Post-industrial economy|post-industrial level of economic development]]<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> and is often described as having a [[service economy]],<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> it remains a major industrial power;<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> in 2021, the [[U.S. manufacturing sector]] was the world's [[List of countries by manufacturing output|second-largest]] after [[Manufacturing in China|China's]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref>
[[File:Gaming-Wall-Street BTS Prodigium-266.jpg|thumb|The [[New York Stock Exchange]] on [[Wall Street]], the world's [[List of stock exchanges#Major stock exchanges|largest stock exchange by market capitalization]]<ref name=NYSEhighestcap>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nyse-new-york-stock-exchange/ |title=NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange |author=Kat Tretina and Benjamin Curry |work=Forbes |date=April 9, 2021 |access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref>]]
[[New York City]] is the world's principal [[financial center]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Huw |date=March 24, 2022 |title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld>{{cite web |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |date=March 21, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance |access-date=May 1, 2024}}</ref> and the center of the world's [[list of cities by GDP|largest metropolitan economy]].<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{cite web |author=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> The [[New York Stock Exchange]] and [[Nasdaq]], both located in New York City, are the world's two [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchanges]] by [[market capitalization]] and [[trade volume]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Reports – World Federation of Exchanges |url=https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |publisher=WFE}}</ref><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)]. Securities and Exchange Commission (China).</ref> The United States is at the forefront of [[Science and technology in the United States|technological advancement]] and [[innovation]] in many economic fields, especially in [[artificial intelligence]]; [[electronics]] and [[computer]]s; [[pharmaceuticals]]; and medical, [[aerospace]] and [[military equipment]].<ref name="CIA-2018" /> The country's economy is fueled by abundant [[natural resource]]s, a well-developed [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|infrastructure]], and [[List of countries by labour productivity|high productivity]].<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. {{ISBN|0-8213-6545-2}}.</ref> The [[List of the largest trading partners of the United States|largest trading partners of the United States]] are the [[European Union]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Top Trading Partners – October 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1612yr.html |access-date=May 12, 2023 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The United States is the world's [[List of countries by imports|largest importer]] and [[List of countries by exports|second-largest exporter]].{{efn|A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Trade Statistical Review 2019 |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2019_e/wts2019_e.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2019 |work=[[World Trade Organization]] |page=100}}</ref> However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest exporter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.TOTL.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>}} It is by far the world's [[List of countries by service exports|largest exporter of services]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service exports (BoP, current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false |access-date=August 4, 2023 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref>

Americans have the highest average [[Household income|household]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |work=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> and [[List of countries by average wage|employee income]] among OECD member states, and the fourth-highest [[Median income|median household income]] in 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> up from sixth-highest in 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free |title=Society at a Glance 2014}}</ref> With personal [[Consumer spending|consumption expenditures]] of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> the U.S. has a heavily [[Consumer economy|consumer-driven economy]] and is the world's [[List of largest consumer markets|largest consumer market]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Jan-Benedict E. M.|last1=Steenkamp|title=What is holding private label back in the United States and in emerging markets?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022435923000568|journal=Journal of Retailing|date=March 1, 2024|issn=0022-4359|pages=56–69|volume=100|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.jretai.2023.11.002|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The U.S. [[List of countries by number of billionaires|ranked first in the number of dollar billionaires]] and [[List of countries by number of millionaires|millionaires]] in 2023, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref>

[[Wealth in the United States]] is highly concentrated; in 2011, the richest 10% of the adult population owned 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just 2%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Piketty |first1=Thomas |author-link1=Thomas Piketty |title=Capital in the Twenty-First Century |title-link=Capital in the Twenty-First Century |date=2014 |publisher=Belknap Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674430006/page/257 257]}} {{ISBN|978-0-674-43000-6}}.</ref> [[Wealth inequality in the United States|U.S. wealth inequality]] increased substantially since the late 1980s,<ref name="Smith-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Matthew |last2=Zidar |first2=Owen |last3=Zwick |first3=Eric |date=2022 |title=Top Wealth in America: New Estimates under Heterogeneous Returns |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=138 |pages=515–573 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjac033 |issn=0033-5533}}</ref> and [[Income inequality in the United States|income inequality in the U.S.]] reached a record high in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> In 2024, the country had some of the highest wealth and income inequality levels among [[OECD]] countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |website=OECD |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Since the 1970s, there has been a decoupling of U.S. wage gains from worker productivity.<ref name="Hopkin"/> In 2016, the top fifth of earners took home more than half of all income,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Long |first=Heather |date=September 12, 2017 |title=U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/us-middle-class-incomes-reached-highest-ever-level-in-2016-census-bureau-says/2017/09/12/7226905e-97de-11e7-b569-3360011663b4_story.html |access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref> giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD countries.<ref name="Sme">{{cite journal |last1=Smeeding |first1=T. M. |year=2005 |title=Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective |journal=Social Science Quarterly |volume=86 |pages=955–983 |doi=10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x |s2cid=154642286}}</ref><ref name="Hopkin">{{cite book |last=Hopkin |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Hopkin |date=2020 |title=Anti-System Politics: The Crisis of Market Liberalism in Rich Democracies |chapter=American Nightmare: How Neoliberalism Broke US Democracy |url= |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyXTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=87–92 |isbn=978-0-19-069976-5 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190699765.003.0004}}</ref> There were about 771,480 [[Homelessness in the United States|homeless persons in the U.S.]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh|first=Kanishka |date=December 27, 2024|title=US homelessness rose by record 18% in latest annual data|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-homelessness-rose-by-record-18-latest-annual-data-2024-12-27/|work=[[Reuters]] |location= |publisher= |access-date=February 13, 2025}}</ref> In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.<ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |website=ers.usda.gov |access-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx }}</ref> [[Feeding America]] estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, [[Hunger in the United States#Children|children experience hunger in the U.S.]] and do not know where they will get their next meal or when.<ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Also in 2022, about 37.9 million people, or 11.5% of the U.S. population, were [[Poverty in the United States|living in poverty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref>

The United States has a smaller [[welfare state]] and redistributes less income through government action than most other [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income countries]].<ref>{{cite web |first1=Isabelle |last1=Joumard |first2=Mauro |last2=Pisu |first3=Debbie |last3=Bloch |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |publisher=OECD |access-date=May 21, 2015 |year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rank |first=Mark Robert |author-link=Mark Robert Rank |date=2023 |title=The Poverty Paradox: Understanding Economic Hardship Amid American Prosperity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGewEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=116–117 |isbn=978-0-19-021263-6}}</ref> It is the only [[advanced economy]] that does not [[List of statutory minimum employment leave by country|guarantee its workers paid vacation]] nationally<ref>{{cite news |last=Min |first=Sarah |date=May 24, 2019 |title=1 in 4 workers in U.S. don't get any paid vacation time or holidays |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/one-in-four-workers-in-us-dont-get-any-paid-vacation-time-or-holidays/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=July 15, 2022 |quote=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref> and one of a few countries in the world without federal [[Parental leave in the United States|paid family leave]] as a legal right.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bernard |first=Tara Siegel |date=February 22, 2013 |title=In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/your-money/us-trails-much-of-the-world-in-providing-paid-family-leave.html |access-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref> The United States has a higher percentage of low-income [[Working class in the United States|workers]] than almost any other developed country, largely because of a weak [[collective bargaining]] system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Van Dam |first=Andrew |date=July 4, 2018 |title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on |access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===

{{Main|Science and technology in the United States}}
The United States [[Technological and industrial history of the United States|has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century]] and scientific research since the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Methods for producing [[interchangeable parts]] and the establishment of a [[machine tool]] industry enabled [[American system of manufacturing|the large-scale manufacturing]] of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goodfriend |first1=Marvin |last2=McDermott |first2=John |date=February 24, 2021 |title=The American System of economic growth |url= |journal=Journal of Economic Growth |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=31–75 |doi=10.1007/s10887-021-09186-x |issn=1573-7020 |pmc=7902180 |pmid=33642936}}</ref> By the early 20th century, factory [[electrification]], the introduction of the [[assembly line]], and other [[automation|labor-saving techniques]] created the system of [[mass production]].<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref>

In the 21st century, the United States continues to be one of the world's foremost scientific powers,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tollefson |first1=Jeff |last2=Van Noorden |first2=Richard |date=October 23, 2024 |title=The US is the world's science superpower — but for how long? |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-03403-4 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=634 |issue=8035 |pages=770–774 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-03403-4|pmid=39443789 |bibcode=2024Natur.634..770T |url-access=subscription }}</ref> though China has emerged as a major competitor in many fields.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. has the [[List of sovereign states by research and development spending|highest research and development expenditures of any country]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> In 2022, the United States was (after China) the country with the [[List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles|second-highest number of published scientific papers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> In 2021, the U.S. ranked second (also after China) by the number of patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications (after China and Germany), according to [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=World Intellectual Property Organization. |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |year=2021 |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> In 2023<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |date=December 28, 2023 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |access-date=October 17, 2023}}</ref> and 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref> the United States ranked third (after Switzerland and Sweden) in the [[Global Innovation Index]]. The United States is considered to be the leading country in the development of [[artificial intelligence]] technology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, the United States was ranked the second most technologically advanced country in the world (after South Korea) by ''[[Global Finance (magazine)|Global Finance]]'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Spaceflight ====
{{Main|Space policy of the United States}}
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts [[Buzz Aldrin]] and [[Neil Armstrong]] during the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] mission, the first crewed [[Moon landing]]. Armstrong is seen in Aldrin's visor reflection along with [[Earth]], the [[Lunar Module Eagle|Lunar Module ''Eagle'']], and the [[Flag of the United States|American flag]]. The United States is the only country to have landed humans on the Moon.]]
The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of the [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> NASA's [[Apollo program]] (1961–1972) achieved the first crewed [[Moon landing]] with the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant milestones.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> Other major endeavors by NASA include the [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> the [[Voyager program]] (1972–present), the [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] and [[James Webb Space Telescope|James Webb]] [[space telescope]]s (launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref> and the multi-mission [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Mars Exploration Rover|Spirit]]'' and ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]],'' and ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |date=February 27, 2008 |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA is one of five agencies collaborating on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS);<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> U.S. contributions to the ISS include several modules, including ''[[Destiny (ISS module)|Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony (ISS module)|Harmony]]'' (2007), and ''[[Tranquility (ISS module)|Tranquility]]'' (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref>

The United States [[private sector]] dominates the global [[Private spaceflight|commercial spaceflight industry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 11, 2022 |title=Analysis {{!}} Companies are commercializing outer space. Do government programs still matter? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/11/companies-are-commercializing-outer-space-do-government-programs-still-matter/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Prominent American spaceflight contractors include [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], and [[SpaceX]]. NASA programs such as the [[Commercial Crew Program]], [[Commercial Resupply Services]], [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]], and [[Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships|NextSTEP]] have facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in the United States}}

In 2023, the United States received approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel, and its largest source of energy was [[Petroleum in the United States|petroleum]] (38%), followed by [[Natural gas in the United States|natural gas]] (36%), [[Renewable energy in the United States|renewable sources]] (9%), [[Coal in the United States|coal]] (9%), and [[Nuclear power in the United States|nuclear power]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref><ref name="visu">{{cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> In 2022, the United States constituted about 4% of the [[world population|world's population]], but consumed around 16% of the [[World energy consumption|world's energy]].<ref>{{cite news |date=November 5, 2021 |title=What is the United States' share of world energy consumption? |work=[[Energy Information Administration|U.S. Energy Information Administration]] |url=https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=87&t=1}}</ref> The U.S. ranks as the [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases]] behind China.<ref>{{cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref>

The U.S. is the world's [[Nuclear power by country|largest producer of nuclear power]], generating around 30% of the world's nuclear electricity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> It also has the highest number of nuclear power reactors of any country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2024, the U.S. plans to triple its nuclear power capacity by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transportation in the United States}}
[[File:45intoI-10_2.jpg|thumb|right|Interchange between [[Interstate 10]] and [[Interstate 45]] in [[Houston]], Texas]]
The {{convert|4|e6mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} road network, owned almost entirely by state and local governments, is the [[List of countries by road network size|longest]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |website=United States Department of Transportation |access-date=January 13, 2015 |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html }}</ref> The extensive [[Interstate Highway System]] that connects all major cities is funded mostly by the federal government but maintained by [[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|state departments of transportation]], supplemented by state expressways and some private [[toll road]]s.

The U.S. is among the top ten countries with the [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|highest vehicle ownership per capita]] (850 vehicles per 1,000 people) in 2022. A 2022 study found that 76% of U.S. commuters drive alone and 14% ride a bicycle, including bike owners and users of [[bike-sharing]] networks. About 11% use some form of public transportation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>

[[Public transportation in the United States]] is well developed in the largest urban areas, notably New York City, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Boston, and Chicago; otherwise, coverage is generally less extensive than in most other developed countries. The U.S. also has many relatively [[car-dependent]] localities.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Urban mass transportation planning |author=Black, Alan |date=1995 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-005557-5 |location=New York |oclc=31045097}}</ref>

Long-distance intercity travel is provided primarily by airlines, but travel by rail is more common along the [[Northeast Corridor]], the only [[high-speed rail in the United States|high-speed rail in the U.S.]] that meets international standards. [[Amtrak]], the country's government-sponsored national passenger rail company, has a relatively sparse network compared to that of Western European countries. Service is concentrated in the Northeast, California, the Midwest, the Pacific Northwest, and Virginia/Southeast.

[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]], serving the [[Atlanta metropolitan area]], is the world's [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest airport by passenger traffic]] with over 75 million passengers as of 2021.<ref name="BusyAirport">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |publisher=CNN |first=Marnie |last=Hunter |date=April 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport- |title=Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013—High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401052319/https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport- |archive-date=April 1, 2014 |date=March 31, 2014 |access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref>]]

The United States has an extensive air transportation network. [[List of airlines of the United States|U.S. civilian airlines]] are all privately owned. The three largest airlines in the world, by total number of passengers carried, are U.S.-based; [[American Airlines]] became the global leader after its 2013 merger with [[US Airways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx|title=Scheduled Passengers Carried|publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)|year=2011|access-date=February 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx|archive-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref> Of the 50 busiest airports in the world, 16 are in the United States, as well as five of the top 10.<ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{cite web|url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf|title=2021 Airport Traffic Report|work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|date=April 2022|page=32}}</ref> The world's busiest airport by passenger volume is [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] in [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]].<ref name="BusyAirport" /><ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> In 2022, most of the [[List of airports in the United States|19,969 U.S. airports]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics |access-date=December 15, 2023}}</ref> were owned and operated by local government authorities, and there are also some private airports. Some 5,193 are designated as "public use", including for [[general aviation]]. The [[Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) has provided security at most major airports since 2001.

[[Rail transport in the United States|The country's rail transport network]], the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|longest]] in the world at {{cvt|293564.2|km|order=flip}},<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |title=Railways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> handles mostly [[Freight transport|freight]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |date=April 24, 2017 |title=Amtrak at a Junction: Invest in Improvements, or Risk Worsening Problems |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/nyregion/amtrak-infrastructure-crisis.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=April 16, 2023}}</ref> (in contrast to more passenger-centered rail in Europe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |author=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016}}</ref>). Because they are often privately owned operations, U.S. railroads lag behind those of the rest of the world in terms of electrification.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/|website=[[Brown Political Review]]|title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership|first=Maddock|last=Thomas|date=March 7, 2023|access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref>

[[Inland waterways of the United States|The country's inland waterways]] are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|fifth-longest]], totaling {{convert|41009|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are used extensively for freight, recreation, and a small amount of passenger traffic. Of the world's [[List of busiest container ports|50 busiest container ports]], four are located in the United States, with the busiest in the U.S. being the [[Port of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |work=[[World Shipping Council]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of the United States}}

=== Population ===

{{Main|Americans|Race and ethnicity in the United States}}
{{See also|List of U.S. states by population}}
{{Bar chart
| float = right
| title = The 10 most populous U.S. states (2024 estimates)<ref name="CensusEst2024">{{cite web |title=Annual and cumulative estimates of residential population change for the United States, regions, states, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-kits/2024/national-state-population-estimates.html |website=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=December 20, 2024}}</ref>
| label_type = State
| data_type = Population (millions)
| bar_width = 10
| width_units = em
| data_max = 40
| label1 = [[California]]
| data1 = 39.4
| label2 = [[Texas]]
| data2 = 31.3
| label3 = [[Florida]]
| data3 = 23.4
| label4 = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| data4 = 19.9
| label5 = [[Pennsylvania]]
| data5 = 13.1
| label6 = [[Illinois]]
| data6 = 12.7
| label7 = [[Ohio]]
| data7 = 11.9
| label8 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| data8 = 11.2
| label9 = [[North Carolina]]
| data9 = 11.0
| label10 = [[Michigan]]
| data10 = 10.1
}}

The [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] reported 331,449,281 residents on April 1, 2020,{{efn|This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories ([[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], [[American Samoa]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]]) and minor island possessions.}}<ref name=2020CENSUS>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref> making the United States the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|third-most-populous country]] in the world, after China and India.<ref name="CIA-2018">{{cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> The Census Bureau's official 2024 population estimate was 340,110,988, an increase of 2.6% since the 2020 census.<ref name="Vintage2024" /> According to the Bureau's [[U.S. and World Population Clock|U.S. Population Clock]], on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were [[widowed]], 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.<ref>{{cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> In 2023, the [[total fertility rate]] for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref> and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of children living in [[Single parents in the United States|single-parent]] households in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |date=December 12, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The United States has a diverse population; 37 [[American ancestries|ancestry groups]] have more than one million members.<ref name="An2000">{{cite web |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |date=June 2004 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|White Americans]] with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest [[race (human classification)|racial]] and [[ethnic group]] at 57.8% of the United States population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html|title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=Census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |year=2009 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. [[African Americans]] constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.<ref name="An2000" /> Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%,<ref name="An2000" /> and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, the [[median age]] of the United States population was 39.1 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Main|Languages of the United States}}
[[File:Languages cp-02.svg|thumb|Most spoken languages in the U.S.]]
While many languages are spoken in the United States, [[American English|English]] is by far the most commonly spoken and written.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] declared English the [[official language]] of the United States, and federal agencies recognize English as the official language under the order.<ref name="EOWP" /> However, Congress has never passed a bill to designate English as the official language of all three federal branches. Some laws, such as [[Naturalized citizen of the United States|U.S. naturalization requirements]], nonetheless standardize English. Twenty-eight states and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] have laws that designate English as the sole official language; 19 states and the [[District of Columbia]] have no official language.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 12, 2014 |title=States Where English Is the Official Language |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/12/states-where-english-is-the-official-language/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English: Hawaii ([[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]),<ref>{{cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ([[Alaska Native languages|twenty Native languages]]),{{efn|[[Inupiaq language|Inupiaq]], [[Central Siberian Yupik language|Siberian Yupik]], [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Central Alaskan Yup'ik]], [[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]], [[Aleut language|Unanga]] (Aleut), [[Denaʼina language|Denaʼina]], [[Deg Xinag language|Deg Xinag]], [[Holikachuk language|Holikachuk]], [[Koyukon language|Koyukon]], [[Upper Kuskokwim language|Upper Kuskokwim]], [[Gwichʼin language|Gwichʼin]], [[Lower Tanana language|Tanana]], [[Upper Tanana language|Upper Tanana]], [[Tanacross language|Tanacross]], [[Hän language|Hän]], [[Ahtna language|Ahtna]], [[Eyak language|Eyak]], [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], [[Haida language|Haida]], and [[Coast Tsimshian dialect|Tsimshian]]}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chapel |first1=Bill |date=April 21, 2014 |title=Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official |publisher=NPR}}</ref> South Dakota ([[Sioux language|Sioux]]),<ref name="LakotaCommon">{{cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ([[Samoan language|Samoan]]), Puerto Rico ([[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]]), Guam ([[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]), and the Northern Mariana Islands ([[Carolinian language|Carolinian]] and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Siebens |first1=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.<ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ }}</ref>

According to the [[American Community Survey]] (2020),<ref name="ACS2021">{{cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=December 26, 2022}}</ref> some 245.4 million people in the U.S. age five and older spoke only English at home. About 41.2 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]] (3.40 million), [[Tagalog language in the United States|Tagalog]] (1.71 million), [[Vietnamese language in the United States|Vietnamese]] (1.52 million), [[Arabic language in the United States|Arabic]] (1.39 million), [[French language in the United States|French]] (1.18 million), [[Korean language in the United States|Korean]] (1.07 million), and [[Russian language in the United States|Russian]] (1.04 million). [[German language in the United States|German]], spoken by 1 million people at home in 2010, fell to 857,000 total speakers in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=American FactFinder—Results |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=May 29, 2017}}</ref>

=== Immigration ===
{{Main|Immigration to the United States}}
[[File:Border USA Mexico.jpg|thumb|The [[Mexico–United States border wall]] between [[San Diego]] (left) and [[Tijuana]] (right)]]
America's immigrant population is by far the world's [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|largest in absolute terms]].<ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |author=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |date=August 2019 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=June 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=June 19, 2023}}</ref> In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and [[Second-generation immigrants in the United States|U.S.-born children of immigrants]] in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 14, 2019 |title=Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States |work=[[Migration Policy Institute]] |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states}}</ref> In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were [[Undocumented immigrant population of the United States|unauthorized immigrants]].<ref name="KeyFindings">{{cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through [[Chain migration#Legislation|family reunification]]) were granted [[Permanent residence (United States)|legal residence]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Who Are America's Immigrants? |url=https://www.prb.org/articles/who-are-americas-immigrants/ |work=[[Population Reference Bureau]] |date=May 22, 2024}}</ref> In fiscal year 2024 alone, according to the [[Migration Policy Institute]], the United States resettled 100,034 refugees, which "re-cements the United States' role as the top global resettlement destination, far surpassing other major resettlement countries in Europe and Canada".<ref>{{cite web |title=How the rebuilt U.S. system resettled the most refugees in 30 years |last1=Chisti |first1=Muzaffar |last2=Bush-Joseph |first2=Kathleen |last3=Greene |first3=Madeleine |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/rebuilt-us-refugee-resettlement-biden |agency=Migration Policy Institute |date=October 30, 2024 |access-date=January 3, 2025}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in the United States}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religious affiliation in the U.S., according to a 2023 [[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]] poll:<ref name="Staff-2007"/>
| label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
| value1 = 33
| color1 = DarkBlue
| label2 = [[Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]]
| value2 = 22
| color2 = Blue
| label3 = [[Christianity in the United States|Non-specific Christian]]
| value3 = 11
| color3 = SkyBlue
| label4 = [[Judaism in the United States|Judaism]]
| value4 = 2
| color4 = Pink
| label5 = [[Mormonism in the United States|Mormonism]]
| value5 = 1
| color5 = #468fEA
| label6 = Other religion
| value6 = 6
| color6 = Green
| label7 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]]
| value7 = 22
| color7 = White
| label8 = Unanswered
| value8 = 3
| color8 = Black
}}
The [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] guarantees the [[Free Exercise Clause|free exercise of religion in the country]] and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting [[Establishment Clause|its establishment]].<ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |work=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Religious practice is widespread, among the [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|most diverse]] in the world,<ref name="alesina1">{{cite journal |last=Alesina |first=Alberto |display-authors=etal |year=2003 |title=Fractionalization |url=http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/alesina/files/fractionalization.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Growth |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=155–194 |doi=10.1023/a:1024471506938 |s2cid=260685524 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831221230/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/alesina/files/fractionalization.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2012 |access-date=September 13, 2012}}</ref> and profoundly vibrant.

<ref name="pewreligion">{{cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |work=Pew Research Center}}</ref> The country has the world's [[Christianity by country|largest Christian population]], which includes the [[Catholic Church by country|fourth-largest population of Roman Catholics]].<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web |author=ANALYSIS |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |title=Global Christianity |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=December 19, 2011 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx}}</ref> Other notable faiths include [[Judaism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[New Age]], and [[Native American religions]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sewell |first=Elizabeth |title=The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-989222-8 |editor-last=Davis |editor-first=Derek |pages=249–275 |chapter=Religious Liberty and Religious Minorities in the United States}}</ref> Religious practice varies significantly by region.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> "[[Ceremonial deism]]" is common in American culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Merriam |first1=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

The overwhelming majority of [[Americans]] believe in a [[Higher Power|higher power]] or spiritual force, engage in [[spiritual practice]]s such as prayer, and consider themselves religious or [[Spirituality|spiritual]].<ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |display-authors=etal |first=Becka |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Froese |first1=Paul |last2=Uecker |first2=Jeremy E. |date=September 2022 |title=Prayer in America: A Detailed Analysis of the Various Dimensions of Prayer |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |language=en |volume=61 |issue=3–4 |pages=663–689 |doi=10.1111/jssr.12810 |s2cid=253439298 |issn=0021-8294|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the Southern United States' "[[Bible Belt]]", [[Evangelicalism|evangelical Protestantism]] plays a significant role culturally; [[New England]] and the Western United States [[Unchurched Belt|tend to be more secular]].<ref name="Williams-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |first2=Gregory A.|last2= Smith|first3= Alan|last3= Cooperman|first4= Becka A. |last4=Alper|first5= Besheer|last5= Mohamed|first6= Chip |last6=Rotolo|first7= Patricia |last7=Tevington|first8= Justin |last8=Nortey|first9= Asta |last9=Kallo|first10= Jeff |last10=Diamant |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], a [[Restorationism|Restorationist]] movement founded in the U.S. in 1847,{{sfn|Howe|2008|pp=727–728}} is the predominant religion in Utah and a major religion in Idaho.

=== Urbanization ===
{{Main|Urbanization in the United States|List of United States cities by population}}
About 82% of Americans live in [[United States urban area|urban areas]], including suburbs;<ref name="CIA-2018" /> about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 }}</ref> In 2022, 333 [[List of United States cities by population|incorporated municipalities]] had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—[[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], and [[Houston]]—had populations exceeding two million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 18, 2019 |title=Counties in South and West Lead Nation in Population Growth |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/estimates-county-metro.html |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=The United States Census Bureau |language=en}}</ref>
{{Largest metropolitan areas of the United States}}

=== Health ===
{{Main|Healthcare in the United States|Healthcare reform in the United States|Health insurance in the United States}}
[[File:Texas medical center.jpg|thumb|The [[Texas Medical Center]] in [[Houston]] is the largest medical complex in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmc.edu/about-tmc/|title=About Us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/texas-medical-center-largest-medical-complex-world-reaches-98-percent-icu-capacity-1526180 |title=Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity |website=[[Newsweek]] |date=August 19, 2020}}</ref> In 2018, it employed 120,000 people and treated 10 million patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/TMC_FactsFiguresOnePager_07052018-1.pdf|title=TMC Facts & Figures}}</ref>]]

According to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 78.4 years in 2023 (75.8 years for men and 81.1 years for women). This was a gain of 0.9 year from 77.5 years in 2022, and the CDC noted that the new average was largely driven by "decreases in mortality due to COVID-19, heart disease, unintentional injuries, cancer and diabetes".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db521.htm |last1=Murphy |first1=Sherry |last2=Kochanek |first2=Kenneth D. |last3=Xu |first3=Jiaquan |last4=Arias |first4=Elizabeth |title=Mortality in the United States, 2023 |journal=NCHS Data Brief |date=December 19, 2024 |issue=521 |pmid=39819663 |pmc=11770397 |access-date=January 7, 2025}}</ref> Starting in 1998, life expectancy in the U.S. fell [[List of countries by life expectancy|behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries]], and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.<ref>{{cite news |last=Achenbach |first=Joel |date=November 26, 2019 |title='There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/theres-something-terribly-wrong-americans-are-dying-young-at-alarming-rates/2019/11/25/d88b28ec-0d6a-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref>

The Commonwealth Fund reported in 2020 that the U.S. had the [[List of countries by suicide rate|highest suicide rate]] among [[high-income countries]].<ref>{{cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Obesity in the United States|Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese]] and another third is overweight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> The U.S. healthcare system far [[List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita|outspends that of any other country]], measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.<ref>{{cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The United States is the only developed country [[Healthcare reform in the United States|without a system of universal healthcare]], and [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vladeck |first=Bruce |title=Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future |date=January 2003 |volume=93 |number=1 |pages=16–19 |pmid=12511377 |doi=10.2105/ajph.93.1.16 |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |pmc=1447684}}</ref> Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor ([[Medicaid]]) and for those age 65 and older ([[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, then-President Obama passed the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]].{{efn|Also known less formally as Obamacare}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oberlander |first=Jonathan |date=June 1, 2010 |title=Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed |journal=Health Affairs |language=en |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1112–1116 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447 |pmid=20530339 |issn=0278-2715 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Abortion in the United States]] is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 17 states.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Glenza |first1=Jessica |last2=Noor |first2=Poppy |title=Tracking abortion laws across the United States |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2024/jul/29/abortion-laws-bans-by-state |access-date=August 14, 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in the United States}}
[[File:University-of-Virginia-Rotunda.jpg|thumb|Some 77% of American college students attend public institutions<ref>[[National Center for Education Statistics]]. "[https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cha U.S. Undergraduate Enrollment]". Accessed July 29, 2024.</ref> such as the [[University of Virginia]], founded by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1819.|alt=Photograph of the University of Virginia]]
American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as [[K–12 education in the United States|K–12]], "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. School systems are operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the [[United States Department of Education|U.S. Department of Education]]. In general, children are required to attend school or [[Homeschooling in the United States|an approved homeschool]] from the age of five or six ([[kindergarten]] or [[first grade]]) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the [[twelfth grade|12th grade]], the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> The U.S. spends more on education per student than any other country,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rushe |first=Dominic |date=September 7, 2018 |title=The US spends more on education than other countries. Why is it falling behind? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/07/us-education-spending-finland-south-korea |access-date=August 29, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a [[bachelor's degree]], and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.<ref>{{cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The [[Literacy in the United States|U.S. literacy rate]] is near-universal.<ref name="CIA-2018" /><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> The U.S. has produced the [[List of Nobel laureates by country|most Nobel Prize winners of any country]], with [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (having won 413 awards).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref>

[[Higher education in the United States|U.S. tertiary or higher education]] has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> American higher education is dominated by [[state university system]]s, although [[Private universities in the United States|the country's many private universities and colleges]] enroll about 20% of all American students. Local [[community college]]s generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pannoni |first1=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=July 14, 2020 |access-date=July 9, 2022}}</ref>

As for [[public expenditure]]s on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the [[OECD]] average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.<ref name="education spending">{{cite news |date=June 25, 2013 |title=U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows |publisher=CBS |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows/ |access-date=October 5, 2013 |archive-date=July 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726002619/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57590921/u.s-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows |url-status=live}}</ref> Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the [[United States service academies|U.S. service academies]], the [[Naval Postgraduate School]], and [[US military staff colleges|military staff colleges]]. Despite some student [[loan forgiveness]] programs in place,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[Student debt|student loan debt]] increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hess |first=Abigail Johnson |date=December 22, 2020 |title=U.S. student debt has increased by more than 100% over the past 10 years |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/22/us-student-debt-has-increased-by-more-than-100percent-over-past-10-years.html |access-date=January 8, 2022}}</ref> and exceeded $1.7 trillion in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dickler |first1=Jessica |last2=Nova |first2=Annie |date=May 6, 2022 |title=This is how student loan debt became a $1.7 trillion crisis |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/06/this-is-how-student-loan-debt-became-a-1point7-trillion-crisis.html |publisher=CNBC |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

== Culture and society ==
{{Main|Culture of the United States|Society of the United States}}{{See also|Human rights in the United States}}
[[File:Liberty02.jpg|thumb|The [[Statue of Liberty]] (''Liberty Enlightening the World'') on [[Liberty Island]] in [[New York Harbor]] was an 1866 gift from France that has become an iconic symbol of the [[American Dream]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statue of Liberty |website=World Heritage |publisher=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307 |access-date=January 4, 2022}}</ref>|alt=The Statue of Liberty, a large teal bronze sculpture on a stone pedestal]]

The United States is home to [[Multiculturalism in the United States|a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Volokh |first=Eugene |date=January 17, 2015 |title=The American tradition of multiculturalism |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/01/27/the-american-tradition-of-multiculturalism/ |access-date=July 30, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> The country has been described as having [[Americanism (ideology)|the values]] of [[individualism]] and [[Left-libertarianism|personal autonomy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grabb |first1=Edward |last2=Baer |first2=Douglas |last3=Curtis |first3=James |year=1999 |title=The Origins of American Individualism: Reconsidering the Historical Evidence |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Sociology]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |volume=24 |pages=511–533 |doi=10.2307/3341789 |issn=0318-6431 |jstor=3341789 |number=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=May 26, 2021 |title=Everyone Thinks Americans Are Selfish. They're Wrong. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/26/opinion/individualism-united-states-altruism.html |access-date=July 16, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> as well as a strong [[work ethic]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Porter |first=Gayle |date=November 2010 |title=Work Ethic and Ethical Work: Distortions in the American Dream |journal=[[Journal of Business Ethics]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |volume=96 |pages=535–550 |doi=10.1007/s10551-010-0481-6 |jstor=29789736 |s2cid=143991044 |number=4}}</ref> and [[Competition|competitiveness]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stephens |first=R. H. |date=September 1952 |title=The Role Of Competition In American Life |journal=[[The Australian Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Policy and Science]] |volume=24 |pages=9–14 |jstor=41317686 |number=3}}</ref> Voluntary [[altruism]] towards others also plays a major role;<ref>{{cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |title=World Giving Index 2022 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]] |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> according to a 2016 study by the [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity—the [[List of countries by charitable donation|highest rate]] in the world by a large margin.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> Americans have traditionally [[Stereotypes of Americans|been characterized]] by a unifying political belief in an "[[American Creed]]" emphasizing [[consent of the governed]], [[liberty]], [[equality under the law]], [[democracy]], [[social equality]], [[property rights]], and a preference for [[limited government]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Huntington |first=Samuel P. |author-link=Samuel P. Huntington |url=https://archive.org/details/whoarewechalleng00hunt |title=Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-87053-3 |chapter=Chapters 2–4 |access-date=October 25, 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xiYiybkE8kC&q=core}}: see [[American Creed]], written by [[William Tyler Page]] and adopted by Congress in 1918.</ref><ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4839-8}}, 2007, p. xi.</ref> The U.S. has acquired significant [[Hard power|hard]] and [[soft power]] through [[Foreign relations of the United States|its diplomatic influence]], [[economic power]], [[military alliance]]s, and [[cultural exports]] such as [[Cinema of the United States|American movies]], [[Music of the United States|music]], [[Video games in the United States|video games]], [[Sports in the United States|sports]], and [[American cuisine|food]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Fergie |first1=Dexter |date=March 24, 2022 |title=How American Culture Ate the World |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review |access-date=July 3, 2022 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Ritula |date=November 19, 2014 |title=Is US monopoly on the use of soft power at an end? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-29536648 |access-date=February 14, 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The influence that the United States exerts on other countries through soft power is referred to as [[Americanization]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berghahn |first=Volker R. |date=February 1, 2010 |title=The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians |journal=Cold War History |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=107–130 |doi=10.1080/14682740903388566 |issn=1468-2745 |s2cid=144459911}}</ref>

Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from [[Afro-Eurasia|Europe, Africa, or Asia]] (the "[[Old World]]") within the past five centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fiorina |first1=Morris P. |author-link1=Morris P. Fiorina |last2=Peterson |first2=Paul E. |title=The New American democracy |date=2010 |publisher=Longman |location=London |isbn=978-0-205-78016-7 |page=97 |edition=7th}}</ref> [[wikt:mainstream|Mainstream]] American culture is a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the [[European American#Culture|traditions of European immigrants]] with influences from many other sources, such as [[African-American culture|traditions brought by slaves from Africa]].<ref>{{multiref2
|{{cite book |last1=Holloway |first1=Joseph E. |title=Africanisms in American culture |date=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-253-21749-3 |pages=18–38 |edition=2nd}}
|{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Fern L. |title=Speaking culturally: language diversity in the United States |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-0-8039-5912-5 |page=116 |year=2000}} }}</ref> More recent immigration from [[Asian American|Asia]] and especially [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing [[melting pot]], and a heterogeneous [[salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]], with immigrants contributing to, and often [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilating]] into, mainstream American culture.

The [[American Dream]], or the perception that Americans enjoy high levels of [[Socio-economic mobility in the United States|social mobility]], plays a key role in attracting immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx |title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. |last=Clifton |first=Jon |date=March 21, 2013 |publisher=Gallup |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Jay |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.<ref name="socialmobility">{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf |title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries |website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth |publisher=OECD |year=2010 |access-date=September 20, 2010}}</ref><ref name="CAP">{{cite web |title=Understanding Mobility in America |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/ |website=Center for American Progress |date=April 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gould |first1=Elise |title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/ |website=[[Economic Policy Institute]] |access-date=July 15, 2013 |date=October 10, 2012}}</ref> While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a [[classless society]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Gutfeld |first=Amon |year=2002 |title=American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton and Portland |page=65 |isbn=978-1-903900-08-6}}</ref> scholars identify significant differences between [[Social class in the United States|the country's social classes]], affecting [[socialization]], language, and values.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zweig |first=Michael |year=2004 |title=What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=978-0-8014-8899-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last=Hoff-Ginsberg |first=Erika |date=April 1989 |title=Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech |publication-place=Bethesda, MD |publisher=National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH) |via=Education Resource Information Center |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED309843}} Republished with revisions as {{cite journal |last=Hoff-Ginsberg |first=Erika |title=Mother-Child Conversation in Different Social Classes and Communicative Settings |journal=Child Development |volume=62 |issue=4 |date=1991 |issn=0009-3920 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01569.x |pages=782–796 |pmid=1935343}}</ref> Americans tend to greatly value [[socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] achievement, but [[Average Joe|being ordinary or average]] is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Keefe |first=Kevin |year=2005 |title=The Average American |publisher=PublicAffairs |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58648-270-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/averageamericant00okee}}</ref>

The [[National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities]] is an agency of the United States federal government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to "develop and promote a broadly conceived national policy of support for the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which preserve the cultural heritage of the United States."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities |title=National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities |work=Federal Register |access-date=October 1, 2022}}</ref> It is composed of four sub-agencies:
*[[National Endowment for the Arts]]
*[[National Endowment for the Humanities]]
*[[Institute of Museum and Library Services]]
*[[Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities]]

Under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment to the Constitution]], the United States is considered to have the [[Freedom of speech in the United States|strongest protections of free speech of any country]].<ref name="Coleman-2013">{{Cite book |last=Coleman |first=Gabriella |title=Coding Freedom |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-691-14461-0 |pages=10, 201 |author-link=Gabriella Coleman}}</ref> [[Flag desecration in the United States|Flag desecration]], [[Hate speech in the United States|hate speech]], [[Blasphemy law in the United States|blasphemy]], and [[Lèse-majesté|lese majesty]] are all forms of protected expression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 11, 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> A 2016 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |date=October 12, 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, they are the "most supportive of [[Freedom of the press in the United States|freedom of the press]] and the [[Right to Internet access|right to use the Internet]] without government censorship".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. is a [[Cultural liberalism|socially progressive]] country<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Pippa |author-link=Pippa Norris |date=February 2023 |title=Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00323217211037023 |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=145–174 |doi=10.1177/00323217211037023 |s2cid=238647612 |issn=0032-3217 |quote=As predicted, in post-industrial societies, characterized by predominately liberal social cultures, like the US, Sweden, and UK...|url-access=subscription }}</ref> with [[Permissive society|permissive]] attitudes surrounding [[human sexuality]].<ref name="Derks-2020">{{Cite book |last1=Derks |first1=Marco |title=Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond |last2=van den Berg |first2=Mariecke |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-030-56326-4 |page=338 |quote=...(the United States and [Western] Europe) as "already in crisis" for their permissive attitudes toward nonnormative sexualities...}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in the United States]] are among the most advanced by global standards.<ref name="Derks-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garretson |first=Jeremiah |title=The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4798-5007-5 |page= |chapter=A Transformed Society: LGBT Rights in the United States |quote=In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a dramatic wave began to form in the waters of public opinion: American attitudes involving homosexuality began to change... The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling.}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|American literature|American philosophy}}
[[File:Mark Twain by AF Bradley.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mark Twain]], whom [[William Faulkner]] called "the father of American literature"<ref name="faulkner">{{cite book |last=Jelliffe |first=Robert A. |title=Faulkner at Nagano |year=1956 |publisher=Kenkyusha, Ltd |location=Tokyo}}</ref>|alt=Photograph of Mark Twain]]

Colonial American authors were influenced by [[John Locke]] and other [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] philosophers.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=157-159}}{{sfn|Lauter|1994a|pp=503-509}} The [[American Revolution|American Revolutionary Period]] (1765–1783) is notable for the political writings of [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Thomas Paine]], and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. Shortly before and after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national literature.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|p=163}}<ref>Mulford, Carla. [https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof00v1unse_e3d7/page/705/mode/1up "Enlightenment Voices, Revolutionary Visions."] In {{harvnb|Lauter|1994a|pp=705–707}}.</ref> An early novel is [[William Hill Brown]]'s ''[[The Power of Sympathy]]'', published in 1791. Writer and critic [[John Neal]] in the early- to mid-19th century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture by criticizing predecessors such as [[Washington Irving]] for imitating their British counterparts, and by influencing writers such as [[Edgar Allan Poe]],<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-46969-7 |last=Lease |first=Benjamin |title=That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution |location=Chicago, Illinois |year=1972 |page=80}}</ref> who took American poetry and short fiction in new directions. [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Margaret Fuller]] pioneered the influential [[Transcendentalism]] movement;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Finseth |first1=Ian Frederick |title=The Emergence of Transcendentalism |url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma95/finseth/trans.html |website=American Studies @ The University of Virginia |publisher=[[The University of Virginia]] |access-date=November 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718205554/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/finseth/trans.html |archive-date=July 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name=Coviello>{{cite book |last=Coviello |first=Peter |chapter=Transcendentalism |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2005 |via=Oxford Reference Online |access-date=October 23, 2011 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195156539.001.0001/acref-9780195156539-e-0294?rskey=lw57LH&result=1 |isbn=978-0-19-530772-6}}</ref> [[Henry David Thoreau]], author of ''[[Walden]]'', was influenced by this movement.

The conflict surrounding [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]] inspired writers, like [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], and authors of slave narratives, such as [[Frederick Douglass]]. [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'' (1850) explored the dark side of American history, as did [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851). Major American poets of the 19th century [[American Renaissance (literature)|American Renaissance]] include [[Walt Whitman]], Melville, and [[Emily Dickinson]].{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=444-447}}{{sfn|Lauter|1994a|pp=1228, 1233, 1260}} [[Mark Twain]] was the first major American writer to be born in the West. [[Henry James]] achieved international recognition with novels like ''[[The Portrait of a Lady]]'' (1881). As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers, women, and the rural poor.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=1269-1270}}{{sfn|Lauter|1994b|pp=8-10}} [[Naturalism (literature)|Naturalism]], [[American literary regionalism|regionalism]], and [[Literary realism#UnitedStates|realism]] were the major literary movements of the period.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=1271-1273}}{{sfn|Lauter|1994b|p=12}}

While [[Literary modernism|modernism]] generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=1850-1851}} Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black [[West Indian Americans|West Indian]] authors of the [[Harlem Renaissance]] developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the [[Jazz Age]], these writings were a key influence on ''[[Négritude]]'', a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the [[African diaspora]].<ref>[[Hortense Spillers|Spillers, Hortense]]. [https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof02laut/page/1579 "The New Negro Renaissance."] In {{harvnb|Lauter|1994b|pp=1579–1585}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philipson |first=Robert |title=The Harlem Renaissance as Postcolonial Phenomenon |journal=African American Review |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=145–160 |jstor=40027037}}</ref> In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the [[Great American Novel]],{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=2260-2261}} while the [[Beat Generation]] rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the [[spoken word]] over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|p=2262}}<ref>{{harvnb|Lauter|1994b|pp=1975–1977}}. "[https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof02laut/page/1972 Literature of the Cold War]".</ref> Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious [[Experimental literature|experiments with language]].{{sfn|Baym|Levine|2013|pp=2266-2267}} Twelve American laureates have won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature/all/ |title=All Nobel Prizes in Literature |author= |date= |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |quote=}}</ref>

=== Mass media ===
{{Main|Mass media in the United States}}
{{See also|Newspapers in the United States|Television in the United States|Broadcasting in the United States|Public broadcasting in the United States|Internet in the United States|Radio in the United States|Video games in the United States}}
[[File:Comcastcenter vertical.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Comcast Center]] in [[Philadelphia]], headquarters of [[Comcast]], one of the world's [[List of telecommunications companies|largest telecommunications companies]] and media conglomerates]]

Media in the United States is [[Censorship in the United States|broadly uncensored]], with the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] providing significant protections, as reiterated in ''[[New York Times Co. v. United States]]''.<ref name="Coleman-2013" /> The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the [[National Broadcasting Company]] (NBC), [[Columbia Broadcasting System]] (CBS), [[American Broadcasting Company]] (ABC), and [[Fox Broadcasting Company]] (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. The [[Cable television in the United States|U.S. cable television system]] offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Streaming TV Services: What They Cost, What You Get |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html |access-date=October 12, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=Associated Press |date=October 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015023520/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html |archive-date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> In 2021, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listened to [[radio broadcasting|broadcast radio]], while about 40% listened to [[podcast]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/audio-and-podcasting/ |title=Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=June 29, 2021 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> In the prior year, there were 15,460 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-367270A1.pdf|title=BROADCAST STATION TOTALS AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2020|website=docs.fcc.gov}}</ref> Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by [[NPR]], incorporated in February 1970 under the [[Public Broadcasting Act of 1967]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 20, 2013 |title=History: NPR |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/about-npr/192827079/overview-and-history |access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref>

U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and ''[[USA Today]]''.<ref name="Shaffer2006">{{cite book |first=Brenda |last=Shaffer |title=The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEOd-cDWVwQC&pg=PA116 |year=2006 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19529-4 |page=116}}</ref> [[List of Spanish-language newspapers published in the United States|About 800 publications]] are produced in Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Newspapers in United States |url=https://www.w3newspapers.com/usa/spanish |access-date=August 5, 2014 |publisher=W3newspapers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA: Hispanic Newspapers: Periódiscos en Español en los EE.UU |url=https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626114455/https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |access-date=August 5, 2014 |publisher=Onlinenewspapers.com}}</ref> With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as [[Gannett Company|Gannett]] or [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]], which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often have [[alternative newspaper]]s to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as ''[[The Village Voice]]'' in New York City and ''[[LA Weekly]]'' in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are [[Google Search|Google]], [[YouTube]], [[Facebook]], [[Amazon (website)|Amazon]], and [[Reddit]]—all of them American-owned.<ref name="alexa-topsitesus">{{cite web |year=2021 |title=Top Sites in United States |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US |access-date=October 6, 2021 |publisher=Alexa |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621221154/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US }}</ref>

In 2022, the video game market of the United States was the world's [[List of video games markets by country|largest by revenue]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Top countries and markets by video game revenues |url=https://newzoo.com/resources/rankings/top-10-countries-by-game-revenues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326135814/https://newzoo.com/resources/rankings/top-10-countries-by-game-revenues |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2023 |website=Newzoo}}</ref> In 2015, the U.S. video game industry consisted of 2,457 companies that employed around 220,000 jobs and generated $30.4 billion in revenue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Takahashi |first=Dean |date=2017-02-15 |title=The U.S. game industry has 2,457 companies supporting 220,000 jobs |url=https://gamesbeat.com/the-u-s-game-industry-has-2457-companies-supporting-220000-jobs/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=GamesBeat |language=en-US}}</ref> There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=California (CA) |url=https://www.theesa.com/video-game-impact-map/state/california/ |access-date=December 14, 2022 |website=ESA Impact Map |date=July 20, 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Game Developers Conference]] (GDC), the U.S. is the top location for [[video game development]], with 58% of [[Video game developer|game developers]] based in the country in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Number of Devs Aged 45 or Older Has Tripled Since 2015 |url=https://80.lv/articles/number-of-devs-aged-45-or-older-has-tripled-since-2015 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=80.lv |language=en}}</ref>

=== Theater ===
{{Main|Theater in the United States}}
[[File:Broadway Theaters 45th Street Night.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Broadway theater]]s in [[Theater District, Manhattan]]]]

The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the [[Theatre of the United Kingdom|British theater]].<ref name="Saxon2011">{{cite book |first=Theresa |last=Saxon |date=October 11, 2011 |title=American Theatre: History, Context, Form |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=7– |isbn=978-0-7486-3127-8 |oclc=1162047055 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-AkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7}}</ref> By the middle of the 19th century, America had created new distinct dramatic forms in the [[Tom Shows]], the [[showboat|showboat theater]] and the [[minstrel show]].<ref>Meserve, Walter J. An Outline History of American Drama, New York: Feedback/Prospero, 1994.</ref> The central hub of the American theater scene is the [[Theater District, Manhattan|Theater District in Manhattan]], with its divisions of [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], [[off-Broadway]], and [[off-off-Broadway]].<ref name="LondréWatermeier1998">{{cite book |first1=Felicia Hardison |last1=Londré |first2=Daniel J. |last2=Watermeier |date=1998 |title=The History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present |publisher=Continuum |pages= |isbn=978-0-8264-1079-5 |oclc=1024855967}}</ref>

Many movie and television [[Celebrity|celebrities]] have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional [[Regional theater in the United States|regional or resident theater companies]] that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active [[community theater]] culture.<ref>Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson, ''American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary'' (1994).</ref>

The [[Tony Awards]] recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented at an annual ceremony in [[Manhattan]]. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given for [[Regional theatre in the United States|regional theater]]. Several discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including a [[Special Tony Award]], the [[Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre]], and the [[Isabelle Stevenson Award]].<ref>Staff (undated). [http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/about/index.html "Who's Who"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223002914/http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/about/index.html|date=December 23, 2016}}. tonyawards.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013.</ref>

=== Visual arts ===
{{Main|Visual art of the United States|Architecture of the United States}}
[[File:Grant Wood - American Gothic - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[American Gothic]]'' (1930) by [[Grant Wood]] is one of the most famous [[Visual art of the United States|American paintings]] and is widely [[parody|parodied]].<ref name=BBC>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170208-how-american-gothic-became-an-icon |title=How American Gothic became an icon |first=Fisun |last=Güner |date=February 8, 2017 |publisher=BBC |access-date=March 2, 2017}}</ref>]]

[[Folk art of the United States|Folk art]] in [[Colonial america|colonial America]] grew out of artisanal [[Workmanship|craftsmanship]] in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of [[High culture|high art]], which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.<ref>American folk art the art of the common man in America, 1750-1900. New York, N.Y.: The Museum of Modern Art. 1932.</ref> Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example, the prevailing medieval style of [[woodworking]] and primitive [[Sculpture of the United States|sculpture]] became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence of [[Renaissance art|Renaissance styles]] in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Europe.<ref name="Coleman-2013" />

The [[Hudson River School]] was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of European [[Realism (arts)|naturalism]]. The 1913 [[Armory Show]] in New York City, an exhibition of European [[modern art|modernist art]], shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Milton W. |title=The Story of the Armory Show |date=1988 |publisher=Abbeville Press |location=New York |isbn=0896597954 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofarmorysho00brow}}</ref>

[[American Realism]] and [[American Regionalism]] sought to reflect and give America new ways of looking at itself. [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], [[Marsden Hartley]], and others experimented with new and individualistic styles, which would become known as [[American modernism]]. Major artistic movements such as the [[abstract expressionism]] of [[Jackson Pollock]] and [[Willem de Kooning]] and the [[pop art]] of [[Andy Warhol]] and [[Roy Lichtenstein]] developed largely in the United States. Major photographers include [[Alfred Stieglitz]], [[Edward Steichen]], [[Dorothea Lange]], [[Edward Weston]], [[James Van Der Zee]], [[Ansel Adams]], and [[Gordon Parks]].<ref name="Davenport1991">{{cite book |last=Davenport |first=Alma |title=The History of Photography: An Overview |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hca5H_rJZnUC&pg=PA67 |year=1991 |publisher=UNM Press |isbn=978-0-8263-2076-6 |page=67}}</ref>

The tide of [[modernism]] and then [[postmodernism]] has brought global fame to American architects, including [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Philip Johnson]], and [[Frank Gehry]].<ref name="JansonJanson2003">{{cite book |last1=Janson |first1=Horst Woldemar |last2=Janson |first2=Anthony F. |title=History of Art: The Western Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMYHuvhWBH4C&pg=PT955 |year=2003 |publisher=Prentice Hall Professional |isbn=978-0-13-182895-7 |page=955}}</ref> The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[Manhattan]] is the largest [[art museum]] in the United States<ref name="METLargestArtMuseum">{{cite news |author=Lester |first=Alfred |date=December 6, 1993 |title=Letter: The Louvre: tourism on the grand scale |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/letter-the-louvre-tourism-on-the-grand-scale-1465736.html |access-date=December 2, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> and the [[List of largest art museums|fourth-largest]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Largest Art Museums In The World |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-art-museums-in-the-world.html |website=WorldAtlas |date=May 30, 2017}}</ref>

=== Music ===

{{Main|Music of the United States}}

[[File:Country music hall of fame2.jpg|thumb|The [[Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]]]
[[American folk music]] encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional [[folk music]], contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the [[British Isles]], [[mainland Europe]], or [[African-American music|Africa]].<ref name=afc>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/folklife/guide/folkmusicandsong.html |title=Folk Music and Song: American Folklife Center: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress) |website=Loc.gov}}</ref> The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 22, 2016 |title=Musical Crossroads: African American Influence on American Music |url=https://music.si.edu/story/musical-crossroads |access-date=April 14, 2023 |website=Smithsonian}}</ref> [[Banjo]]s were brought to America through the slave trade. [[Minstrel show]]s incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Folk, the Stage, and the Five-String Banjo in the Nineteenth Century |first=Robert B. |last=Winans |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |year=1976 |volume=89 |issue=354 |pages=407–437 |publisher=American Folklore Society |doi=10.2307/539294 |jstor=539294}}</ref>{{sfn|Shi|2016|p=378}} The [[electric guitar]], first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of [[rock and roll]].<ref name="axe">{{cite web |title=The Invention of the Electric Guitar |date=April 18, 2014 |url=https://invention.si.edu/invention-electric-guitar |website=Lemelson Center Studies in Invention and Innovation |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> The [[synthesizer]], [[turntablism]], and [[electronic music]] were also largely developed in the U.S.

Elements from folk idioms such as the [[blues]] and [[old-time music]] were adopted and transformed into [[popular music|popular genres]] with global audiences. [[Jazz]] grew from blues and [[ragtime]] in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such as [[W.C. Handy]] and [[Jelly Roll Morton]]. [[Louis Armstrong]] and [[Duke Ellington]] increased its popularity early in the 20th century.<ref name="Biddle-2001">{{cite book |last1=Biddle |first1=Julian |title=What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America |date=2001 |publisher=Citadel |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8065-2311-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whatwashotroller00bidd/page/ ix] |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwashotroller00bidd/page/}}</ref> [[Country music]] developed in the 1920s,<ref>{{Cite web |website=OUP blog |title=Early blues and country music |last=Stoia |first=Nicholas |date=October 21, 2014 |url=https://blog.oup.com/2014/10/early-blues-country-music/ |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> [[bluegrass music|bluegrass]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bluegrass music |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/bluegrass-music |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=June 19, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and [[rhythm and blues]] in the 1940s,{{sfn|OpenStax|2014|loc=§ [https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/28-4-popular-culture-and-mass-media 28.4]}} and rock and roll in the 1950s.<ref name="axe" /> In the 1960s, [[Bob Dylan]] emerged from the [[American folk music revival|folk revival]] to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=April 10, 2020 |title=No. 1 Bob Dylan |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/interactive/lists-100-greatest-songwriters/#bob-dylan |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=January 29, 2021}}</ref> The musical forms of [[Punk rock|punk]] and [[hip hop]] both originated in the United States in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Funk |first=Clayton |url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/artandmusicbiographies/chapter/reading-9-neo-expressionism-and-music-reaching-into-the-1980s/ |title=A Quick and Dirty Guide to Art, Music, and Culture |date=August 16, 2016 |publisher=The Ohio State University |chapter=9. Neo-Expressionism, Punk, and Hip Hop Emerge}}</ref>

The United States has the world's [[List of largest recorded music markets|largest music market]], with a total retail value of $15.9 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Year-End Music Industry Revenue Report |url=https://www.riaa.com/reports/2022-year-end-music-industry-revenue-report-riaa/ |access-date=November 26, 2023 |publisher=Record Industry Association of America |language=en-US}}</ref> Most of the world's [[Record label#Major labels|major record companies]] are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA).<ref>{{cite web |author=Hennessy |first=Eoin |date=March 27, 2014 |title=How American Music Took Over the World |url=https://universitytimes.ie/2014/03/how-american-music-took-over-the-world/ |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=[[The University Times]]}}</ref> Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as [[Frank Sinatra]]<ref>{{cite web |date=December 8, 2015 |title=10 ways that Frank Sinatra changed the world |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/12/08/10-ways-frank-sinatra-changed-world/76381754/ |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=USA Today}}</ref> and [[Elvis Presley]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-universal-music-elvis-idCAKCN2M40UH |title=Universal Music can't help falling for Elvis Presley, to manage song catalog |date=April 12, 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=April 12, 2022}}</ref> became [[Superstar|global celebrities]] and [[List of best-selling music artists|best-selling music artists]],<ref name="Biddle-2001" /> as have artists of the late 20th century, such as [[Michael Jackson]],<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web |title=Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' First Ever 30X Multi-Platinum RIAA Certification |date=December 16, 2015 |access-date=December 17, 2021 |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America |url=https://www.riaa.com/michael-jacksons-thriller-first-ever-30x-multi-platinum-riaa-certification/}}</ref> [[Madonna]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-08-17/madonna-has-been-scandalizing-people-for-40-years-and-nobodys-going-to-stop-her.html |title=Madonna has been scandalizing people for 40 years, and nobody's going to stop her |date=August 17, 2022 |first=Carlos |last=Marcos |work=[[El País]] |access-date=August 17, 2022}}</ref> [[Whitney Houston]],<ref name="Rolling Stone-2023">{{cite magazine |date=January 1, 2023 |title=The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/whitney-houston-11-1234643211/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=January 2, 2023}}</ref> and [[Mariah Carey]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mariah Carey To Receive Global Impact Award At Recording Academy Honors Presented By The Black Music Collective |url=https://grammy.com/news/mariah-carey-global-impact-award-recording-academy-honors-black-music-collective |access-date=February 2, 2024 |publisher=Grammy Awards |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202011657/https://www.grammy.com/news/mariah-carey-global-impact-award-recording-academy-honors-black-music-collective |url-status=live}}</ref> and of the early 21st century, such as [[Eminem]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southpawer.com/2017/09/12/eminem-guinness-world-records |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914224707/http://www.southpawer.com/2017/09/12/eminem-guinness-world-records/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 14, 2017 |title=11 Guinness World Records Eminem Still Holds |date=September 12, 2017}}</ref> [[Britney Spears]],{{sfn|Edmondson|2013|p=490}} [[Lady Gaga]],{{sfn|Edmondson|2013|p=490}} [[Katy Perry]],{{sfn|Edmondson|2013|p=490}} [[Taylor Swift]] and [[Beyoncé]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.sky.com/story/taylor-swift-and-beyonce-reporters-wanted-by-biggest-newspaper-chain-in-us-12960828 |title=Taylor Swift and Beyoncé reporters wanted by biggest newspaper chain in US |publisher=[[Sky News]] |date=September 14, 2023 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109015600/https://news.sky.com/story/taylor-swift-and-beyonce-reporters-wanted-by-biggest-newspaper-chain-in-us-12960828 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fashion ===
{{main|Fashion in the United States}}
[[File:Carolina Herrera AW14 12.jpg|thumb|''[[Haute couture]]'' [[fashion model]]s on the [[catwalk]] during [[New York Fashion Week]]]]
The United States has the world's largest [[apparel]] market by revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2024 |title=Global Apparel Industry Statistics (2024) |url=https://www.uniformmarket.com/statistics/global-apparel-industry-statistics |access-date=August 25, 2024 |website=uniformmarket.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Apart from professional [[business attire]], American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however, [[sneaker]]s, [[jeans]], [[T-shirts]], and [[baseball cap]]s are emblematic of American styles.<ref name="AmericanClassicFashion">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/01/style/american-style-classics/ |title=American Classics How seven everyday clothing items became American style staples. |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=December 4, 2023}}</ref> New York, with [[New York Fashion Week|its Fashion Week]], is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global [[fashion capital]]s, along with [[Paris Fashion Week|Paris]], [[Milan Fashion Week|Milan]], and [[London Fashion Week|London]]. A study demonstrated that general proximity to [[Garment District, Manhattan|Manhattan's Garment District]] has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.<ref name="GarmentDistrictNYCFashionSymbolUS">{{cite web |author=Caplin |first=John |date=September 1, 2021 |title=Made In New York: The Future Of New York City's Historic Garment District |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johncaplan/2021/09/01/made-in-new-york-the-future-of-new-york-citys-historic-garment-district/ |access-date=December 5, 2023 |work=[[Forbes]] |quote=Spanning just about 20 square blocks between [[Times Square]] and [[Penn Station (New York)|Penn Station]] along [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]] (also known as "Fashion Avenue"), the vibrant and always-busy neighborhood has a long and rich history that has become synonymous with American fashion since its inception more than a century ago.}}</ref>

A number of well-known [[designer label]]s, among them [[Tommy Hilfiger (company)|Tommy Hilfiger]], [[Ralph Lauren Corporation|Ralph Lauren]], [[Tom Ford (brand)|Tom Ford]] and [[Calvin Klein (fashion house)|Calvin Klein]], are headquartered in [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calvinklein.us/en/about-us.html|title=About Calvin Klein, Inc.|website=calvinklein.us|access-date=June 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://corporate.ralphlauren.com/our-company|title=About US – Polo Ralph Lauren|website=[[Ralph Lauren Corporation]]|access-date=June 8, 2025}}</ref> Labels cater to [[niche market]]s, such as preteens. [[New York Fashion Week]] is one of the most influential fashion shows in the world, and is held twice each year in Manhattan;<ref name="USNYCFashionWeekGlobalIndustryTonesetter">{{cite news |author=Juarez |first=Diana |date=October 4, 2023 |title=The Economic Impact of New York Fashion Week |url=https://thefordhamram.com/93053/news/fashion-week/ |access-date=December 5, 2023 |newspaper=The Fordham Ram}}</ref> the annual [[Met Gala]], also in Manhattan, has been called the fashion world's "biggest night".<ref name="MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight1">{{cite web |author=Bauman |first=Ali |date=May 1, 2023 |title=Met Gala 2023: Fashion's biggest night honors Karl Lagerfeld |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/met-gala-2023-red-carpet/ |access-date=April 30, 2024 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref name="MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight2">{{cite web |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/met-gala-2024-how-to-watch |title=Met Gala 2024: How to Watch Fashion's Biggest Night |publisher=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |date=April 29, 2024 |access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of the United States}}
[[File:Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg|thumb|The [[Hollywood Sign]] in the [[Hollywood Hills]], often regarded as the symbol of the [[American film industry]]]]

The U.S. film industry has [[Global Hollywood|a worldwide influence and following]]. [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also [[metonymous]] for the American filmmaking industry.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Report of the Controller of the City of Los Angeles, California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VbOAAAAMAAJ&q=Hollywood+merged+with+City+of+Los+Angeles+in+1910&pg=PA193 |publisher=By[[Office controller|Office of Controller]] Los Angeles, CA (1914) |access-date=February 22, 2014 |year=1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Auditor of the City of Los Angeles California of the Financial Affairs of the Corporation in Its Capacity as a City for the Fiscal Year |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPo2AQAAMAAJ&q=Hollywood+merged+with+City+of+Los+Angeles+in+1910&pg=PA173 |publisher=By [[State auditor|Auditor's Office]] of Los Angeles, CA (1913) |access-date=February 22, 2014 |year=1913}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second-largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 17, 2013}}</ref> The [[major film studios]] of the United States are the primary source of the [[List of highest-grossing films|most commercially successful]] movies selling the most tickets in the world.<ref name="Kerrigan_Page_18">{{cite book |last1=Kerrigan |first1=Finola |title=Film Marketing |date=2010 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-7506-8683-9 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufMdvuuTQ7MC&pg=PA18 |access-date=February 4, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Davis">{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Glyn |last2=Dickinson |first2=Kay |last3=Patti |first3=Lisa |last4=Villarejo |first4=Amy |title=Film Studies: A Global Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=978-1-317-62338-0 |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnXABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |access-date=August 24, 2020}}</ref>

Largely centered in the New York City region from its beginnings in the late 19th century through the first decades of the 20th century,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/nyregion/getting-big-picture-film-industry-started-here-left-now-it-s-back-state-says.html|author=Kannapell, Andrea|title=Getting the Big Picture; The Film Industry Started Here and Left. Now It's Back, and the State Says the Sequel Is Huge.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=October 4, 1998|access-date=January 19, 2023|archive-date=December 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219034718/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/nyregion/getting-big-picture-film-industry-started-here-left-now-it-s-back-state-says.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Market Data |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/market/ |website=The Numbers |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://j-entonline.com/before-hollywood-there-was-fort-lee-n-j-early-movie-making-in-new-jersey-a-j-ent-dvd-review/|author=Amith, Dennis|title=Before Hollywood There Was Fort Lee, N.J.: Early Movie Making in New Jersey (a J!-ENT DVD Review)|publisher=J!-ENT|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=January 1, 2011|access-date=January 19, 2023|archive-date=December 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222043615/http://j-entonline.com/blu-ray-dvd-reviews/dvd-reviews-film-tv/before-hollywood-there-was-fort-lee-n-j-early-movie-making-in-new-jersey-a-j-ent-dvd-review/|quote=When Hollywood, California, was mostly orange groves, Fort Lee, New Jersey, was a center of American film production.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/04/100_years_ago_fort_lee_was_the.html|author=Rose, Lisa|title=100 years ago, Fort Lee was the first town to bask in movie magic|publisher=[[NJ.com]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=April 29, 2012|access-date=January 19, 2023|archive-date=September 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929115649/https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/04/100_years_ago_fort_lee_was_the.html|quote=Back in 1912, when Hollywood had more cattle than cameras, Fort Lee was the center of the cinematic universe. Icons from the silent era like Mary Pickford, Lionel Barrymore, and Lillian Gish crossed the Hudson River via ferry to emote on Fort Lee back lots.}}</ref> the U.S. film industry has since been primarily based in and around Hollywood. Nonetheless, American film companies have been subject to the forces of [[globalization]] in the 21st century, and an increasing number of films are made elsewhere.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222 |title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore' |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=January 24, 2015}}</ref> The [[Academy Awards]], popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] since 1929,<ref name="DrowneHuber2004">{{cite book |last1=Drowne |first1=Kathleen Morgan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CecCHiI95dYC&pg=PA236 |title=The 1920s |last2=Huber |first2=Patrick |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32013-2 |page=236}}</ref> and the [[Golden Globe Award]]s have been held annually since January 1944.<ref name="Kroon2014">{{cite book |last=Kroon |first=Richard W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA338 |title=A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms |publisher=McFarland |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7864-5740-3 |page=338}}</ref>

The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "[[Classical Hollywood cinema|Golden Age of Hollywood]]", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matthews |first1=Charles |title=Book explores Hollywood 'Golden Age' of the 1960s-'70s |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-explores-hollywood-golden-age-of-the-1960s-70s/2011/02/10/AGh5xJIH_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 6, 2015 |date=June 3, 2011}}</ref> with screen actors such as [[John Wayne]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]] becoming iconic figures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banner |first1=Lois |title=Marilyn Monroe, the eternal shape shifter |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2012-aug-05-la-oe-0805-banner-marilyn-monroe-icon-biography-20120805-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=August 6, 2015 |date=August 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rick |first1=Jewell |title=John Wayne, an American Icon |url=https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822102812/https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html |archive-date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=University of Southern California |access-date=August 6, 2015 |date=August 8, 2008}}</ref> In the 1970s, "[[New Hollywood]]", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",<ref name="Greven2013">{{cite book |last=Greven |first=David |title=Psycho-Sexual: Male Desire in Hitchcock, De Palma, Scorsese, and Friedkin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIyNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 |year=2013 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-74204-8 |page=23}}</ref> was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the [[Aftermath of World War II|post-war period]].<ref name="Morrison1998">{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=James |title=Passport to Hollywood: Hollywood Films, European Directors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWRif68I3igC&pg=PA11 |year=1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3938-8 |page=11}}</ref> The 21st century has been marked by the rise of American [[streaming platform]]s, which came to rival traditional cinema.<ref name="RE">{{cite news |last=Seitz |first=Matt Zoller |author-link=Matt Zoller Seitz |title=What's Next: Avengers, MCU, Game of Thrones, and the Content Endgame |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/mzs/avengers-mcu-and-the-content-endgame |access-date=July 21, 2021 |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |publisher=Ebert Digital LLC |date=April 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Avery |first=Hannah |date=January 18, 2023 |title=US streaming market growth continues, despite changes in the industry |url=https://www.kantar.com/inspiration/technology/us-streaming-market-growth-continues-despite-changes-in-the-industry |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=[[Kantar Group]]}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|American cuisine}}
[[File:2019-11-28 14 46 15 A single serving of Thanksgiving Dinner in the Parkway Village section of Ewing Township, Mercer County, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|A [[Thanksgiving dinner]] with [[roast turkey]], [[mashed potatoes]], [[pickled cucumber|pickles]], [[corn]], [[candied yams]], [[cranberry jelly]], [[Shrimp and prawn as food|shrimps]], [[stuffing]], [[green peas]], [[deviled eggs]], [[green salad]], and [[apple sauce]]]]

Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as [[Turkey as food|turkey]], [[sweet potato]]es, [[maize|corn]], [[Cucurbita|squash]], and [[maple syrup]]. Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called [[succotash]]. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as [[wheat flour]],<ref name="Wheat">{{cite web |title=Wheat Info |url=https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011012758/https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/ |archive-date=October 11, 2009 |website=Wheatworld.org |access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traditional Indigenous Recipes |url=https://aihd.ku.edu/recipes/index.html |publisher=American Indian Health and Diet Project |access-date=September 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Akenuwa |first=Ambrose |title=Is the United States Still the Land of the Free and Home to the Brave? |url=https://books.apple.com/us/book/is-the-united-states-still-the-land-of-the/id1017814038 |date=July 1, 2015 |pages=92–94 |publisher=Lulu Press |isbn=978-1-329-26112-9 |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> [[New World crops]], especially [[pumpkin]], corn, [[potatoes]], and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]], when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.<ref name="Mintz1996">{{cite book |author=Mintz |first=Sidney Wilfred |url=https://archive.org/details/tastingfoodtasti00mint_0 |title=Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions Into Eating, Culture, and the Past |publisher=Beacon Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8070-4629-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/tastingfoodtasti00mint_0/page/134 134]– |access-date=October 25, 2015 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Characteristic American dishes such as [[apple pie]], [[fried chicken]], [[doughnut]]s, [[french fries]], [[macaroni and cheese]], [[ice cream]], [[hamburger]]s, [[hot dog]]s, and [[Pizza in the United States|American pizza]] derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups.<ref>{{cite book |first=Hasia |last=Diner |title=Hungering for America: Italian, Irish, and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration |publisher=Harvard University Press |place=Cambridge |date=2001 |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Poe |first=Tracy N. |date=February 1999 |title=The Origins of Soul Food in Black Urban Identity: Chicago, 1915–1947 |journal=American Studies International |volume=37 |issue=1 |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/news/2020/12/31/consumer-spending-data-kfc-is-the-most-popular.html |title=KFC is America's favorite fried chicken, data suggests |last=Cawthon |first=Haley |date=December 31, 2020 |website=The Business Journals |access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/food/america/the-history-of-the-pizza/ |title=How Pizza Became America's Favorite Food |last=Russell |first=Joan |date=May 23, 2016 |website=Paste |access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> [[Mexican-American cuisine|Mexican dishes]] such as [[burritos]] and [[tacos]] preexisted the United States in areas later annexed from Mexico, and [[American Chinese cuisine|adaptations of Chinese cuisine]] as well as [[Italian-American cuisine|pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources]] are all widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003 |author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003 |access-date=June 19, 2007}}</ref>

American [[chef]]s have had a significant impact on society both domestically and internationally. In 1946, the [[Culinary Institute of America]] was founded by [[Katharine Cramer Angell|Katharine Angell]] and [[Frances Roth]]. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story: CIA History {{!}} Culinary Institute of America |url=https://www.ciachef.edu/our-story/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=ciachef.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FTfbs">{{cite news |last=Averbuch |first=Bonnie |title=Attention Food Entrepreneurs: School's Back in Business |publisher=[[Food Tank]] |url=https://foodtank.com/news/2015/09/attention-food-entrepreneurs-its-time-to-head-back-to-school/ |date=September 2015 |access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> The [[United States restaurant industry]] was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,<ref name="Brownfield-2020">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2020/03/20/cincinnati-restaurants-ask-feds-for-coronavirus.html |title=Cincinnati restaurants ask feds for coronavirus bailout |last=Brownfield |first=Andy |date=March 20, 2020 |website=login.research.cincinnatilibrary.org |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ramirez">{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/elvaramirez/2020/03/19/the-restaurant-industry-needs-a-coronavirus-bailout-will-they-get-it/ |title=The Restaurant Industry Needs A Coronavirus Bailout. Will They Get It? |last=Ramirez |first=Elva |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> and employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly.<ref name="Brownfield-2020" /> It is the country's second-largest private employer and the third-largest employer overall.<ref name="Noguchi-2020">{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/22/819189939/closed-all-at-once-restaurant-industry-faces-collapse |title=Closed All At Once: Restaurant Industry Faces Collapse |last=Noguchi |first=Yuki |date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=[[NPR]] |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.msnbc.com/stephanie-ruhle/watch/restaurant-industry-reeling-from-coronavirus-80967237571 |title=Restaurant industry reeling from coronavirus |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> The United States is home to over 220 [[Michelin star]]-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restaurants |url=https://guide.michelin.com/en/us/new-york-state/new-york/restaurants/1-star-michelin/2-stars-michelin/3-stars-michelin |access-date=August 30, 2023 |website=Michelin Guide |language=en}}</ref>

[[American wine|Wine]] has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the [[New Mexico wine|first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico]] in 1628.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture "[http://www.fas.usda.gov/agx/ISMG/Global%20Wine%20Report%20Final%20Aug2006.pdf Global Wine Report August 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235146/http://www.fas.usda.gov/agx/ISMG/Global%20Wine%20Report%20Final%20Aug2006.pdf |date=April 8, 2008 }}", pp. 7-9.</ref><ref name="Birchell Steel 2013 p.">{{cite book |last1=Birchell |first1=D.B. |last2=Steel |first2=G. |title=New Mexico Wine: An Enchanting History |publisher=American Palate |series=American Palate Series |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-60949-643-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f0kvgAACAAJ |language=it |access-date=November 15, 2019}}</ref><ref name="New Mexico. Office of Cultural Affairs 1995 p.">{{cite book |author=New Mexico. Office of Cultural Affairs |title=Enchanted Lifeways: The History, Museums, Arts & Festivals of New Mexico |publisher=New Mexico Magazine |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-937206-39-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvoRAQAAIAAJ |access-date=November 15, 2019}}</ref> In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with [[California wine|California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine]]. With more than {{convert|1100000|acre|km2}} under vine, the United States is the [[List of countries by wine production|fourth-largest wine-producing country]] in the world, after [[Italian wine|Italy]], [[Spanish wine|Spain]], and [[French wine|France]].<ref name="Sotheby, p. 462">T. Stevenson, ''The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia'' Fourth Edition, p. 462, Dorling Kindersly, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7566-1324-8}}.</ref><ref name="Oxford, p. 719">J. Robinson, ed. ''The Oxford Companion to Wine'', Third Edition, p. 719; Oxford University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-860990-6}}.</ref>

The [[diner|classic American diner]], a casual restaurant type originally intended for the working class, emerged during the 19th century from converted railroad [[dining car]]s made stationary. The diner soon evolved into purpose-built structures whose number expanded greatly in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|date=2016-09-05|title=The History of the American Diner|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/food/the-history-of-the-american-diner/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=pastemagazine.com|language=en}}</ref> The American [[fast-food]] industry developed alongside the nation's [[car culture]].<ref>{{cite web |title=America's Love Of Drive-thrus |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/11/1198909271/1a-draft-12-11-2023 |website=NPR |access-date=May 4, 2024 |date=December 11, 2023}}</ref> American restaurants developed the [[drive-in]] format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with the [[drive-through]] format by the 1940s.<ref name="drivethru">{{cite web |title=When Was the First Drive-Thru Restaurant Created? |url=https://www.wisegeek.org/when-was-the-first-drive-thru-restaurant-created.htm |website=Wisegeek.org |access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheldon |first1=Andrew |title=The History of the Drive-Thru in America |url=https://magazine.northeast.aaa.com/daily/life/cars-trucks/auto-history/history-of-the-drive-thru/ |website=Your AAA Network |date=July 23, 2020}}</ref> American [[fast-food restaurant]] chains, such as [[McDonald's]], [[Burger King]], [[Chick-fil-A]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], [[Dunkin' Donuts]] and [[List of fast food restaurant chains#United States|many others]], have numerous outlets around the world.<ref name="Pavlova-2019">{{cite magazine |last=Pavlova |first=Rada |title=Globalization of American Fast-Food Chains: the Pinnacle of Effective Management and Adaptability – The Yale Globalist |url=https://globalist.yale.edu/in-the-magazine/globalization-of-american-fast-food-chains-the-pinnacle-of-effective-management-and-adaptability/ |access-date=May 4, 2024 |date=April 8, 2019 |magazine=The Yale Globalist}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sports in the United States|United States at the Olympics}}
[[File:Delhomme goes deep.jpg|thumb|[[American football]] is the most popular sport in the United States; in this 2009 [[National Football League]] game, [[Carolina Panthers]] quarterback [[Jake Delhomme]] (number 17) throws a forward pass against the [[Dallas Cowboys]].]]

The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are [[American football in the United States|American football]], [[Basketball in the United States|basketball]], [[Baseball in the United States|baseball]], [[Soccer in the United States|soccer]], and [[Ice hockey in the United States|ice hockey]].<ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2007 |title=Sports |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/4735/sports.aspx |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Gallup, Incorporated}}</ref> While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, [[Volleyball in the United States|volleyball]], [[skateboarding]], and [[snowboarding]] are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krasnoff |first=Lindsay Sarah |date=December 26, 2017 |title=How the NBA went global |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/12/26/how-the-nba-went-global/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226153302/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/12/26/how-the-nba-went-global/ |archive-date=December 26, 2017 |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358}}</ref> [[Lacrosse in the United States|Lacrosse]] and [[Surfing in the United States|surfing]] arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.<ref name="liss">Liss, Howard. ''Lacrosse'' (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970), p. 13.</ref> The [[Professional sports market in the United States|market for professional sports in the United States]] was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 18, 2008 |title=Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pwcstudy-idUSN1738075220080618 |access-date=July 24, 2013 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |access-date=September 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archive-date=July 9, 2010}} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. {{ISBN|978-0-375-50454-9}}.</ref> the [[National Football League]] has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the [[Super Bowl]] is watched by tens of millions globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27321898/how-nfl-took-america-100-years |title=How the NFL took over America in 100 years |last=Guliza |first=Anthony |date=August 14, 2019 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> However, baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "[[national sport]]" since the late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, the [[National Basketball Association]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://careers.nba.com/history/|title=History of the NBA|website=NBA.com|access-date=June 8, 2025}}</ref> [[Major League Baseball]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/official-information/about-mlb|title=About MLB|publisher=[[MLB Advanced Media]]|access-date=June 8, 2025}}</ref> [[Major League Soccer]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/about/|title=About MLS Soccer|website=mlssoccer.com|access-date=June 8, 2025}}</ref> and the [[National Hockey League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/info/about-the-nhl|title=About the NHL|website=NHL.com|access-date=June 8, 2025}}</ref> The most-watched [[individual sport]]s in the U.S. are [[Golf in the United States|golf]] and [[auto racing]], particularly [[NASCAR]] and [[IndyCar]].<ref>{{cite web |date=January 16, 2014 |title=As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football? Football continues to trump baseball as America's Favorite Sport |url=https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309053431/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2014 |access-date=July 2, 2014 |website=Harris Interactive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Cowen, Tyler |author2=Grier, Kevin |date=February 9, 2012 |title=What Would the End of Football Look Like? |url=https://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7559458/cte-concussion-crisis-economic-look-end-football |access-date=February 12, 2012 |publisher=Grantland/ESPN}}</ref>

On the [[College athletics in the United States|collegiate level]], earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,<ref name="si">{{Cite news |url=https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2018/03/07/ncaa-1-billion-revenue |title=Sports Illustrated: NCAA Reports $1.1 Billion in Revenues |newspaper=Sports Illustrated |date=March 7, 2018}}</ref> and [[college football]] and [[College basketball|basketball]] attract large audiences, as the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA March Madness tournament]] and the [[College Football Playoff]] are some of the most watched national sporting events.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 19, 2013 |title=Passion for College Football Remains Robust |url=https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075223/https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |access-date=April 1, 2014 |publisher=National Football Foundation}}</ref> In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as the main feeder system for professional and Olympic sports, with significant exceptions such as [[Minor League Baseball]]. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosandich |first=Thomas |title=Collegiate Sports Programs: A Comparative Analysis |page=471 |journal=Education |year=2002 |volume=122 |issue=3 |publisher=Project Innovation Austin LLC.}}</ref>

Eight [[Olympic Games]] have taken place in the United States. The [[1904 Summer Olympics]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schaus |first1=Gerald P. |last2=Wenn |first2=Stephen R. |title=Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games |date=February 9, 2007 |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]] |page=224 |isbn=978-0-88920-505-5}}</ref> The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the [[2028 Summer Olympics]]. [[United States at the Olympics|U.S. athletes]] have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://greatestsportingnation.com/ |title=Greatest Sporting Nation |website=greatestsportingnation.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/sports/olympics/the-1000-medals-of-the-united-states/ |title=1,000 times gold – The thousand medals of Team USA – Washington Post |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first=Chris |last=Chase |date=February 7, 2014 |work=USA Today |url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |access-date=February 28, 2014}} {{cite news |title=With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date=February 6, 2014 |first=Dan |last=Loumena |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206-story.html |access-date=February 28, 2014}}</ref>

In other international competition, the United States is the home of a number of prestigious events, including the [[Americas Cup]], [[World Baseball Classic]], the [[U.S. Open (tennis)|U.S. Open]], and the [[Masters Tournament]]. The [[United States men's national soccer team|U.S. men's national soccer team]] has qualified for [[United States at the FIFA World Cup|eleven World Cups]], while the [[United States women's national soccer team|women's national team]] has [[United States at the FIFA Women's World Cup|won]] the [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic soccer tournament]] four times each.<ref>{{cite web |last=Carlisle |first=Jeff |date=April 6, 2020 |title=MLS Year One, 25 seasons ago: The Wild West of training, travel, hockey shootouts and American soccer |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer |access-date=May 5, 2021 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> The United States hosted the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]] and will co-host, along with Canada and Mexico, the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wamsley |first=Laurel |date=June 16, 2022 |title=The U.S. cities hosting the 2026 World Cup are announced |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/16/1105562734/us-cities-hosting-2026-world-cup-announcement |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=April 16, 2023}}</ref> The [[1999 FIFA Women's World Cup]] was also hosted by the United States. [[1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final|Its final match]] was attended by 90,185, setting the world record for largest women's sporting event crowd at the time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gerson |first=Aria |date=July 10, 2020 |title=Impact of 1999 Women's World Cup went far beyond Brandi Chastain's iconic goal |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2020/07/10/1999-womens-world-cup-uswnt-iconic-moments-brandi-chastain/5405459002/ |work=USA Today |access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lists of U.S. state topics]]
* [[Outline of the United States]]
* [[List of online encyclopedias of U.S. states]], typically maintained by state historical societies, universities, or humanities councils

== Notes ==
{{notelist
| colwidth =
| notes =
{{efn
| name = pop
| This figure excludes [[Puerto Rico]] and the other [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated islands]] because they are counted separately in [[U.S. census]] statistics.
}}
{{efn
| name = time
| See [[Time in the United States]] for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
}}
{{efn
| name = drive
| The [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] use left-hand traffic.
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Baym |editor1-first=Nina |editor2-last=Levine |editor2-first=Robert S. |date=2013 |title=The Norton Anthology of American Literature |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-393-91885-4 |edition=Shorter eighth}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bianchine |first1=Peter J. |last2=Russo |first2=Thomas A. |year=1992 |title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=225–232 |ref=Bianchine |doi=10.2500/108854192778817040 |pmid=1483570 |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings}}
* {{cite book |last1=Blackhawk |first1=Ned |author1-link=Ned Blackhawk |chapter='The Centrality of Dispossession': Native American Genocide and Settler Colonialism |year=2023 |pages=23–45 |doi=10.1017/9781108765480.002 |editor1-last=Blackhawk |editor1-first=Ned |editor2-last=Kiernan |editor2-first=Ben |editor2-link=Ben Kiernan |editor3-last=Madley |editor3-first=Benjamin |editor4-last=Taylor |editor4-first=Rebe |editor4-link=Rebe Taylor |title=The Cambridge World History of Genocide |volume=2: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Blakeley |first=Ruth |date=2009 |title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South |url=https://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/ |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-68617-4 |ref=Blakeley}}
* {{cite book |last1=Boyer |first1=Paul S. |last2=Clark Jr. |first2=Clifford E. |last3=Kett |first3=Joseph F. |last4=Salisbury |first4=Neal |last5=Sitkoff |first5=Harvard |last6=Woloch |first6=Nancy |title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People |ref=Boyer |year=2007 |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC |publisher=Cengage Learning |page=588 |isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}}
* {{cite book |first=Colin G. |last=Calloway |title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]] |ref=Calloway 1998 |page=229 |isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5 |year=1998}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=History and the Hyperpower |website=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |access-date=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite book |ref={{sfnref|OpenStax2014}} |first1=P. Scott |last1=Corbett |first2=Volker |last2=Janssen |first3=John M. |last3=Lund |first4=Todd |last4=Pfannestiel |first5=Sylvie |last5=Waskiewicz |first6=Paul |last6=Vickery |publisher=OpenStax at Rice University |date=2014 |title=U.S. History |location=Houston, Texas |url=https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/1-introduction}}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=Country Profile: United States of America |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location=London |date=April 22, 2008 |access-date=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't know much about the Civil War |ref=Davis96 |publisher=William Marrow and Company |location=New York |year=1996 |url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 |isbn=978-0-688-11814-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 518]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Daynes |first1=Byron W. |last2=Sussman |first2=Glen |title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush |ref=Daynes |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2010 |page=320 |url=https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn |url-access=registration |isbn=978-1-60344-254-1 |oclc=670419432 |quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009}}
* {{cite book|last=Dubois |first=W. E. B. |title=Black Reconstruction: an essay toward a history of the part which black folk played in the attempt to reconstruct democracy in America, 1860-1880 |date=1935 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Co. |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruct00duborich}}
* {{cite book |last=Edmondson |first=Jacqueline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA556 |title=Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture [4 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture |date=2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-39348-8 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |first1=Jon M. |last1=Erlandson |first2=Torben C. |last2=Rick |first3=Rene L. |last3=Vellanoweth |title=A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County |location=California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&pg=PA19 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Utah Press |isbn=978-0-87480-879-7}}
* {{cite book |first1=Sylvan G. |last1=Feldstein |first2=Frank J. |last2=Fabozzi |title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds |ref=Feldstein |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2011 |page=1376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC |isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Tim |last=Flannery |title=The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkkyBgAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |isbn=978-0-8021-9109-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Foner |first=Eric |title=Give Me Liberty: An American History |date=2020 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York, New York; London, England |isbn=978-0-393-44123-9 |edition=6th |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/give-me-liberty-an-american-history-eric-foner-z-lib.org_20220819}} Ebook.
* {{cite book |last=Foner |first=Eric |title=Recontruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877 |date=1988 |publisher=Harper & Row |location = New York |isbn=978-0-06-235451-8 |oclc=915826909 |url=https://archive.org/details/reconstructionam0000fone_q8w6/page/n9/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Steve |first2=Gary |last2=Gerstle |author-link2=Gary Gerstle |ref=Fraser |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 |series=American History: Political science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&pg=PA229 |year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00607-9 |page=311}}
* {{cite book |last=Gaddis |first=John Lewis |title=The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 |year=1972 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12239-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |author-link=John Steele Gordon |ref=Gordon |title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power |year=2004 |publisher=HarperCollins |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-06-009362-4}}
* {{cite book |first1=Michael Robert |last1=Haines |first2=Michael R. |last2=Haines |first3=Richard H. |last3=Steckel |title=A Population History of North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA12 |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-49666-7}}
* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |first=Nick |last=Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |access-date=March 11, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hoopes |first1=Townsend |last2=Brinkley |first2=Douglas |title=FDR and the Creation of the U.N |url=https://archive.org/details/fdrcreationofun00hoop |url-access=registration |year=1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08553-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Howe |first=Daniel Walker |title=What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 |date=2008 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507894-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC |isbn=978-0-06-195213-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Paul |last=Joseph |title=The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA590 |date=2016 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-1-4833-5988-5}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Lauter |editor-first=Paul |year=1994a |volume=1 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof00v1unse_e3d7 |title=The Heath Anthology of American Literature |publisher=D.C. Heath and Company |location=Lexington, Massachusetts |isbn=0-669-32972-X}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Lauter |editor-first=Paul |year=1994b |volume=2 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof02laut/page/n2/mode/1up |title=The Heath Anthology of American Literature |publisher=D.C. Heath and Company |location=Lexington, Massachusetts |isbn=0-669-32973-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Craig |last=Lockard |title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume B: From 600 to 1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k91sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 |year=2010 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-111-79083-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Lien |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law |volume=54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Columbia University |location=New York |year=1913 |page=604 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=M. |last2=Snow |first2=D. |last3=Snow |first3=D. |last4=Cohen |first4=C. |last5=Meyer |first5=M. |last6=Thornton |first6=R. |last7=Grinde |first7=D. |last8=Dilworth |first8=L. |year=2001 |chapter=Indian History and Culture |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195082098.001.0001/acref-9780195082098-e-0758 |editor-last1=Boyer |editor-first1=Paul S. |title=The Oxford Companion to United States History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |editor-link1=Paul Boyer (historian) |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195082098.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-508209-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Peter S. |last=Onuf |title=The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775–1787 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcUgLPqmfuYC |year=2010 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0038-6}}
* {{cite book |first1=Theda |last1=Perdue |first2=Michael D. |last2=Green |title=The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southeast |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RBJCyp2bFIC&pg=PA40 |date=2005 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50602-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344}}
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-134111-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC |page=299 |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius |title=Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World |publisher=[[Routledge]] ([[Taylor & Francis]]) |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-47180-6 |edition=Illustrated |pages=}}
* {{cite book |first=Candace |last=Savage |title=Prairie: A Natural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1u9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |date=2011 |publisher=Greystone Books |isbn=978-1-55365-899-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Shi |first=David Emory |title=America: A Narrative History |date=2016 |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton |volume=1 |edition=Brief 10th |isbn=978-0-393-26594-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanarrative0001shid}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smithers |first1=Gregory D. |author-link=Gregory D. Smithers |chapter=Rethinking Genocide in North America |year=2012 |pages=322–342 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0017 |editor-last1=Bloxham |editor-first1=Donald |editor-link1=Donald Bloxham |editor2-last=Moses |editor2-first=A. Dirk |editor-link2=A. Dirk Moses |title=The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JttyjBoyb3AC |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5}}
* {{cite book |ref=Stannard |last=Stannard |first=David E. |author-link=David Stannard |title=American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan |isbn=978-0-19-508557-0}}
* {{cite book |title=The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesguid00 |year=2007 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-37659-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Russell |last=Thornton |title=Studying Native America: Problems and Prospects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EA-UwvN_HUC&pg=PA34 |year=1998 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-16064-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walker Howe |first=Daniel |title=[[What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-972657-8 |author-link=Daniel Walker Howe}}
* {{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C |isbn=978-0-324-78662-0}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Waters |first1=M. R. |last2=Stafford |first2=T. W. |title=Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas |journal=Science |volume=315 |issue=5815 |year=2007 |pages=1122–1126 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.1137166 |pmid=17322060 |bibcode=2007Sci...315.1122W |s2cid=23205379}}
* {{cite book |last=Winchester |first=Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602 |url-access=registration |year=2013 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Gavin |year=2022 |title=Slavery and the Rise of the Nineteenth-Century American Economy |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=123–148 |doi=10.1257/jep.36.2.123 |s2cid=248716718|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Zinn |title=A People's History of the United States |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] Modern Classics |isbn=978-0-06-083865-2 |title-link=A People's History of the United States}}
*{{Cite book |last=McPherson |first=James M. |author-link=James M. McPherson |title=Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era |title-link=Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-19-503863-7 |location=Oxford, England; New York, New York}}
*{{Free-content attribution
| title = World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023
| author = FAO
| publisher = FAO
| documentURL = https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en
| license statement URL = https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf
| license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
}}{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}

* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]

=== Government ===
* [https://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government web portal] – gateway to government sites
* [https://www.house.gov/ House] – official website of the United States House of Representatives
* [https://www.senate.gov/ Senate] – official website of the United States Senate
* [https://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] – official website of the president of the United States
* [{{SCOTUS URL}} Supreme Court] – official website of the Supreme Court of the United States

=== History ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314143240/https://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html "Historical Documents"] – website from the [[National Center for Public Policy Research]]
* [https://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html "Historical Statistics"] – links to U.S. historical data

=== Maps ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/ "National Atlas of the United States"] – official maps from the [[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of the Interior]]
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|148838}}
* [https://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ "Measure of America"] – a variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, safety and demographics in the United States

{{Anchor|Related information}} 

{{United States topics}}
{{United States political divisions}}
{{North America topic}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Subject bar|United States|North America|Countries|auto=yes|voy=United States}}
{{Coord|40|-100|dim:10000000_region:region:US_type:country|name=United States of America|display=title}}

[[Category:United States| ]]
[[Category:Countries in North America]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:Federal constitutional republics]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas]]
[[Category:Former confederations]]
[[Category:G20 members]]
[[Category:Member states of NATO]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1776]]

Module:SDcat

2025-08-04T18:26:49Z

Nico: Created page with "-- SDcat Module to check whether local short description matches that on Wikidata -- local p = {} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ setCat has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid= (it defaults to the associated qid of the current article if omitted) and the local short description passed as |sd= It returns a category if there is an associated Wikidata entity. It returns one of the following tracking categor..."

--[[
SDcat
Module to check whether local short description matches that on Wikidata
--]]

local p = {}

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--[[
setCat has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=
(it defaults to the associated qid of the current article if omitted)
and the local short description passed as |sd=
It returns a category if there is an associated Wikidata entity.
It returns one of the following tracking categories, as appropriate:
* Category:Short description matches Wikidata (case-insensitive)
* Category:Short description is different from Wikidata
* Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description
For testing purposes, a link prefix |lp= may be set to ":" to make the categories visible.
--]]

-- function exported for use in other modules
-- (local short description, Wikidata entity-ID, link prefix)
p._setCat = function(sdesc, itemID, lp)
if not mw.wikibase then return nil end
if itemID == "" then itemID = nil end
-- Wikidata description field
local wdesc = (mw.wikibase.getDescription(itemID) or ""):lower()
if wdesc == "" then
return "[[" .. lp .. "Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description]]"
elseif wdesc == sdesc then
return "[[" .. lp .. "Category:Short description matches Wikidata]]"
else
return "[[" .. lp .. "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]"
end
end

-- function exported for call from #invoke
p.setCat = function(frame)
local args
if frame.args.sd then
args = frame.args
else
args = frame:getParent().args
end
-- local short description
local sdesc = mw.text.trim(args.sd or ""):lower()
-- Wikidata entity-ID
local itemID = mw.text.trim(args.qid or "")
-- link prefix, strip quotes
local lp = mw.text.trim(args.lp or ""):gsub('"', '')
return p._setCat(sdesc, itemID, lp)
end

return p

Template:Short description/lowercasecheck

2025-08-04T18:26:26Z

Nico: Created page with "{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|1={{{1|}}}|2=^%l|plain=false}}|1 |{{#switch: {{First word|{{{1|}}}}} |c.  |gTLD |iMac |iOS |iOS, |iPad |iPhone |iTunes |macOS |none |pH |pH-dependent= |#default=<!-- apply c..."

{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|1={{{1|}}}|2=^%l|plain=false}}|1
|{{#switch: {{First word|{{{1|}}}}}
|c. 
|gTLD
|iMac
|iOS
|iOS,
|iPad
|iPhone
|iTunes
|macOS
|none
|pH
|pH-dependent=
|#default={{main other|[[Category:Pages with lower-case short description|{{trim|{{{1|}}}}}]]}}{{Testcases other|{{red|CATEGORY APPLIED}}}}}}
|
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Short description

2025-08-04T18:26:04Z

Nico: Created page with "{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}}|none|{{SHORTDESC:}}<nowiki/>|<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">{{{1|}}}{{SHORTDESC:{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}}}</div>}}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{pagetype}}}|Disambiguation pages||{{#ifeq:{{pagetype |defaultns = all |user=exclude}}|exclude||{{#ifeq:{{#switch: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 100 | 1..."

{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}}|none|{{SHORTDESC:}}<nowiki/>|<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">{{{1|}}}{{SHORTDESC:{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}}}</div>}}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{pagetype}}}|Disambiguation pages||{{#ifeq:{{pagetype |defaultns = all |user=exclude}}|exclude||{{#ifeq:{{#switch: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 100 | 101 | 118 | 119 | 828 | 829 | = exclude|#default=}}|exclude||[[Category:{{{pagetype|{{pagetype |defaultns = extended |plural=y}}}}} with short description]]}}}}}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Main other|[[Category:Pages using short description with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Short description]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | pagetype | bot |plural }}{{#ifexpr: {{#invoke:String|len|{{{1|}}}}}>100 | [[Category:{{{pagetype|{{pagetype |defaultns = extended |plural=y}}}}} with long short description]]}}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}||[[Category:Pages with empty short description]]}}</includeonly>{{Short description/lowercasecheck|{{{1|}}}}}{{Main other |{{SDcat |sd={{{1|}}} }} }}<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
</noinclude>

Module:Shortcut/styles.css

2025-08-04T18:25:23Z

Nico: Created page with "/* {{pp-template}} */ .module-shortcutboxplain { float: right; margin: 0 0 0 1em; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color: var(--background-color-base, #fff); padding: 0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; } .module-shortcutboxleft { float: left; margin: 0 1em 0 0; } .module-shortcutlist { display: inline-block; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); margin-bottom: 0.2em; } .module-s..."

/* {{pp-template}} */
.module-shortcutboxplain {
float: right;
margin: 0 0 0 1em;
border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);
background-color: var(--background-color-base, #fff);
padding: 0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;
text-align: center;
font-size: 85%;
}

.module-shortcutboxleft {
float: left;
margin: 0 1em 0 0;
}

.module-shortcutlist {
display: inline-block;
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);
margin-bottom: 0.2em;
}

.module-shortcutboxplain ul {
font-weight: bold;
}

.module-shortcutanchordiv {
position: relative;
top: -3em;
}

li .module-shortcutanchordiv {
float: right; /* IE/Edge in list items */
}

.mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain {
padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;
line-height: 1.3;
margin: 0;
}

Module:List

2025-08-04T18:24:51Z

Nico: Created page with "local libUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libUtil.checkType local mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local p = {} local listTypes = { ['bulleted'] = true, ['unbulleted'] = true, ['horizontal'] = true, ['ordered'] = true, ['horizontal_ordered'] = true } function p.makeListData(listType, args) -- Constructs a data table to be passed to p.renderList. local data = {} -- Classes and TemplateStyles data.classes = {} data.templatestyles = ''..."

local libUtil = require('libraryUtil')
local checkType = libUtil.checkType
local mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools')

local p = {}

local listTypes = {
['bulleted'] = true,
['unbulleted'] = true,
['horizontal'] = true,
['ordered'] = true,
['horizontal_ordered'] = true
}

function p.makeListData(listType, args)
-- Constructs a data table to be passed to p.renderList.
local data = {}

-- Classes and TemplateStyles
data.classes = {}
data.templatestyles = ''
if listType == 'horizontal' or listType == 'horizontal_ordered' then
table.insert(data.classes, 'hlist')
data.templatestyles = mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Hlist/styles.css' }
}
elseif listType == 'unbulleted' then
table.insert(data.classes, 'plainlist')
data.templatestyles = mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Plainlist/styles.css' }
}
end
table.insert(data.classes, args.class)

-- Main div style
data.style = args.style

-- Indent for horizontal lists
if listType == 'horizontal' or listType == 'horizontal_ordered' then
local indent = tonumber(args.indent)
indent = indent and indent * 1.6 or 0
if indent > 0 then
data.marginLeft = indent .. 'em'
end
end

-- List style types for ordered lists
-- This could be "1, 2, 3", "a, b, c", or a number of others. The list style
-- type is either set by the "type" attribute or the "list-style-type" CSS
-- property.
if listType == 'ordered' or listType == 'horizontal_ordered' then
data.listStyleType = args.list_style_type or args['list-style-type']
data.type = args['type']

-- Detect invalid type attributes and attempt to convert them to
-- list-style-type CSS properties.
if data.type
and not data.listStyleType
and not tostring(data.type):find('^%s*[1AaIi]%s*$')
then
data.listStyleType = data.type
data.type = nil
end
end

-- List tag type
if listType == 'ordered' or listType == 'horizontal_ordered' then
data.listTag = 'ol'
else
data.listTag = 'ul'
end

-- Start number for ordered lists
data.start = args.start
if listType == 'horizontal_ordered' then
-- Apply fix to get start numbers working with horizontal ordered lists.
local startNum = tonumber(data.start)
if startNum then
data.counterReset = 'listitem ' .. tostring(startNum - 1)
end
end

-- List style
-- ul_style and ol_style are included for backwards compatibility. No
-- distinction is made for ordered or unordered lists.
data.listStyle = args.list_style

-- List items
-- li_style is included for backwards compatibility. item_style was included
-- to be easier to understand for non-coders.
data.itemStyle = args.item_style or args.li_style
data.items = {}
for _, num in ipairs(mTableTools.numKeys(args)) do
local item = {}
item.content = args[num]
item.style = args['item' .. tostring(num) .. '_style']
or args['item_style' .. tostring(num)]
item.value = args['item' .. tostring(num) .. '_value']
or args['item_value' .. tostring(num)]
table.insert(data.items, item)
end

return data
end

function p.renderList(data)
-- Renders the list HTML.

-- Return the blank string if there are no list items.
if type(data.items) ~= 'table' or #data.items < 1 then
return ''
end

-- Render the main div tag.
local root = mw.html.create('div')
for _, class in ipairs(data.classes or {}) do
root:addClass(class)
end
root:css{['margin-left'] = data.marginLeft}
if data.style then
root:cssText(data.style)
end

-- Render the list tag.
local list = root:tag(data.listTag or 'ul')
list
:attr{start = data.start, type = data.type}
:css{
['counter-reset'] = data.counterReset,
['list-style-type'] = data.listStyleType
}
if data.listStyle then
list:cssText(data.listStyle)
end

-- Render the list items
for _, t in ipairs(data.items or {}) do
local item = list:tag('li')
if data.itemStyle then
item:cssText(data.itemStyle)
end
if t.style then
item:cssText(t.style)
end
item
:attr{value = t.value}
:wikitext(t.content)
end

return data.templatestyles .. tostring(root)
end

function p.renderTrackingCategories(args)
local isDeprecated = false -- Tracks deprecated parameters.
for k, v in pairs(args) do
k = tostring(k)
if k:find('^item_style%d+$') or k:find('^item_value%d+$') then
isDeprecated = true
break
end
end
local ret = ''
if isDeprecated then
ret = ret .. '[[Category:List templates with deprecated parameters]]'
end
return ret
end

function p.makeList(listType, args)
if not listType or not listTypes[listType] then
error(string.format(
"bad argument #1 to 'makeList' ('%s' is not a valid list type)",
tostring(listType)
), 2)
end
checkType('makeList', 2, args, 'table')
local data = p.makeListData(listType, args)
local list = p.renderList(data)
local trackingCategories = p.renderTrackingCategories(args)
return list .. trackingCategories
end

for listType in pairs(listTypes) do
p[listType] = function (frame)
local mArguments = require('Module:Arguments')
local origArgs = mArguments.getArgs(frame, {
frameOnly = ((frame and frame.args and frame.args.frameonly or '') ~= ''),
valueFunc = function (key, value)
if not value or not mw.ustring.find(value, '%S') then return nil end
if mw.ustring.find(value, '^%s*[%*#;:]') then
return value
else
return value:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$')
end
return nil
end
})
-- Copy all the arguments to a new table, for faster indexing.
local args = {}
for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do
args[k] = v
end
return p.makeList(listType, args)
end
end

return p

Module:Shortcut/config

2025-08-04T18:24:23Z

Nico: Created page with "-- This module holds configuration data for Module:Shortcut. return { -- The heading at the top of the shortcut box. It accepts the following parameter: -- $1 - the total number of shortcuts. (required) ['shortcut-heading'] = 'Shortcuts}}', -- The heading when |redirect=yes is given. It accepts the following parameter: -- $1 - the total number of shortcuts. (required) ['redirect-heading'] = '[[Wikipedia:Redirect|{{PLURAL..."

-- This module holds configuration data for [[Module:Shortcut]].

return {

-- The heading at the top of the shortcut box. It accepts the following parameter:
-- $1 - the total number of shortcuts. (required)
['shortcut-heading'] = '[[Wikipedia:Shortcut|{{PLURAL:$1|Shortcut|Shortcuts}}]]',

-- The heading when |redirect=yes is given. It accepts the following parameter:
-- $1 - the total number of shortcuts. (required)
['redirect-heading'] = '[[Wikipedia:Redirect|{{PLURAL:$1|Redirect|Redirects}}]]',

-- The error message to display when a shortcut is invalid (is not a string, or
-- is the blank string). It accepts the following parameter:
-- $1 - the number of the shortcut in the argument list. (required)
['invalid-shortcut-error'] = 'shortcut #$1 was invalid (shortcuts must be ' ..
'strings of at least one character in length)',

-- The error message to display when no shortcuts or other displayable content
-- were specified. (required)
['no-content-error'] = 'Error: no shortcuts were specified and the ' ..
mw.text.nowiki('|msg=') ..
' parameter was not set.',

-- A category to add when the no-content-error message is displayed. (optional)
['no-content-error-category'] = 'Shortcut templates with missing parameters',
}

Module:Shortcut

2025-08-04T18:24:06Z

Nico: Created page with "-- This module implements {{shortcut}}. -- Set constants local CONFIG_MODULE = 'Module:Shortcut/config' -- Load required modules local checkType = require('libraryUtil').checkType local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function message(msg, ...) return mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...):plain() end local function makeCategoryLink(cat) return string.format('%s:%s', mw.site.namespaces[14].name, cat) end function p._main(shortcuts, options, fra..."

-- This module implements {{shortcut}}.

-- Set constants
local CONFIG_MODULE = 'Module:Shortcut/config'

-- Load required modules
local checkType = require('libraryUtil').checkType
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')

local p = {}

local function message(msg, ...)
return mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...):plain()
end

local function makeCategoryLink(cat)
return string.format('[[%s:%s]]', mw.site.namespaces[14].name, cat)
end

function p._main(shortcuts, options, frame, cfg)
checkType('_main', 1, shortcuts, 'table')
checkType('_main', 2, options, 'table', true)
options = options or {}
frame = frame or mw.getCurrentFrame()
cfg = cfg or mw.loadData(CONFIG_MODULE)
local templateMode = options.template and yesno(options.template)
local redirectMode = options.redirect and yesno(options.redirect)
local isCategorized = not options.category or yesno(options.category) ~= false

-- Validate shortcuts
for i, shortcut in ipairs(shortcuts) do
if type(shortcut) ~= 'string' or #shortcut < 1 then
error(message(cfg['invalid-shortcut-error'], i), 2)
end
end

-- Make the list items. These are the shortcuts plus any extra lines such
-- as options.msg.
local listItems = {}
for i, shortcut in ipairs(shortcuts) do
local templatePath, prefix
if templateMode then
-- Namespace detection
local titleObj = mw.title.new(shortcut, 10)
if titleObj.namespace == 10 then
templatePath = titleObj.fullText
else
templatePath = shortcut
end
prefix = options['pre' .. i] or options.pre or ''
end
if options.target and yesno(options.target) then
listItems[i] = templateMode
and string.format("{{%s[[%s|%s]]}}", prefix, templatePath, shortcut)
or string.format("[[%s]]", shortcut)
else
listItems[i] = frame:expandTemplate{
title = 'No redirect',
args = templateMode and {templatePath, shortcut} or {shortcut, shortcut}
}
if templateMode then
listItems[i] = string.format("{{%s%s}}", prefix, listItems[i])
end
end
end
table.insert(listItems, options.msg)

-- Return an error if we have nothing to display
if #listItems < 1 then
local msg = cfg['no-content-error']
msg = string.format('%s', msg)
if isCategorized and cfg['no-content-error-category'] then
msg = msg .. makeCategoryLink(cfg['no-content-error-category'])
end
return msg
end

local root = mw.html.create()
root:wikitext(frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Shortcut/styles.css'} })
-- Anchors
local anchorDiv = root
:tag('div')
:addClass('module-shortcutanchordiv')
for i, shortcut in ipairs(shortcuts) do
local anchor = mw.uri.anchorEncode(shortcut)
anchorDiv:tag('span'):attr('id', anchor)
end

-- Shortcut heading
local shortcutHeading
do
local nShortcuts = #shortcuts
if nShortcuts > 0 then
local headingMsg = options['shortcut-heading'] or
redirectMode and cfg['redirect-heading'] or
cfg['shortcut-heading']
shortcutHeading = message(headingMsg, nShortcuts)
shortcutHeading = frame:preprocess(shortcutHeading)
end
end

-- Shortcut box
local shortcutList = root
:tag('div')
:addClass('module-shortcutboxplain noprint')
:attr('role', 'note')
if options.float and options.float:lower() == 'left' then
shortcutList:addClass('module-shortcutboxleft')
end
if options.clear and options.clear ~= '' then
shortcutList:css('clear', options.clear)
end
if shortcutHeading then
shortcutList
:tag('div')
:addClass('module-shortcutlist')
:wikitext(shortcutHeading)
end

local ubl = require('Module:List').unbulleted(listItems)
shortcutList:wikitext(ubl)
return tostring(root)
end

function p.main(frame)
local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame)

-- Separate shortcuts from options
local shortcuts, options = {}, {}
for k, v in pairs(args) do
if type(k) == 'number' then
shortcuts[k] = v
else
options[k] = v
end
end

-- Compress the shortcut array, which may contain nils.
local function compressArray(t)
local nums, ret = {}, {}
for k in pairs(t) do
nums[#nums + 1] = k
end
table.sort(nums)
for i, num in ipairs(nums) do
ret[i] = t[num]
end
return ret
end
shortcuts = compressArray(shortcuts)

return p._main(shortcuts, options, frame)
end

return p

Template:Shortcut

2025-08-04T18:23:45Z

Nico: Created page with "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}  </noinclude>"

<includeonly>{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Template:Short

2025-08-04T18:23:34Z

Nico: Redirected page to Template:Shortcut

#REDIRECT [[Template:Shortcut]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from template shortcut}}
}}

Republican Party (United States)

2025-08-04T18:19:35Z

Nico: Created page with "{{Short description|American political party}} {{redirect|GOP}} {{For|the 1792–1834 party|Democratic-Republican Party}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{protection padlock|small=yes}} {{Duplicated citations|reason=DuplicateReferences detected: * https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/12132 (refs: 9, 184) * https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-665 (refs: 11, 401) * https://doi.o..."

{{Short description|American political party}}
{{redirect|GOP}}
{{For|the 1792–1834 party|Democratic-Republican Party}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Duplicated citations|reason=[[User:Polygnotus/DuplicateReferences|DuplicateReferences]] detected: 
* https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/12132 (refs: 9, 184)
* https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-665 (refs: 11, 401)
* https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7 (refs: 13, 106)
* https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/ (refs: 35, 186)
* https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/31/the-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism (refs: 64, 65)
* https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-return-power-fueled-by-hispanic-working-class-voter-support-2024-11-06/ (refs: 77, 541)
* https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/asian-americans-exit-poll-harris-trump-rcna179005 (refs: 175, 542)
* https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html (refs: 546, 570)
|date=June 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Republican Party
| logo = GOP logo (positive).svg
| symbol = [[File:Republican Party Disc (alternate).svg|100px]]
| logo_size = 250
| colorcode = {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}
| abbreviation = GOP
| chairperson = [[Michael Whatley]]
| governing_body = [[Republican National Committee]]
| leader1_title = [[President of the United States|U.S. President]]
| leader1_name = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader2_title = [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. Vice President]]
| leader2_name = [[JD Vance]]
| leader3_title = [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]]
| leader3_name = [[John Thune]]
| leader5_title = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Majority Leader]]
| leader5_name = [[Steve Scalise]]
| leader4_title = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]
| leader4_name = [[Mike Johnson]]
| founders = [[Alvan E. Bovay]]<ref name = college>[http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/tp&CISOPTR=46379&CISOSHOW=46363 ''The Origin of the Republican Party''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322223415/http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Ftp&CISOPTR=46379&CISOSHOW=46363 |date=March 22, 2012 }} by Prof. A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, WI, 1914.</ref> [[Henry Jarvis Raymond|Henry J. Raymond]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/a-very-mad-man/ |title=A Very Mad-Man|last=Widmer|first=Ted|department=Opinionator|access-date=12 March 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 19, 2011 }}</ref>
{{Collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|''...{{nbsp}}and others''}}
| [[Horace Greeley]]
| [[John C. Frémont]]
| [[Francis Preston Blair|Francis P. Blair]]
| [[Edwin D. Morgan]]
| [[Amos Tuck]]
| [[Salmon P. Chase]]
}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1854|3|20}} [[Ripon, Wisconsin]], U.S.
| merger = [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Political Parties |url=https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/lincoln/topics/message/parties |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=[[Northern Illinois University]] Digital Library |archive-date=May 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517050217/https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/lincoln/topics/message/parties |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Howe |first=Daniel Walker |date=Winter 1995 |title=Why Abraham Lincoln Was a Whig |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.2629860.0016.105 |journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=27–38 |doi=10.5406/19457987.16.1.05 |hdl=2027/spo.2629860.0016.105 |issn=1945-7987|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Historical Context: The Breakdown of the Party System {{!}} Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teaching-resource/historical-context-breakdown-party-system |access-date=27 May 2024 |website= |archive-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518041908/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teaching-resource/historical-context-breakdown-party-system |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="e238">{{#invoke:cite|web| title=Major American Political Parties of the 19th Century | website=Norwich University Resource Library | url=https://online.norwich.edu/online/about/resource-library/major-american-political-parties-19th-century | access-date=28 May 2024 | archive-date=May 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517033817/https://online.norwich.edu/online/about/resource-library/major-american-political-parties-19th-century | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Free Soil Party]]<ref>McPherson, James (2003) [1988]. ''The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era''. [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 129. {{ISBN|978-0-19-974390-2}}.</ref> [[Anti-Nebraska movement]]<ref>James M. McPherson, ''Ordeal by Fire: Volume I. The Coming of War'', second edition ({{ISBN|0-07045837-5}}) p. 94.</ref>
| headquarters = 310 First Street SE, [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| student_wing = [[College Republicans]] High School Republican National Federation
| youth_wing = {{unbulleted list|[[Young Republicans]]|[[Teen Age Republicans]]}}
| womens_wing = [[National Federation of Republican Women]]
| wing1_title = Overseas wing
| wing1 = [[Republicans Overseas]]
| position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]<ref>
* {{Citation |last=McKay |first=David |title=Facilitating Donald Trump: Populism, the Republican Party and Media Manipulation |date=2020 |work=Authoritarian Populism and Liberal Democracy |pages=107–121 |editor-last=Crewe |editor-first=Ivor |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7 |access-date=13 June 2024 |place=Cham |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7 |isbn=978-3-030-17997-7 |quote="the Republicans changed from being a right of centre coalition of moderates and conservatives to an unambiguously right-wing party that was hostile not only to liberal views but also to any perspective that clashed with the core views of an ideologically cohesive conservative cadre of party faithfuls" |editor2-last=Sanders |editor2-first=David |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Arhin |first1=Kofi |last2=Stockemer |first2=Daniel |last3=Normandin |first3=Marie-Soleil |date=May 29, 2023 |title=THE REPUBLICAN TRUMP VOTER: A Populist Radical Right Voter Like Any Other? |journal=[[World Affairs]] |language=en |volume=186 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/00438200231176818 |issn=1940-1582 |doi-access=free |quote= In this article, we first illustrate that the Republican Party, or at least the dominant wing, which supports or tolerates Donald Trump and his Make America Great Again (MAGA) agenda have become a proto-typical populist radical right-wing party (PRRP).}}
* {{#invoke:cite|web|last=Greenberg |first=David |date=2021-01-27 |title=An Intellectual History of Trumpism |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/trumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518/ |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=Politico Magazine |quote="The larger ideology that the president-elect represents is a post-Iraq War, post-crash, post-Barack Obama update of what used to be called paleoconservatism: On race and immigration, where the alt-right affinities are most pronounced, its populist ideas are carrying an already right-wing party even further right." |archive-date=April 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411023158/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/trumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Wineinger | first1=Catherine | last2=Nugent | first2=Mary K. | title=Framing Identity Politics: Right-Wing Women as Strategic Party Actors in the UK and US | journal=Journal of Women, Politics & Policy | volume=41 | issue=1 | date=2020-01-02 | issn=1554-477X | doi=10.1080/1554477X.2020.1698214 | page=5 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jessosula |first1=Matteo |last2=Natili |first2=Marcello |last3=Pavolini |first3=Emmanuele |title='Exclusionary welfarism': a new programmatic agenda for populist right-wing parties? |journal=Contemporary Politics |date=8 August 2022 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=447–449 |doi=10.1080/13569775.2021.2011644 |language=en |issn=1356-9775}}</ref>
| ideology = 
{{unbulleted list|class=nowrap|
|[[Right-wing populism]]{{cref|A}}{{refn|name="Dominant"}}
|[[Conservatism]] ([[Conservatism in the United States|US]])<ref name="Smith-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Robert C. |date=2021 |title=Ronald Reagan, Donald Trump, and the Future of the Republican Party and Conservatism in America |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/713662 |journal=[[American Political Thought]] |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=283–289 |doi=10.1086/713662 |s2cid=233401184 |access-date=September 21, 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
}}
'''[[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)|Factions]]''':{{unbulleted list|class=nowrap|
|[[Christian right]]{{refn|
* {{cite book |author=|editor-last1=Baker|editor-first1=Paula|editor-last2=Critchlow|editor-first2=Donald T.|date=2020 |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Political History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd7QDwAAQBAJ |location=New York, New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=Chapter 15: Religion and American Politics |pages=278–294 |isbn=9780199341788}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Lewis |first=Andrew R. |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |title=The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: The U.S. Republican Party and the Christian Right |url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-665 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.665|date=August 28, 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 |quote=Considering all the evidence, the most apt description is that conservative Christianity has transformed the Republican Party, and the Republican Party has transformed conservative Christianity ... With its inclusion in the Republican Party, the Christian right has moderated on some aspects ... At the same time, the Christian right has altered Republican politics.|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Perry |author-first=Samuel L. |date=2022 |title=American Religion in the Era of Increasing Polarization |journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]] |location=San Mateo, California |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=87–107 |doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-031021-114239 |doi-access=free |issn=0360-0572 |quote=Unaffiliated Americans were not abandoning orthodox beliefs, but rather, the increase in "no religion" was confined to political moderates and liberals who were likely reacting to the growing alignment of Christian identity with the religious Right and Republicans.|quote-page=91}}
* {{cite book |author=|editor-last1=Berlet |editor-first1=Chip |editor-last2=Hardisty|editor-first2=Berlet|date=2019 |edition=1 |title=Trumping Democracy: From Reagan to the Alt-right |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL8ktAEACAAJ |location=London |publisher=Routledge |chapter=Drifting Right and going wrong: An overview of the US political Right |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315438412-9/drifting-right-going-wrong-1-chip-berlet-jean-hardisty|page=91 |doi=10.4324/9781315438412-9 |isbn=9781315438412|quote=Within the Republican Party, the Christian Right competes with more secular, upstart free market libertarianism and button-down business conservatism for dominance.}}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Gannon |author-first=Thomas M. |date=July–September 1981 |title=The New Christian Right in America as a Social and Political Force |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0335-5985_1981_num_52_1_2226 |journal=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]] |location=[[Paris]] |publisher=[[School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences|Éditions de l'EHESS]] |volume=26 |issue=52–1 |pages=69–83 |doi=10.3406/assr.1981.2226 |doi-access=free |issn=0335-5985 |jstor=30125411}}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Ben Barka |author-first=Mokhtar |date=December 2012 |title=The New Christian Right's relations with Israel and with the American Jews: the mid-1970s onward |journal=E-Rea |location=[[Aix-en-Provence]] and [[Marseille]] |publisher=[[Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte]] on behalf of [[Aix-Marseille University]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/erea.2753 |doi-access=free |issn=1638-1718 |s2cid=191364375}}
* {{cite book |author1-last=Palmer |author1-first=Randall |author2-last=Winner |author2-first=Lauren F. |year=2005 |orig-date=2002 |chapter=Protestants and Homosexuality |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMVH6upbI9QC&pg=PA149 |title=Protestantism in America |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |series=Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series |pages=149–178 |isbn=9780231111317 |lccn=2002023859}}
* {{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Cright.htm|title=Content Pages of the Encyclopedia of Religion and Social Science|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230556/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Cright.htm|archive-date=March 3, 2016}}
* {{cite magazine |author-last=Trollinger |author-first=William |date=October 8, 2019 |title=Fundamentalism turns 100, a landmark for the Christian Right |url=http://theconversation.com/fundamentalism-turns-100-a-landmark-for-the-christian-right-123651 |url-status=live |magazine=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |issn=2201-5639 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507013412/https://theconversation.com/fundamentalism-turns-100-a-landmark-for-the-christian-right-123651 |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022|quote=The emergent Christian Right attached itself to the Republican Party, which was more aligned with its members' central commitments than the Democrats ... By the time Falwell died, in 2007, the Christian Right had become the most important constituency in the Republican Party. It played a crucial role in electing Donald Trump in 2016.}}
* {{cite news |last=Thomson-DeVeaux |first=Amelia |date=October 27, 2022 |title=How Much Power Do Christians Really Have? |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-much-power-do-christians-really-have/ |url-status=live |work=FiveThirtyEight |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410175350/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-much-power-do-christians-really-have/ |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |quote=In the 1980s and 1990s, as white Christian conservatives forged an alliance with the Republican Party, Christianity itself started to become a partisan symbol. Identifying as a Christian was no longer just about theology, community or family history — to many Americans, the label became uncomfortably tangled with the Christian Right's political agenda, which was itself becoming increasingly hard to separate from the GOP's political agenda.}}
}}
|[[Right-libertarianism#United States|Right-libertarianism]] ([[Libertarianism in the United States|US]])<ref name="Wilbur-2012">{{cite book|last=Wilbur |first=Miller |date=2012 |title=The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America |volume=3 |chapter=Libertarianism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC |location=[[Thousand Oaks, California]] |publisher=[[Sage Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |pages=1006{{ndash}}1007 |isbn=978-1-4129-8876-6 |quote=While right-libertarianism has been equated with libertarianism in general in the United States, left-libertarianism has become a more predominant aspect of politics in western European democracies over the past three decades. ... Since the 1950s, libertarianism in the United States has been associated almost exclusively with right-libertarianism ... As such, right-libertarianism in the United States remains a fruitful discourse with which to articulate conservative claims, even as it lacks political efficacy as a separate ideology. However, even without its own movement, libertarian sensibility informs numerous social movements in the United States, including the U.S. patriot movement, the gun-rights movement, and the incipient Tea Party movement.}}</ref>
}}
| affiliation1_title = [[Congressional caucus|Caucuses]]
| affiliation1 = [[Republican Governance Group]] [[Republican Main Street Partnership#Affiliated members of Congress|Republican Main Street Caucus]] [[Republican Study Committee]] [[Freedom Caucus]]
| international = {{Tree list}}
* [[International Democracy Union]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://idu.org/member-parties/|title=Members|publisher=IDU|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716031006/http://idu.org/member-parties/|archive-date=July 16, 2015}}</ref>
** [[Asia Pacific Democracy Union]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Regional Unions |url=http://www.idu.org/regional_list.aspx?id=1 |website=[[International Democracy Union]] |access-date=August 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617014146/http://www.idu.org/regional_list.aspx?id=1 |archive-date=June 17, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party]] (global partner)<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=About – ECR Party |url=https://ecrparty.eu/about/ |website=[[European Conservatives and Reformists Party]] |access-date=August 19, 2024 |date=August 4, 2022 |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701085842/https://ecrparty.eu/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}
| colors = {{color box|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Red]]
| seats1_title = [[United States Senate|Senate]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|53|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}}
| seats2_title = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|219|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}}
| seats3_title = [[List of current United States governors#State governors|State governors]]
| seats3 =  {{composition bar|27|50|hex={{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}}
| seats4_title = [[State legislature (United States)|State upper chambers]]
| seats4 =  {{composition bar|1121|1973|hex={{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}}
| seats5_title = [[State legislature (United States)|State lower chambers]]
| seats5 =  {{composition bar|2985|5413|hex={{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}}
| seats6_title = [[List of current United States governors#Territory governors|Territorial governors]]
| seats6 =  {{composition bar|2|5|hex={{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}}
| seats7_title = [[Territories of the United States#Governments and legislatures|Territorial upper chambers]]
| seats7 =  {{composition bar|15|97|hex={{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}}
| seats8_title = [[Territories of the United States#Governments and legislatures|Territorial lower chambers]]
| seats8 =  {{composition bar|9|91|hex={{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
| country = the United States
| footnotes = {{cnote|A|Includes [[Trumpism]].<ref name="Ball 2024"/><ref name="v075"/><ref name="i277"/>}}
}}
The '''Republican Party''', also known as the '''Grand Old Party''' ('''GOP'''), is a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[political parties in the United States|political party in the United States]]. One of the [[Two-party system|two major parties]], it emerged as the main rival of the then-dominant [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in the 1850s, and the two parties have dominated [[American politics]] since then.

The Republican Party was founded in 1854 by [[anti-slavery]] activists opposing the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] and the expansion of [[slavery in the United States|slavery]] into U.S. territories. It rapidly gained support in the [[Northern United States|North]], drawing in former [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] and [[Free Soil Party|Free Soilers]]. [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[1860 United States presidential election|election in 1860]] led to the secession of Southern states and the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]]. Under Lincoln and a Republican-controlled Congress, the party led efforts to preserve the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]], defeat the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], and abolish slavery. During the [[Reconstruction era]], Republicans sought to extend [[civil rights]] protections to [[freedmen]], but by the late 1870s the party shifted its focus toward business interests and [[industrialization in the United States|industrial expansion]]. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it dominated national politics, promoting [[protective tariff]]s, infrastructure development, and ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economic policies, while navigating internal divisions between [[Progressive Era|progressive]] and [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] factions. The party's support declined during the [[Great Depression]], as the [[New Deal coalition]] reshaped American politics. Republicans returned to national power with the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 election]] of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], whose [[Rockefeller Republican|moderate conservatism]] reflected a pragmatic acceptance of many [[New Deal]]-era programs.

Following the [[civil rights era]], the Republican Party's use of the [[Southern strategy]] appealed to many White voters disaffected by Democratic support for civil rights. The [[1980 United States presidential election|1980 election]] of [[Ronald Reagan]] marked a major realignment, consolidating [[Reagan coalition|a coalition]] of [[free market]] advocates, [[social conservatives]], and foreign policy [[war hawk|hawks]]. Since 2009, internal divisions have grown, leading to a shift toward [[right-wing populism]],{{refn|name="RWP"|
* {{Cite news |last1=Hacker |first1=Jacob S. |last2=Pierson |first2=Paul |date=2020-07-07 |title=The origins of the Republican Party's plutocratic populism |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/07/republican-party-uses-populist-politics-advance-plutocratic-policy/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130213622/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/07/republican-party-uses-populist-politics-advance-plutocratic-policy/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |last=Bolton |first=Alexander |date=2023-07-17 |title=GOP senators rattled by radical conservative populism |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4098609-gop-senators-rattled-by-radical-conservative-populism/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214211103/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4098609-gop-senators-rattled-by-radical-conservative-populism/ |archive-date=December 14, 2024 |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Hill |language=en-US |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |last1=Lange |first1=Jason |last2=Oliphant |first2=James |date=2024-03-21 |title=Republicans have taken sharp populist turn in the Trump era: Reuters/Ipsos |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-republicans-have-taken-sharp-populist-turn-trump-era-reutersipsos-data-shows-2024-03-21/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=Reuters |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628151808/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-republicans-have-taken-sharp-populist-turn-trump-era-reutersipsos-data-shows-2024-03-21/ |url-status=live }}
* {{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2023/02/strange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism|title=The strange death of the centre right|quote=In Western democracies conventional conservatism is foundering. How did this once-dominant political force become so diminished?|first1=Jeremy|last1=Cliffe|date=February 15, 2023|access-date=February 5, 2025|website=The New Statesman|archive-date=February 11, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211103019/https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2023/02/strange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism|url-status=live}}}} which ultimately became its dominant faction.{{refn|name="Dominant"}} This culminated in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 election]] of [[Donald Trump]], whose leadership style and political agenda—often referred to as [[Trumpism]]—reshaped the party's identity.<ref name="Ball 2024"/><ref name="v075">{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Martin |first=Jonathan |date=2021-03-01 |title=Trumpism Grips a Post-Policy G.O.P. as Traditional Conservatism Fades |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/01/us/politics/trump-republicans-policy.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The New York Times |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523144800/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/01/us/politics/trump-republicans-policy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="i277">{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Peoples |first=Steve |date=2021-02-14 |title=Trump remains dominant force in GOP following acquittal |url=https://apnews.com/trump-remains-dominant-force-in-gop-following-acquittal-54a562159db21bd2c806c0c3c366be62 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=AP News |archive-date=June 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612135007/https://apnews.com/trump-remains-dominant-force-in-gop-following-acquittal-54a562159db21bd2c806c0c3c366be62 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 21st century, the Republican Party's strongest demographics are [[Urban–rural political divide|rural voters]], [[White Southerners]], [[evangelical]] Christians, men, [[senior citizens]], and [[Voter turnout in United States presidential elections|voters]] without [[educational attainment in the United States|college degrees]].

On economic issues, the party has maintained a pro-capital attitude since its inception. It currently supports Trump's [[mercantilism|mercantilist]] policies,<ref name="Trump’s aggressive push">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ed994477-a23a-4f48-9019-917b5dc51041|title=Trump's aggressive push to roll back globalisation|first1=Sam|last1=Fleming|first2=Delphine|last2=Strauss|access-date=April 4, 2025|date=April 4, 2025|website=Financial Times|quote=The US president wants to unwind decades of economic integration. The risk of a 1930s-style global trade war is causing markets to panic.}}</ref><ref name="Helleiner 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Helleiner |first=Eric |date=2021-01-05 |title=The Return of National Self-Sufficiency. Excavating Autarkic Thought in a De-Globalizing Era |journal=[[International Studies Review]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=933–957 |doi=10.1093/isr/viaa092 |issn=1521-9488 |doi-access=free|quote=The election of Donald Trump as American president in 2016 encouraged further interest in ideas of national self-sufficiency. ... '''Trump's worldview was much closer to a neomercantilist one than an autarkist one,''' but some of his supporters on the far right are more clearly in the latter camp.14 For example, in a 2020 publication from the Claremont Institute, Curtis Yarvin called for the promotion of an “isolationist” policy of “neo-Sakoku”. Like some other past autarkists, he argued that a world of autarkic states would be more peaceful because the reasons for conflict would diminish (Yarvin 2020). The Trump administration also indirectly encouraged new interest in greater national self-sufficiency in other countries because of its protectionism and its broader “weaponization” of America's international economic relations (Farrell and Newman 2019).|pmc=7928914 }}</ref> including [[tariff]]s{{efn|Tariffs are taxes on foreign imports paid by domestic importers, mostly corporations.<ref name="favor Trump tariffs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2025/03/06/trump-tariffs-poll-republicans-china-mexico-canada|title=Republicans favor Trump tariffs despite anticipated price hikes: poll|first1=Avery|last1=Lotz|website=Axios|date=March 6, 2025|access-date=March 10, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Buckle Up"/><ref name="President McKinley"/>}} on imports on all countries at the highest rates in the world<ref name="smashing global trade norms">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us-starts-collecting-trumps-new-10-tariff-smashing-global-trade-norms-2025-04-05/|title=US starts collecting Trump's new 10% tariff, smashing global trade norms|quote=U.S. customs agents began collecting President Donald Trump's unilateral 10% tariff on all imports from many countries on Saturday, with higher levies on goods from 57 larger trading partners due to start next week.|website=Reuters|first1=David|last1=Lawder|first2=Trevor|last2=Hunnicutt|date=April 5, 2025|access-date=April 5, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Gilded Age vision">{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/01/us/politics/trump-tariffs-goal.html|title=To Trump, Tariffs Are Not a Means but an End|quote=Many presidents use tariffs to force negotiations. But for President Trump, they are the point, a source of revenue as he pursues a Gilded Age vision.|date=February 1, 2025|access-date=February 1, 2025|first1=David E.|last1=Sanger|website=The New York Times|archive-date=February 2, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202082024/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/01/us/politics/trump-tariffs-goal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while opposing [[economic globalization|globalization]] and [[free trade]]. It also supports low income taxes and deregulation while opposing [[Labor unions in the United States|labor unions]], a [[public health insurance option]] and [[single-payer healthcare]].<ref name="New Fusionism" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Poll: Democrats Like Both the Public Option and Medicare-for-all, But Overall More People Support the Public Option, Including a Significant Share of Republicans |url=https://www.kff.org/affordable-care-act/press-release/poll-democrats-like-public-option-medicare-for-all-but-overall-more-people-support-public-option-including-significant-share-of-republicans/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=KFF |language=en-US}}</ref> On social issues, it advocates for [[Abortion law in the United States by state|restricting abortion]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pell |first=Stephanie K. |date=19 September 2024 |title=Clear contrasts between the Democratic and Republican Parties' positions on reproductive rights and health care |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/clear-contrasts-between-the-democratic-and-republican-parties-positions-on-reproductive-rights-and-health-care/ |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> supports [[Law and order (politics)|tough on crime]] policies, such as [[capital punishment]] and the prohibition of [[recreational drug use]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lassiter |first1=Matthew |title=America's War on Drugs Has Always Been Bipartisan—and Unwinnable |url=https://time.com/6340590/drug-war-politics-history/ |access-date=25 February 2025 |date=7 December 2023}}</ref> promotes gun ownership and [[Gun law in the United States|easing gun restrictions]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Russell |first1=George Fabe |title=What is the Republican Party's stance on guns? Here's what GOP politicians are saying |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/10/04/republican-party-gun-control-rights-platform/75494948007/ |access-date=26 February 2025 |agency=USA Today |date=4 October 2024}}</ref> and opposes [[transgender rights]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harmon |first1=Amy |title=In State Capitals, Republicans Propose New Limits on Transgender Identity |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/18/us/republicans-state-limits-transgender-identity.html |access-date=26 February 2025 |agency=New York Times |date=24 January 2025}}</ref> The party favors limited legal [[immigration]] but strongly opposes [[illegal immigration]] and favors the [[deportation]] of those without permanent legal status, such as [[Illegal immigration|undocumented immigrants]] and those with [[temporary protected status]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCann |first1=Allison |last2=Sun |first2=Albert |last3=Sullivan |first3=Eileen |title=Who Are the Millions of Immigrants Trump Wants to Deport? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/01/17/us/immigrants-trump-deportations.html |access-date=26 February 2025 |agency=New York Times |date=24 January 2025}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2025|reason=The body says that "there are widely differing views on immigration within the Party. The Party's proposed 2024 platform was opposed to immigration"; the cited source is about Trump's plans to deport people with and without legal status.}} In foreign policy, the party supports U.S. aid to [[Israel]] but is divided on aid to [[Ukraine]]<ref name="Riccardi" /> and improving [[Russia–United States relations|relations with Russia]],<ref name="Jimison" /> with Trump's ascent empowering an [[isolationism|isolationist]] "[[America First]]" foreign policy agenda.<ref name="Baker" />

== History ==
{{Main|History of the Republican Party (United States)}}

In 1854, the Republican Party emerged to combat the expansion of slavery into western territories after the passing of the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]]. The early Republican Party consisted of northern Protestants, factory workers, professionals, businessmen, prosperous farmers, and after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] also of black former slaves. The party had very little support from white Southerners at the time, who predominantly backed the Democratic Party in the [[Solid South]], and from Irish and German Catholics, who made up a major Democratic voting block. While both parties adopted [[pro-business]] policies in the 19th century, the early GOP was distinguished by its support for the [[Banking in the United States|national banking system]], the [[gold standard]], [[Rail transportation in the United States|railroads]], and [[Protectionism|high tariffs]]. The party opposed the expansion of slavery before 1861 and led the fight to destroy the [[Confederate States of America]] (1861–1865). While the Republican Party had almost no presence in the [[Southern United States]] at its inception, it was very successful in the [[Northern United States]], where by 1858 it had enlisted former [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] and former [[Free Soil Party|Free Soil]] Democrats to form majorities in nearly every Northern state.

With the election of its first president, [[Abraham Lincoln]], in 1860, the party's success in guiding the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] to victory in the Civil War, and the party's role in the abolition of slavery, the Republican Party largely dominated the national political scene until 1932. In 1912, former Republican president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] formed the [[Bull Moose Party|Progressive Party]] after being rejected by the GOP and [[1912 United States presidential election|ran unsuccessfully as a third-party presidential candidate]] calling for [[Social liberalism|social reforms]]. The GOP lost its congressional majorities during the [[Great Depression]] (1929–1940); under President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], the Democrats formed a winning [[New Deal coalition]] that was dominant from 1932 through 1964.

After the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], and the [[Southern strategy]], the party's core base shifted with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic. White voters increasingly identified with the Republican Party after the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zingher|first=Joshua N.|date=2018 |title=Polarization, Demographic Change, and White Flight from the Democratic Party|journal=The Journal of Politics|language=en |volume=80 |issue=3|pages=860–872|doi=10.1086/696994|s2cid=158351108|issn=0022-3816}}</ref> Following the Supreme Court's 1973 decision in ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelicals]].<ref name="The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics">{{Cite book |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-great-divide/9780231120593|title=The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics|last=Layman |first=Geoffrey|date=2001|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231120586|pages=115, 119–120}}</ref> The Republican Party won five of the six presidential elections from 1968 to 1988. Two-term President [[Ronald Reagan]], who held office from 1981 to 1989, was a transformative party leader. His [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] policies called for reduced social [[government spending]] and [[regulation]], increased military spending, [[Tax cut|lower taxes]], and a strong [[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet]] foreign policy. Reagan's influence upon the party persisted into the 21st century.

Since the 1990s, the party's support has chiefly come from the South, the [[Great Plains]], the [[Mountain States]], and [[Rural areas in the United States|rural areas]] in the North.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2016/11/14/1598918/-Republicans-now-dominate-state-government-with-32-legislatures-and-33-governors |title=Republicans Now Dominate State Government|publisher=Daily Kos}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/president |title=Presidential Election Results: Donald J. Trump Wins |work=The New York Times |date=August 9, 2017 }}</ref> It supports [[free market economics]], [[cultural conservatism]], and [[originalism]] in [[Judicial interpretation|constitutional jurisprudence]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 18, 2016|title=2016 Republican Party Platform|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2016-republican-party-platform|access-date=January 25, 2022|website=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]}}</ref> There have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one political party.

=== Trump era ===
{{Main|First presidency of Donald Trump|Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trumpism}}
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|[[Donald Trump]], the 45th (2017–2021) and 47th (since 2025) president.]]
In [[2016 United States presidential election|the 2016 presidential election]], Republican nominee [[Donald Trump]] defeated Democratic nominee [[Hillary Clinton]]. The result was unexpected; polls leading up to the election showed Clinton leading the race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/12-days-stunned-nation-how-hillary-clinton-lost-n794131|title=12 days that stunned a nation: How Hillary Clinton lost|website=[[NBC News]]|date=August 23, 2017|access-date=December 8, 2019|archive-date=January 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128124221/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/12-days-stunned-nation-how-hillary-clinton-lost-n794131|url-status=live}}</ref> Trump's victory was fueled by narrow victories in three states—[[Michigan]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Wisconsin]]—that had been part of the [[Blue wall (U.S. politics)|Democratic blue wall]] for decades.<ref name= "elites">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/donald-trump-republican-party/presidency|title=How Trump won and proved everyone wrong with his populist message|website=[[NBC News]] Specials|date=December 14, 2016|access-date=December 8, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102242/https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/donald-trump-republican-party/presidency/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was attributed to strong support amongst working-class white voters, who felt dismissed and disrespected by the political establishment.<ref name="campani" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/upshot/why-trump-won-working-class-whites.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109094913/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/upshot/why-trump-won-working-class-whites.html |archive-date=November 9, 2016 |url-access=limited|url-status=live|title=Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites|first=Nate|last=Cohn|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 9, 2016|access-date=February 15, 2021}}</ref> Trump became popular with them by abandoning Republican establishment orthodoxy in favor of a broader nationalist message.<ref name= "elites" /> His election accelerated the Republican Party's shift towards right-wing populism and resulted in decreasing influence among its conservative factions.{{refn|name="RWP"}}

After [[2016 United States elections|the 2016 elections]], Republicans [[2016 United States Senate elections|maintained their majority in the Senate]], [[2016 United States House of Representatives elections|the House]], and [[2016 United States gubernatorial elections|governorships]], and wielded newly acquired executive power with Trump's election. The Republican Party controlled 69 of 99 state legislative chambers in 2017, the most it had held in history.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/12/us/republicans-expand-control-in-a-deeply-divided-nation.html?_r=0|title=Republicans Expand Control in a Deeply Divided Nation|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 11, 2016 |access-date=February 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119193906/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/12/us/republicans-expand-control-in-a-deeply-divided-nation.html?_r=0|archive-date=November 19, 2016|url-status=live|last1=Bosman |first1=Julie |last2=Davey |first2=Monica }}</ref> The Party also held 33 governorships,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.governing.com/archive/gov-2017-2018-governors-races-predictions.html|title=2017–2018 Governors' Races: Where Power Is Most and Least Likely to Flip|date=January 3, 2017|website=Governing|access-date=January 28, 2024|archive-date=January 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128024618/https://www.governing.com/archive/gov-2017-2018-governors-races-predictions.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the most it had held since 1922.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2016-11-09/republicans-expand-control-of-governorships-legislatures|title=Republicans Governorships Rise to Highest Mark Since 1922|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915132840/https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2016-11-09/republicans-expand-control-of-governorships-legislatures|archive-date=September 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The party had total control of government in 25 states,<ref>{{cite news|title=Republican governorships rise to highest mark since 1922|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2016-11-09/republicans-expand-control-of-governorships-legislature|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=November 6, 2016|first=David A.|last=Lieb|agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Amber|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/12/these-3-maps-show-just-how-dominant-republicans-are-in-america-after-tuesday/|title=These 3 maps show just how dominant Republicans are in America after Tuesday|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 12, 2016|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113061740/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/12/these-3-maps-show-just-how-dominant-republicans-are-in-america-after-tuesday/|archive-date=November 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> the most since 1952.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lieb|first1=David A.|title=GOP-Controlled States Aim to Reshape Laws|url=https://www.pressreader.com/usa/chicago-tribune/20161229/281822873464433|date=December 29, 2016|agency=Associated Press|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075054/https://www.pressreader.com/usa/chicago-tribune/20161229/281822873464433|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The opposing Democratic Party held full control of only five states in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Greenblatt|first1=Alan|title=Republicans Add to Their Dominance of State Legislatures|url=http://www.governing.com/topics/elections/gov-republicans-add-dominance-state-legislatures.html|date=November 9, 2016|work=[[Governing (magazine)|Governing]]|access-date=November 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116125852/http://www.governing.com/topics/elections/gov-republicans-add-dominance-state-legislatures.html|archive-date=November 16, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[2018 United States elections|the 2018 elections]], Republicans lost control of the House, but strengthened their hold on the Senate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/11/2018-election-results-democrats-regain-control-house/575122/|title=The Democrats Are Back, and Ready to Take On Trump|first=David A.|last=Graham|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=November 7, 2018|access-date=November 17, 2020|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209204842/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/11/2018-election-results-democrats-regain-control-house/575122/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Over the course of his presidency, Trump appointed three justices to [[Supreme Court of the United States|the Supreme Court]]: [[Neil Gorsuch]], [[Brett Kavanaugh]], and [[Amy Coney Barrett]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anita |date=September 26, 2020 |title=Trump's legacy is now the Supreme Court |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/26/trump-legacy-supreme-court-422058 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216160832/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/26/trump-legacy-supreme-court-422058 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was impeached by the House of Representatives in 2019 on charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress but was acquitted by the Senate in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html|title=Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial|last1=Wilkie|first1=Christina|last2=Breuninger|first2=Kevin|date=February 5, 2020|website=CNBC|access-date=February 26, 2020|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230033735/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Trump lost the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] to [[Joe Biden]] but refused to concede the race, claiming widespread electoral fraud and [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|attempting to overturn the results]]. On January 6, 2021, the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|United States Capitol was attacked by Trump supporters]] following a rally at which Trump spoke. After the attack, the House [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached Trump for a second time]] on the charge of [[Sedition|incitement of insurrection]], making him the only federal officeholder to be impeached twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-effort-live-updates/2021/01/13/956449072/house-impeaches-trump-a-2nd-time-citing-insurrection-at-u-s-capitol|title=House Impeaches Trump A 2nd Time, Citing Insurrection At U.S. Capitol|first=Bill|last=Chappell|work=[[NPR]]|date=January 13, 2021|access-date=February 14, 2021|archive-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220221620/https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-effort-live-updates/2021/01/13/956449072/house-impeaches-trump-a-2nd-time-citing-insurrection-at-u-s-capitol|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/trump-impeached.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/trump-impeached.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection|first=Nicholas|last=Fandos|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 13, 2021|access-date=February 14, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Senate [[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump|acquitted him]] in February 2021, after he had already left office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-acquitted-impeachment-trial-7-gop-senators-vote-democrats-convict-n1257876|title=Trump acquitted in impeachment trial; 7 GOP Senators vote with Democrats to convict|first=Dareh|last=Gregorian|work=[[NBC News]]|date=February 13, 2021|access-date=February 14, 2021|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213205205/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-acquitted-impeachment-trial-7-gop-senators-vote-democrats-convict-n1257876|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the 2020 election, [[Election denial movement in the United States|election denial]] became increasingly mainstream in the party,<ref name="c990">{{cite web |last1=Riccardi |first1=Nicholas |last2=Mascaro |first2=Lisa |date=2024-05-21 |title=Election deniers moving closer to GOP mainstream, report shows, as Trump allies fill Congress |url=https://apnews.com/article/congress-election-lies-2024-certification-president-460cde281d48e62e09e24c7573d6a9ff |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=AP |archive-date=May 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521145524/https://apnews.com/article/congress-election-lies-2024-certification-president-460cde281d48e62e09e24c7573d6a9ff |url-status=live }}</ref> with the majority of Republican candidates in 2022 being election deniers.<ref name="t387">{{cite news |last1=Blanco |first1=Adrián |last2=Wolfe |first2=Daniel |last3=Gardner |first3=Amy |date=2022-11-07 |title=Tracking which 2020 election deniers are winning, losing in the midterms |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2022/election-deniers-midterms/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |newspaper=Washington Post |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111222807/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2022/election-deniers-midterms/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The party also made [[Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election|efforts to restrict voting]] based on false claims of fraud.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Izaguirre|first1=Anthony|last2=Coronado|first2=Acacia|date=January 31, 2021|title=GOP lawmakers seek tougher voting rules after record turnout|url=https://apnews.com/article/bills-voting-rights-elections-coronavirus-pandemic-voter-registration-0e94844d72d2a2bf8b51b1c950bd64fc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131151357/https://apnews.com/article/bills-voting-rights-elections-coronavirus-pandemic-voter-registration-0e94844d72d2a2bf8b51b1c950bd64fc |access-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |url-status=live|website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McCaskill|first=Nolan D.|date=March 15, 2021|title=After Trump's loss and false fraud claims, GOP eyes voter restrictions across nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315142648/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/03/15/voting-restrictions-states-475732 |archive-date=March 15, 2021 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/03/15/voting-restrictions-states-475732 |access-date=January 17, 2023 |url-status=live|website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> By 2020, the Republican Party had greatly shifted towards [[Illiberal democracy|illiberalism]] following the election of Trump,{{refn|name="Illiberalism"|
* {{Cite news |date=October 31, 2020 |title=The Republican Party has lurched towards populism and illiberalism |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/31/the-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism |access-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602072716/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/31/the-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism |url-status=live |issn=0013-0613|quote=In the late 20th century the Republican Party already looked a bit less liberal and more populist than most mainstream European parties. But according to the V-Dem Institute's analysis, it only really started to deviate to "illiberalism" when it embraced religious values under Mr Bush after his election in 2000. The party then veered into populism in 2010 with the rise of the Tea Party movement, which vowed to curb what it saw as the unjustifiable expansion of the federal government under Barack Obama. However, the greatest shift, especially towards illiberalism, came with the election of Mr Trump.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Encarnación |first=Omar G. |date=June 12, 2023 |title=Democratic Backsliding: Comparative Reflections on the American Experience |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article-abstract/138/3/407/7194282 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |pages=407–424 |issn=0032-3195 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad036 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112000309/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article-abstract/138/3/407/7194282 |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |quote=Despite the appearance of being consolidated, the American political system is institutionally vulnerable to backsliding—from an electoral system fraught with so many deficiencies that election experts deem it archaic and undemocratic; to an imperial presidency that sits at the center of federal power and towers over the legislature and the judiciary; to the recent transformation of the Republican Party into an illiberal force more interested in acquiring power than in governing. ... The Republican Party's pivotal role in enabling backsliding in the Trump era mirrors the post-Communist experience. In recent years, the Republican party has fashioned itself after the Fidesz Party in Hungary (Europe's most sobering example of backsliding), from embracing the ideology of Christian Nationalism to using the state to fight culture wars to cynically rejecting the idea of democracy. In connection to the last point, a popular argument among Republican election deniers is that the United States is not a democracy but a republic. As noted by the New York Times, "There is more at stake than the health of the Republican Party when its core activists, as well as a growing number of officials and those campaigning for governmental positions, openly espouse hostility not just to democratic principles, but, increasingly, to the word 'democracy' itself." Indeed, this illiberal behavior puts American democracy in peril. |quote-pages=410{{ndash}}423|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Main |first=Thomas J. |date=January 4, 2022 |title=The Rise of Illiberalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPL2DwAAQBAJ |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |page=188 |isbn=9780815738503 |quote=A sharp repudiation at the polls would have checked the vogue for illiberal and identitarian ideologies and driven the Republican party back within the bounds of the liberal democratic political spectrum. |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128234748/https://books.google.com/books?id=mPL2DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Laruelle |first1=Marlene |date=March 1, 2022 |title=Illiberalism: a conceptual introduction |journal=East European Politics |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=303–327 |issn=2159-9165 |doi=10.1080/21599165.2022.2037079 |quote=Classical conservatives—such as the Christian Democrats in Europe or the Republican Party in the US before Donald Trump—are/were fervent supporters of political rights and constitutionalism, while illiberalism challenges them ... The struggle of the European People's Party to win concessions from Orbán's Fidesz or the Polish PiS, as well as the subjugation of the Republican Party by Donald Trump, have revealed how attractive illiberal leaders may be to the more mainstream right. As Marc Plattner has stated, the future of liberal democracy will largely depend on how successful or unsuccessful the classical conservative right is at resisting illiberalism. |quote-pages=315{{ndash}}316|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Cooley |first1=Alexander |last2=Nexon |first2=Daniel H. |date=January–February 2022 |title=The Real Crisis of Global Order: Illiberalism on the Rise |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2021-12-14/illiberalism-real-crisis-global-order |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=101 |issue=1 |location=New York City, New York |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |access-date=November 12, 2024 |issn=0015-7120 |quote=The election of Donald Trump in 2016 sparked a major debate over the nature and fate of the liberal international order, suddenly caught, it seemed, between the Charybdis of illiberal great-power challengers and the Scylla of a hostile U.S. president. Trump may have lost the presidency in 2020, but the liberal order remains under threat. ... In the United States, one of the two major political parties remains beholden to an authoritarian demagogue. Motivated by the "Big Lie" (the objectively false claim that Democrats stole the election from Trump through systematic voter fraud), the Republican Party is purging officials who stood in the way of efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. Republican voter-suppression efforts are accelerating.}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Dunwoody |first1=Phillip T. |last2=Gershtenson |first2=Joseph |last3=Plane |first3=Dennis L. |last4=Upchurch-Poole |first4=Territa |date=August 9, 2022 |title=The fascist authoritarian model of illiberal democracy |journal=[[Frontiers Media|Frontiers in Political Science]] |volume=4 |issue= |article-number=907681 |issn=2673-3145 |doi=10.3389/fpos.2022.907681 |doi-access=free |quote=All the components of the fascist authoritarian model of illiberal democracy were evidenced in the recent 2020 U.S. presidential election. … In classic authoritarian fashion, Trump sought to remain in power by asserting his preferred fiction over more objective realities promoted by those in traditional, truth-based professions. Trump engaged in threat othering to work up his base so that they would support the use of force to "save" their country. The result of these combined mechanisms was the support of blatantly illiberal antidemocratic behavior at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. |quote-page=12}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hopkin |first1=Jonathan |author1-link=Jonathan Hopkin |last2=Blyth |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Blyth |editor1-last=Vormann |editor1-first=Boris |editor2-last=Weinman |editor2-first=Michael D. |title=The Emergence of Illiberalism |date=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter=Global Trumpism: Understanding Anti-System Politics in Western Democracies |isbn=978-0367366247 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_3vDwAAQBAJ&q=global+trumpism&pg=PT107 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222839/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_3vDwAAQBAJ&q=global+trumpism&pg=PT107 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Norris |first1=Pippa |date=2017 |title=Online Exchange on "Democratic Deconsolidation |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Journal-of-Democracy-Web-Exchange-Norris_0.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |volume=12 |access-date=9 November 2024 |quote=The rise of populist authoritarianism in the United States, especially by the risks that President Trump poses to core democratic values, practices and institutions, pose major threats to liberal democracy. ... When the populist style of governance is coupled with authoritarian values, however, this potent combination presents most dangerous risk to the principles and practices at the heart of liberal democracy. Trump falls into this category. ... populist-authoritarian forces threatening to dismantle core values in liberal democracy pose the gravest risk, especially in America, given the vast powers of the U.S. presidency and its hegemonic role in the world. The mainstream news media, the courts, and a reenergized civil society are actively pushing back to resist the threats to democracy arising from the Trump administration. In Congress and State Houses, however, the Democrats are decimated, and the Republican party and conservative activists seem willing to be seduced by dreams of power.|quote-pages=14{{ndash}}15{{ndash}}18}}}} and research conducted by the [[V-Dem Institute]] concluded that the party was more similar to Europe's most right-wing parties such as [[Law and Justice]] in Poland or [[Fidesz]] in Hungary.<ref name="Economist 10312020">{{Cite news |date=October 31, 2020 |title=The Republican Party has lurched towards populism and illiberalism |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/31/the-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism |access-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602072716/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/31/the-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism |url-status=live |issn=0013-0613|quote=In the late 20th century the Republican Party already looked a bit less liberal and more populist than most mainstream European parties. But according to the V-Dem Institute's analysis, it only really started to deviate to "illiberalism" when it embraced religious values under Mr Bush after his election in 2000. The party then veered into populism in 2010 with the rise of the Tea Party movement, which vowed to curb what it saw as the unjustifiable expansion of the federal government under Barack Obama. However, the greatest shift, especially towards illiberalism, came with the election of Mr Trump.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lührmann |first1=Anna |last2=Medzihorsky |first2=Juraj |last3=Hindle |first3=Garry |last4=Lindberg |first4=Staffan I. |date=October 2020 |title=New Global Data on Political Parties: V-Party |url=https://www.v-dem.net/documents/8/vparty_briefing.pdf |series=Briefing Paper #9 |publisher=V-Dem Institute |access-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-date=November 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114171742/https://www.v-dem.net/documents/8/vparty_briefing.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The party went into the [[2022 United States elections|2022 elections]] confident and with analysts predicting a [[Wave elections in the United States|red wave]], but it underperformed expectations, with voters in [[swing state]]s and competitive districts joining Democrats in rejecting candidates who had been endorsed by Trump or who had denied the results of the 2020 election.<ref name="FiveThirtyEight 2022">{{cite web|date=November 8, 2022|title=How Election Week 2022 Went Down|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/live-blog/2022-midterm-election/|access-date=November 17, 2022|website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|archive-date=November 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116174931/https://fivethirtyeight.com/live-blog/2022-midterm-election/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hounshell 2022">{{cite news |last=Hounshell |first=Blake |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Five Takeaways From a Red Wave That Didn't Reach the Shore |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/09/us/politics/midterm-elections-takeaways.html |access-date=November 9, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118043809/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/09/us/politics/midterm-elections-takeaways.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tumulty 2022">{{cite news |last=Tumulty |first=Karen |date=November 9, 2022 |title=The expected red wave looks more like a puddle |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/11/09/no-red-wave-midterm-outcome-analysis/ |access-date=November 10, 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112060937/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/11/09/no-red-wave-midterm-outcome-analysis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The party won control of the House with a narrow majority,<ref name="Cowan 2022">{{cite news |last=Cowan |first=Richard |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Republicans win U.S. House majority, setting stage for divided government |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/republicans-one-seat-away-winning-house-us-midterm-vote-2022-11-16/ |access-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125100214/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/republicans-one-seat-away-winning-house-us-midterm-vote-2022-11-16/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but lost the Senate and several state legislative majorities and governorships.<ref name="composition_2023_05_23_ncsl_org">[https://www.ncsl.org/about-state-legislatures/state-partisan-composition "State Partisan Composition"], May 23, 2023, [[National Conference of State Legislatures]], retrieved July 4, 2023. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704082911/https://www.ncsl.org/about-state-legislatures/state-partisan-composition |date=July 4, 2023 }}.</ref><ref name="states_2023_07_01_gazette">[[Thomas Cronin|Cronin, Tom]] and [[Robert D. Loevy|Bob Loevy]]: [https://gazette.com/news/american-federalism-states-veer-far-left-or-far-right-cronin-and-loevy/article_47b241d8-1604-11ee-a860-3383285a990d.html "American federalism: States veer far left or far right"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704082911/https://gazette.com/news/american-federalism-states-veer-far-left-or-far-right-cronin-and-loevy/article_47b241d8-1604-11ee-a860-3383285a990d.html |date=July 4, 2023 }}, July 1, 2023, updated July 2, 2023, ''[[Colorado Springs Gazette]],'' retrieved July 4, 2023</ref><ref name="trifectas_2023_01_18_nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/11/us/politics/state-legislatures-democrats-trifectas.html "In the States, Democrats All but Ran the Table"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704082911/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/11/us/politics/state-legislatures-democrats-trifectas.html |date=July 4, 2023 }} November 11, 2022, ''[[The New York Times]],'' retrieved July 4, 2023</ref> The results led to a number of Republicans and conservative thought leaders questioning whether Trump should continue as the party's main figurehead and leader.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bender |first1=Michael C. |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |date=November 10, 2022 |title=Trump Under Fire From Within G.O.P. After Midterms |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/09/us/politics/trump-republicans-midterms.html |access-date=November 23, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122225849/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/09/us/politics/trump-republicans-midterms.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Henry |title=Battleground Republicans unload on Trump ahead of expected 2024 announcement |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2022-election/battleground-republicans-unload-trump-ahead-expected-2024-announcement-rcna57153 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123151640/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2022-election/battleground-republicans-unload-trump-ahead-expected-2024-announcement-rcna57153 |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=[[NBC News]] |date=November 15, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Despite those disappointments, Trump [[2024 Republican Party presidential primaries|easily won the nomination]] to be the party's candidate again in [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]], marking the third straight election of him being the GOP nominee.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pfannenstiel |first=Brianne |date=July 15, 2024 |title="Make America great again!": Iowa Republican chair gives fiery Trump nominating speech at RNC |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/15/rnc-2024-iowa-gop-chair-jeff-kaufmann-trump-nominating-speech-republican-national-convention/74411262007/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=[[The Des Moines Register]] |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722151222/https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/15/rnc-2024-iowa-gop-chair-jeff-kaufmann-trump-nominating-speech-republican-national-convention/74411262007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump – who survived an ear injury in [[Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania|an assassination attempt]] during the campaign – achieved victory against Vice President [[Kamala Harris]], who replaced President Biden on the Democratic ticket after his withdrawal in July. He won both the [[United States electoral college|electoral college]] and popular vote, becoming the first Republican to do so since George W. Bush in 2004, and improving his vote share among [[Working class in the United States|working class]] voters, particularly among young men, those without college degrees, and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] voters.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lange|first1=Jason|last2=Erickson|first2=Bo|last3=Heath|first3=Brad|date=November 6, 2024|title=Trump's return to power fueled by Hispanic, working-class voter support|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-return-power-fueled-by-hispanic-working-class-voter-support-2024-11-06/|website=Reuters|access-date=November 11, 2024|archive-date=December 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221233938/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-return-power-fueled-by-hispanic-working-class-voter-support-2024-11-06/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Republicans also held a slim majority in the House and retook control of the Senate, securing the party's first [[Government trifecta|trifecta]] since 2017.

=== Current status ===
As of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, the GOP holds the presidency, and majorities in both the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and [[U.S. Senate]], giving them a federal [[government trifecta]]. It also holds 27 [[List of United States governors|state governorships]], 28 [[List of United States state legislatures|state legislatures]], and 23 state government trifectas. Six of the nine current [[U.S. Supreme Court]] justices were appointed by Republican presidents.

There have been 19 Republicans who have served as president, the most from any one political party, the most recent being current president [[Donald Trump]], who became the 47th president on January 20, 2025. Trump also served as the 45th president from 2017 to 2021.<ref name="s635">{{cite web | agency=Associated Press | title=Trump clinches 2024 Republican nomination | website=PBS NewsHour | date=2024-03-12 | url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-clinches-2024-republican-nomination | access-date=2024-06-11 | archive-date=April 29, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429091649/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-clinches-2024-republican-nomination | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Name and symbols ==
The Republican Party's founding members chose its name as homage to the values of [[Republicanism in the United States|republicanism]] promoted by the Democratic-Republican Party, which its founder, Thomas Jefferson, called the "Republican Party".<ref name="Rutland">{{cite book|last=Rutland|first=RA|title=The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush|year=1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/republicansfroml00rutl_0/page/2 2]|publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=0826210902|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/republicansfroml00rutl_0/page/2}}</ref> The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist, Horace Greeley, who called for "some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery".<ref name="ushistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ushistory.org/gop/origins.htm|title=The Origins of the Republican Party|publisher=UShistory.org|date=July 4, 1995|access-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930194002/http://www.ushistory.org/gop/origins.htm|archive-date=September 30, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The name reflects the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption.<ref name="Gould2003p14">Gould, pp. 14–15</ref> "Republican" has a variety of meanings around the world, and the Republican Party has evolved such that the meanings no longer always align.<ref name="Republican Party | political party">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Republican-Party|title=Republican Party {{!}} political party, United States [1854–present]|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=May 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505234240/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Republican-Party|archive-date=May 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/10/the-changing-definition-of-conservative/246652/?single_page=true|title=The Changing Definition of 'Conservative'|last=Joyner|first=James|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=May 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525034711/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/10/the-changing-definition-of-conservative/246652/?single_page=true|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The term "Grand Old Party" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party, and the abbreviation "GOP" is a commonly used designation. The term originated in 1875 in the ''[[Congressional Record]]'', referring to the party associated with the successful military defense of the Union as "this gallant old party". The following year in an article in the ''[[Cincinnati Commercial]]'', the term was modified to "grand old party". The first use of the abbreviation is dated 1884.<ref>"Grand Old Party", ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''.</ref>

The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon by [[Thomas Nast]], published in ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol.<ref name=harpweek/> The cartoon was published during the debate over [[Ulysses S. Grant#Third term attempt|a third term for President Ulysses S. Grant]]. It draws imagery and text from the [[Aesop]] fable "[[The Ass in the Lion's Skin]]", combined with rumors of animals escaping from the [[Central Park Zoo]].
An alternate symbol of the Republican Party in states such as Indiana, New York and Ohio is the bald eagle as opposed to the Democratic rooster or the Democratic five-pointed star.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/~asreynol/ballot_pages/us_ballot_pages/indiana.html|title=Ballots of United States: Indiana|publisher=University of North Carolina|access-date=February 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525034148/http://www.unc.edu/~asreynol/ballot_pages/us_ballot_pages/indiana.html|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Poor Ballot Design Hurts New York's Minor Parties ... Again|publisher=[[Brennan Center for Justice]]|first=Tomas|last=Lopez|date=October 23, 2014|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/poor-ballot-design-hurts-new-yorks-minor-parties-again|access-date=February 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031521/https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/poor-ballot-design-hurts-new-yorks-minor-parties-again|archive-date=February 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Kentucky]], the [[log cabin]] is a symbol of the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://westkentuckystar.com/News/Local-Regional/Western-Kentucky/See-Sample-Ballots-for-Today-s-Primary-Elections.aspx|title=See Sample Ballots for Today's Primary Elections|publisher=West Kentucky Star|date=May 19, 2015|access-date=February 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207032021/http://westkentuckystar.com/News/Local-Regional/Western-Kentucky/See-Sample-Ballots-for-Today-s-Primary-Elections.aspx|archive-date=February 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Traditionally the party had no consistent color identity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/08/red-vs-blue-a-brief-history-of-how-we-use-political-colors/|title=Red vs. Blue: A history of how we use political colors|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=November 8, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=October 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022519/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/08/red-vs-blue-a-brief-history-of-how-we-use-political-colors/|archive-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2004/11/13/red-state-blue-state-2/|title=Red State, Blue State|last=Drum|first=Kevin|date=November 13, 2004|website=Washington Monthly|access-date=October 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013719/https://washingtonmonthly.com/2004/11/13/red-state-blue-state-2/|archive-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2004/11/14/red-states-and-blue-states-explained/|title=Red States and Blue States ... Explained!|last=Drum|first=Kevin|date=November 14, 2004|website=Washington Monthly|access-date=October 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013032/https://washingtonmonthly.com/2004/11/14/red-states-and-blue-states-explained/|archive-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> After the 2000 presidential election, the color [[Political colour|red became associated]] with Republicans. During and after the election, the major broadcast networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: states won by Republican nominee George W. Bush were colored red and states won by Democratic nominee [[Al Gore]] were colored blue. Due to the weeks-long [[2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida|dispute over the election results]], these color associations became firmly ingrained, persisting in subsequent years. Although the assignment of colors to political parties is unofficial and informal, the media has come to represent the respective political parties using these colors. The party and its candidates have also come to embrace the color red.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Philip |last1=Bump |title=Red vs. Blue: A history of how we use political colors |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/08/red-vs-blue-a-brief-history-of-how-we-use-political-colors/?noredirect=on |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=November 8, 2018 |archive-date=February 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222013526/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/08/red-vs-blue-a-brief-history-of-how-we-use-political-colors/?noredirect=on |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:NastRepublicanElephant.jpg|An 1874 cartoon by [[Thomas Nast]], featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant<ref name=harpweek>{{cite web|title=The Third-Term Panic|work=Cartoon of the Day|date=November 7, 2003|url=http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7|access-date=September 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921045800/http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7|archive-date=September 21, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Republicanlogo.svg|The red, white and blue elephant as seen on the GOP website in 2011
File:GOP logo (2004–2015).svg|The GOP banner logo, {{circa|2013}}
File:GOP logo.svg|A GOP banner logo, {{circa|2017}}
</gallery>

== Factions ==
{{main|Factions in the Republican Party (United States)}}

=== Civil War and Reconstruction era ===
{{main|Radical Republicans}}
[[File:Thaddeus Stevens - Brady-Handy-crop.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|U.S. representative [[Thaddeus Stevens]], considered a leader of the Radical Republicans, was a fierce opponent of slavery and discrimination against [[African Americans]].]]

The [[Radical Republicans]] were a major factor of the party from its inception in 1854 until the end of the [[Reconstruction Era]] in 1877. They strongly opposed [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]], were hard-line [[Abolitionism|abolitionists]], and later advocated equal rights for the [[freedmen]] and women. They were heavily influenced by religious ideals and [[Evangelicalism|evangelical Christianity]].<ref name="Howard2015">{{cite book |first=Victor B. |last=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bIfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-8131-6144-0 |access-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023724/https://books.google.com/books?id=6bIfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Radical Republicans pressed for abolition as a major war aim and they opposed the moderate Reconstruction plans of Abraham Lincoln as both too lenient on the [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]] and not going far enough to help former slaves. After the war's end and Lincoln's assassination, the Radicals clashed with [[Andrew Johnson]] over Reconstruction policy. Radicals led efforts to establish civil rights for former slaves and fully implement emancipation, pushing the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] for statutory protections through [[United States Congress|Congress]]. They opposed allowing ex-[[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] officers to retake political power in the [[Southern U.S.]], and emphasized liberty, equality, and the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth Amendment]] which provided [[voting rights]] for the [[Freedman#United States|freedmen]]. Many later became [[Stalwarts]], who supported machine politics.

[[Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)|Moderate Republicans]] were known for their loyal support of President [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s war policies and expressed antipathy towards the more militant stances advocated by the Radical Republicans. In contrast to Radicals, Moderate Republicans were less enthusiastic on the issue of Black suffrage even while embracing civil equality and the expansive federal authority observed throughout the [[American Civil War]]. They were also skeptical of the lenient, conciliatory Reconstruction policies of President Andrew Johnson. Members of the Moderate Republicans comprised in part of previous Radical Republicans who became disenchanted with the alleged corruption of the latter faction. They generally opposed efforts by Radical Republicans to rebuild the Southern U.S. under an economically mobile, [[Free market|free-market]] system.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foner |first=Eric |title=Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 |year=1988 |edition=1st |pages=236–37 |author-link=Eric Foner}}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Goldwater-Reagan in 1964.jpg|thumb|[[Ronald Reagan]] speaks in support of Republican presidential candidate [[Barry Goldwater]] during the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 presidential campaign]]]]
The 20th century saw the Republican party split into an [[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]] and a moderate-liberal faction in the Northeast that eventually became known as [[Rockefeller Republicans]]. Opposition to Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] saw the formation of the [[conservative coalition]].<ref name="Bowen">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uncpress.org/book/9781469618968/the-roots-of-modern-conservatism|title=The Roots of Modern Conservatism {{!}} Michael Bowen|website=University of North Carolina Press|access-date=May 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522220118/https://www.uncpress.org/book/9781469618968/the-roots-of-modern-conservatism/|archive-date=May 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1950s saw [[fusionism]] of traditionalist and social conservatism and right-libertarianism,<ref name="New Fusionism">{{cite journal |last1=Ashbee |first1=Edward |last2=Waddan |first2=Alex |title=US Republicans and the New Fusionism |journal=[[The Political Quarterly]] |date=December 13, 2023 |volume=95 |pages=148–156 |doi=10.1111/1467-923X.13341 |s2cid=266282896 |issn=1467-923X |language=en-us}}</ref> along with the rise of the [[New Right#United States|First New Right]] to be followed in 1964 with a more populist [[New Right#Second New Right|Second New Right]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gottfried|first1=Paul|last2=Fleming|first2=Thomas|author-link1=Paul Gottfried|author-link2=Thomas Fleming (political writer) |year=1988 |title=The Conservative Movement |location=Boston|publisher=Twayne Publishers|pages=77–95|isbn=0805797238}}</ref>

The rise of the [[Reagan coalition]] in the 1980s began what has been called the [[Reagan era]]. Reagan's rise displaced the liberal-moderate faction of the GOP and established Reagan-style conservatism as the prevailing ideological faction of the Party for the next thirty years, until the rise of the [[right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] faction.<ref name="Smith-2021"/><ref name="Ward 08-26-22">{{Cite news |last=Ward |first=Ian |date=August 26, 2022|title=Trump Didn't Kill Reaganism. These Guys Did. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/08/26/reagan-conservatism-nicole-hemmer-q-and-a-00053858 |access-date=February 8, 2024 |work=Politico |language=en-US}}</ref> Reagan conservatives generally supported policies that favored [[limited government]], [[individualism]], [[tradition]]alism, [[Republicanism in the United States|republicanism]], and limited [[Federal government of the United States|federal governmental]] power [[States' rights|in relation]] to [[U.S. state|the states]].<ref name="political-ideology-today">{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32 |title=Political Ideology Today |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0719060205 |edition=reprinted, revised |location=Manchester |pages=32–33 |quote=Ideologically, all US parties are liberal and always have been. Essentially they espouse classical liberalism, that is a form of democratised Whig constitutionalism plus the free market. The point of difference comes with the influence of social liberalism" and the proper role of government... ...the American right has nothing to do with maintaining the traditional social order, as in Europe. What it believes in is... individualism... The American right has tended towards... classical liberalism... |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120193242/https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
{{see also|Neoconservatism|Tea Party movement|Right-wing populism|Trumpism}}
Republicans began the 21st century with the election of [[George W. Bush]] in the [[2000 United States presidential election]] and saw the peak of a [[neoconservative]] faction that held significant influence over the initial American response to the [[September 11 attacks]] through the [[War on Terror]].<ref name = "Rathburn 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Rathburn |first1=Brian C. |title=Does One Right Make a Realist? Conservatism, Neoconservatism, and Isolationism in the Foreign Policy Ideology of American Elites |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=123 |issue=2 |date=Summer 2008 |pages=271–299 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00625.x |issn=1538-165X |language=en-us}}</ref> The election of [[Barack Obama]] saw the formation of the [[Tea Party movement]] in 2009 that coincided with a global rise in [[right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] movements from the 2010s to 2020s.<ref name = "Isaac2017">{{cite journal |last1=Isaac |first1=Jeffrey |title=Making America Great Again? |journal=Perspectives on Politics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=15 |issue=3 |date=November 2017 |pages=625–631 |doi=10.1017/S1537592717000871 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The global rise in right-wing populism has been attributed to factors including higher educational attainment, a decline in organized religion, backlash to globalization, and [[Migrant crisis|migrant crises]].<ref name="Fallen Behind"/><ref name="Maxwell 2019"/>

Right-wing populism became an increasingly dominant ideological faction within the GOP throughout the 2010s and helped lead to the election of [[Donald Trump]] in 2016.<ref name="campani">{{Cite journal |last1=Campani |first1=Giovanna |last2=Fabelo Concepción |first2=Sunamis |last3=Rodriguez Soler |first3=Angel |last4=Sánchez Savín |first4=Claudia |date=December 2022 |title=The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse |journal=Societies |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=154 |doi=10.3390/soc12060154 |issn=2075-4698 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Starting in the 1970s and accelerating in the 2000s, American right-wing interest groups invested heavily in external mobilization vehicles that led to the organizational weakening of the GOP establishment. The outsize role of conservative media, in particular [[Fox News]], led to it being followed and trusted more by the Republican base over traditional party elites. The depletion of organizational capacity partly led to Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.<ref name="Gidron-2019"/>{{Rp|27–28}} Trump's election exacerbated internal schisms within the GOP,<ref name="Gidron-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Gidron |first1=Noam |last2=Ziblatt |first2=Daniel |date=2019 |title=Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies |journal=Annual Review of Political Science | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |language=en |volume=12 |pages=17–35 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{Rp|18}} and saw the GOP move from a center coalition of moderates and conservatives to a solidly right-wing party hostile to liberal views and any deviations from the party line.<ref>{{Citation |last=McKay |first=David |title=Facilitating Donald Trump: Populism, the Republican Party and Media Manipulation |date=2020 |work=Authoritarian Populism and Liberal Democracy |pages=107–121 |editor-last=Crewe |editor-first=Ivor |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7 |access-date=2024-06-13 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7 |isbn=978-3-030-17997-7 |quote="the Republicans changed from being a right of centre coalition of moderates and conservatives to an unambiguously right-wing party that was hostile not only to liberal views but also to any perspective that clashed with the core views of an ideologically cohesive conservative cadre of party faithfuls" |editor2-last=Sanders |editor2-first=David|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Party has since faced intense factionalism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=2023-10-23 |title='5 Families' and Factions Within Factions: Why the House G.O.P. Can't Unite |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/23/us/politics/house-republicans-divisions-speaker.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027050850/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/23/us/politics/house-republicans-divisions-speaker.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/types-democrats-republicans-house-2024/|title=The 8 Types Of Democrats And Republicans In The House|website=FiveThirtyEight|date=May 4, 2024|access-date=May 4, 2024|archive-date=May 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503180719/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/types-democrats-republicans-house-2024/|url-status=dead}}</ref> These factions are particularly apparent in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]], where three Republican House leaders ([[Eric Cantor]], [[John Boehner]], and [[Kevin McCarthy]]) have been ousted since 2009.<ref name="McCarthy 2009">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/10/05/mccarthy-trump-speaker-removed-tea-party/|title=McCarthy thought he could harness forces of disruption. Instead they devoured him.|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 5, 2023|first1=Paul|last1=Kane|quote=As far back as 2009, the future House speaker tried to channel the anti-politician, tea party wave building into a political force, but the movement crushed him.|archive-date=August 11, 2024|access-date=August 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811014139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/10/05/mccarthy-trump-speaker-removed-tea-party/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Jonathan |date=2014-06-10 |title=Eric Cantor Defeated by David Brat, Tea Party Challenger, in G.O.P. Primary Upset |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/us/politics/eric-cantor-loses-gop-primary.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-date=June 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611015851/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/us/politics/eric-cantor-loses-gop-primary.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=newyorker>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/14/a-house-divided|title=A House Divided: How a radical group of Republicans pushed Congress to the right|first=Ryan|last=Lizza|magazine=The New Yorker|date=December 14, 2015|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207063302/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/14/a-house-divided|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="resign1">{{cite news |title=John Boehner Will Resign From Congress |first=Jennifer |last=Steinhauer |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/26/us/boehner-will-resign-from-congress.html |date=September 25, 2015 |access-date=October 8, 2015 |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327185152/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/26/us/john-boehner-to-resign-from-congress.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=McCarthy elected House speaker in rowdy post-midnight vote |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-house-of-representatives-kevin-mccarthy-us-republican-party-0938c7358f41c83759246f8949ac7c15 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107135727/https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-house-of-representatives-kevin-mccarthy-us-republican-party-0938c7358f41c83759246f8949ac7c15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Speaker McCarthy ousted in historic House vote, as scramble begins for a Republican leader |url=https://apnews.com/article/mccarthy-gaetz-speaker-motion-to-vacate-congress-327e294a39f8de079ef5e4abfb1fa555 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003173947/https://apnews.com/article/mccarthy-gaetz-speaker-motion-to-vacate-congress-327e294a39f8de079ef5e4abfb1fa555 |url-status=live }}</ref> All three of the top Republican elected officials during Trump's first term (Vice President, Speaker of the House, and Senate Republican leader) were ousted or stepped down by Trump's second term.

The party's [[The Establishment#United States|establishment]] conservative faction has lost all of its influence.<ref name="Biebricher-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Biebricher |first1=Thomas |date=October 25, 2023 |title=The Crisis of American Conservatism in Historical–Comparative Perspective |journal=Politische Vierteljahresschrift |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=233–259 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11615-023-00501-2 |issn=2075-4698 |doi-access=free |hdl=10419/312444 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Arhin-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Arhin |first1=Kofi |last2=Stockemer |first2=Daniel |last3=Normandin |first3=Marie-Soleil |date=May 29, 2023 |title=THE REPUBLICAN TRUMP VOTER: A Populist Radical Right Voter Like Any Other? |journal=[[World Affairs]] |language=en |volume=186 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/00438200231176818 |issn=1940-1582 |doi-access=free |quote= In this article, we first illustrate that the Republican Party, or at least the dominant wing, which supports or tolerates Donald Trump and his Make America Great Again (MAGA) agenda have become a proto-typical populist radical right-wing party (PRRP).}}</ref><ref name="Punchbowl Old GOP">{{Cite news |last1=Desiderio |first1=Andrew |last2=Sherman |first2=Jake |last3=Bresnahan |first3=John |date=February 7, 2024 |title=The end of the Old GOP |language=en-US |work=[[Punchbowl News]] |url=https://punchbowl.news/article/the-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference/ |access-date=February 8, 2024 |archive-date=February 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207114758/https://punchbowl.news/article/the-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference/ |url-status=live |quote=The structures and standards that have come to define the GOP have been breaking down since the Tea Party movement began in 2009. They were further eroded when Trump won the White House in 2016. But in recent months, the last holdout of the old Republican Party — the Senate GOP Conference — has all but abandoned many of its generational positions on foreign policy and governance. ... McConnell, perhaps the embodiment of the Republican Party for the last 40 years, is increasingly looking like an anachronism — and not just on policy.}}</ref><ref name="Price of Power">{{cite book | last=Tackett | first=Michael | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VF0CEQAAQBAJ| title=The Price of Power: How Mitch McConnell Mastered the Senate, Changed America, and Lost His Party | publisher=Simon and Schuster | publication-place=New York | date=2024 | isbn=978-1-6680-0584-2|quote=The Trump years brought with them the rise of an almost unrecognizable Republican party, suffused with a reactive populism that even McConnell himself would struggle to control.}}</ref> Many conservatives critical of the Trumpist faction have also lost influence within the party, with no former Republican presidential or vice presidential nominees attending the [[2024 Republican National Convention]].<ref name="Not Coming to Milwaukee">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/16/us/politics/rnc-bush-quayle-pence-cheney-romney.html|title=Guess Who's Not Coming to Milwaukee? Bush, Quayle, Pence, Cheney or Romney|date=July 16, 2024|website=The New York Times|first1=Adam|last1=Nagourney|access-date=September 17, 2024|archive-date=September 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916130252/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/16/us/politics/rnc-bush-quayle-pence-cheney-romney.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite news|title=Trump's overhaul of GOP shows his sway but leaves some on sidelines|date=Jul 19, 2024|newspaper=The Washington Post|first1=Josh|last1=Dawsey|first2=Isaac|last2=Arnsdorf|first3=Laura|last3=Vozzella|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/19/trump-republican-party-traditional-conservatives-milwaukee/|access-date=August 4, 2024|archive-date=July 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721115428/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/19/trump-republican-party-traditional-conservatives-milwaukee/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The victory of Trump in the 2024 presidential election saw the party increasingly shift towards [[Trumpism]],<ref name="Cohn 12252024">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/25/upshot/trump-era-republicans-democrats.html|title=Trump's Re-election Defines a New Era of American Politics|date=December 25, 2024|access-date=December 25, 2024|website=The New York Times|first1=Nate|last1=Cohn|quote=Instead, it's the three Trump elections — in 2016, 2020 and 2024 — that look as if they have the makings of a new era of politics, one defined by Donald J. Trump's brand of conservative populism. ... Much of the Republican Party’s old establishment — like the Cheneys, the Romneys, Paul Ryan — is now without a home.|archive-date=December 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225055712/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/25/upshot/trump-era-republicans-democrats.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ball 2024"/> and party criticism of Trump was described as being muted to non-existent. ''The New York Times'' described it as a "hostile takeover",<ref name="Swan 12122024">{{Cite news |last1=Swan |first1=Jonathan |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |date=December 12, 2024 |title=The Stock Market and TV: Trump's Most Durable Guardrails |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/12/us/politics/trump-tv-stock-market.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 20, 2025 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Mr. Trump is likely to receive only the meekest resistance from his own party, which will control both the House and Senate and whose members fear Trump-backed primary challengers. He has completed his hostile takeover of the Republican Party and the dissenters have been driven into retirement, defeated in primaries or cowed into silence. |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128231646/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/12/us/politics/trump-tv-stock-market.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and a victory of right-wing populism over the old conservative establishment.<ref name="Cohn 12252024"/><ref name="Price of Power"/><ref name="Cliffe 2023"/> Polling found that 53% of Republican voters saw loyalty to Trump as central to their political identity and what it means to be a Republican.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Edwards-Levy |first=Ariel |date=January 19, 2025 |title=CNN Poll: Most Democrats think their party needs major change, while the GOP coalesces around Trump |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/19/politics/democrats-party-change-cnn-poll/index.html |access-date=January 20, 2025 }}</ref>

During Trump's second presidency, Republican members of Congress were described by ''[[The New Republic]]'' magazine as submissive to Trump, letting him dictate policies without pushback.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/post/191772/republican-lawmakers-trumpism-power-media|title=The Incredible Disappearing Republican Lawmaker|quote=The GOP's total withdrawal from governing is nearly complete, and they’re increasingly determined to push the entire legislative branch into functional irrelevance.|first1=Jason|last1=Linkins|magazine=The New Republic|date=February 23, 2025|access-date=February 23, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/20/us/politics/trump-power-courts-crisis.html|title=How Trump Is Trying to Consolidate Power Over Courts, Congress and More|quote=President Trump’s expansive interpretation of presidential power has become the defining characteristic of his second term.|first1=Erica L.|last1=Green|first2=Zolan|last2=Kanno-Youngs|first3=Maggie|last3=Haberman|website=The New York Times|date=March 20, 2025|access-date=March 20, 2025}}</ref>

==== Right-wing populists ====
{{main|Right-wing populism|Trumpism}}
{{see also|Radical right (United States)|National conservatism|Freedom Caucus}}
[[File:JD Vance Inaugural Portrait (cropped).png|thumb|[[JD Vance]], Donald Trump's vice president during Trump's second term. Initially critical of Trump, he became a staunch advocate of [[Trumpism]] later into Trump's first term and has been described as a [[right-wing populist]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Orr |first=James |author-link=James Orr (theologian) |date=2024-07-16 |title=JD Vance's nomination proves Trumpism is here to stay |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/07/16/vance-nomination-proves-trumpism-is-here-to-stay/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718054932/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/07/16/vance-nomination-proves-trumpism-is-here-to-stay/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

[[Right-wing populism]] is the dominant political faction of the GOP.{{refn|name="Dominant"|
* {{Cite journal |last=Winberg |first=Oscar |date=2017 |title=Insult Politics: Donald Trump, Right-Wing Populism, and Incendiary Language |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/12132 |journal=European Journal of American Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |pages=1–16 |issn=1991-9336 |doi=10.4000/ejas.12132 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231182356/https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/12132 |archive-date=December 31, 2024 |quote-pages=5-6|quote=With the presidency of George W. Bush, coinciding with the ascendance of the conservative media establishment and ending with the mass protests of the Tea Party, the long tradition of right-wing populism was a firmly institutionalized part of the conservative movement and, by extension, the Republican Party. Trump's rise should be understood as part of the long tradition of right-wing populism and the ultimate triumph of the Tea Party movement; a right-wing populist eruption within the Republican Party fueled by both a conservative media establishment and anti-intellectual and, at times, overtly racial appeals.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fiorino |first=Daniel J. |date=2022 |title=Climate change and right-wing populism in the United States |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644016.2021.2018854 |journal=Environmental Politics |volume=31 |issue=5 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |pages=801–819 |issn=0964-4016 |doi=10.1080/09644016.2021.2018854 |bibcode=2022EnvPo..31..801F |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612140013/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644016.2021.2018854 |archive-date=June 12, 2024 |quote=In recent years, the Republican Party in the United States has taken on the characteristics of right-wing populism, especially under President Donald Trump. Like most right-wing populist parties, the party under Trump is hostile to climate mitigation. This is reflected in skepticism or rejection of climate science, opposition to multilateral institutions and agreements, aggressive domestic exploitation of fossil fuels, and depiction of climate advocates and experts as ‘elites’ set on undermining the will of ‘the people’.|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Arhin |first1=Kofi |last2=Stockemer |first2=Daniel |last3=Normandin |first3=Marie-Soleil |date=May 29, 2023 |title=The Republican Trump Voter: A Populist Radical Right Voter Like Any Other? |journal=[[World Affairs]] |language=en |volume=186 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/00438200231176818 |issn=1940-1582 |doi-access=free |quote= In this article, we first illustrate that the Republican Party, or at least the dominant wing, which supports or tolerates Donald Trump and his Make America Great Again (MAGA) agenda have become a proto-typical populist radical right-wing party (PRRP).}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/25/upshot/democrats-trump-working-class.html|title=How Democrats Lost Their Base and their Message|quote=Donald Trump's populist pitch bumped Democrats off their traditional place in American politics.|website=The New York Times|first1=Nate|last1=Cohn|date=November 25, 2024|access-date=November 25, 2024|archive-date=November 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125104053/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/25/upshot/democrats-trump-working-class.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|first1=John|last1=Burn-Murdoch|website=Financial Times|date=March 6, 2025|quote=US decisions can no longer be analyzed using assumptions shared across the democratic west|title=Why the Maga mindset is different|access-date=March 18, 2025|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3046013f-da85-4987-92a5-4a9e3008a9e1}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Arhin |first1=Kofi |last2=Stockemer |first2=Daniel |last3=Normandin |first3=Marie-Soleil |date=May 29, 2023 |title=THE REPUBLICAN TRUMP VOTER: A Populist Radical Right Voter Like Any Other? |journal=[[World Affairs]] |language=en |volume=186 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/00438200231176818 |issn=1940-1582 |doi-access=free |quote= In this article, we first illustrate that the Republican Party, or at least the dominant wing, which supports or tolerates Donald Trump and his Make America Great Again (MAGA) agenda have become a proto-typical populist radical right-wing party (PRRP).}}
* {{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=2024-07-19 |title=It's Trump's party now. Mostly. |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/361684/trump-speech-rnc-gop-republicans-project-2025 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Vox |language=en-US |archive-date=January 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118030630/https://www.vox.com/politics/361684/trump-speech-rnc-gop-republicans-project-2025 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Page |first=Susan |title=Trump's takeover: In a redefined GOP, populism and a new coalition. Goodbye, old guard |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/16/donald-trump-takeover-populism-and-a-new-coalition-reign-in-new-gop/74367458007/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=September 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902212758/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/16/donald-trump-takeover-populism-and-a-new-coalition-reign-in-new-gop/74367458007/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Aratani |first1=Lauren |title=Republicans unveil two minimum wage bills in response to Democrats' push |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814230535/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |archive-date=14 August 2021 |quote=In keeping with the party's deep division between its dominant Trumpist faction and its more traditionalist party elites, the twin responses seem aimed at appealing on one hand to its corporate-friendly allies and on the other hand to its populist rightwing base. Both have an anti-immigrant element.}}
}} Sometimes referred to as the [[Make America Great Again|MAGA]] or "[[America First]]" movement,<ref name="University of Washington 2021">{{cite web | title=Panel Study of the MAGA Movement | website=University of Washington | date=January 6, 2021 | url=https://sites.uw.edu/magastudy/ | access-date=March 24, 2024 | archive-date=March 24, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324054136/https://sites.uw.edu/magastudy/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabbatt Smith 2023">{{cite web | last1=Gabbatt | first1=Adam | last2=Smith | first2=David | title='America First 2.0': Vivek Ramaswamy pitches to be Republicans' next Trump | website=the Guardian | date=August 19, 2023 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/19/vivek-ramaswamy-republican-presidential-nomination-candidate | access-date=March 24, 2024}}</ref> Republican populists have been described as consisting of a range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to right-wing populism,<ref name="campani" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Pippa |date=November 2020 |title=Measuring populism worldwide |journal=Party Politics |language=en |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=697–717 |doi=10.1177/1354068820927686 |s2cid=216298689 |issn=1354-0688|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Cassidy">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party |title=Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party |last=Cassidy |first=John |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=February 29, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225035/http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[national conservatism]],<ref name="Economist Feb152024">{{cite news |date=February 15, 2024 |title="National conservatives" are forging a global front against liberalism |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/02/15/national-conservatives-are-forging-a-global-front-against-liberalism |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |location=[[London]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220205122/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/02/15/national-conservatives-are-forging-a-global-front-against-liberalism |archive-date=February 20, 2024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[neo-nationalism]],<ref name="Zhou_12/8/2022">{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Shaoqing |title=The origins, characteristics and trends of neo-nationalism in the 21st century |journal=International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=December 8, 2022 |article-number=18 |doi=10.1186/s41257-022-00079-4 |doi-access=free |pmid=36532330 |quote=On a practical level, the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union and Trump's election as the United States president are regarded as typical events of neo-nationalism.|pmc=9735003 }}</ref><ref name="Maga mindset">{{Cite web|first1=John|last1=Burn-Murdoch|website=Financial Times|date=March 6, 2025|title=Why the Maga mindset is different|access-date=March 18, 2025|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3046013f-da85-4987-92a5-4a9e3008a9e1|quote=US decisions can no longer be analyzed using assumptions shared across the democratic west ... But the series of shock decisions ... are less brain-bendingly inexplicable once you realise this: their version of America is operating on an entirely different set of values from the rest of the western world. ... A government seemingly driven by zero-sum ideology and a commitment to reducing international co-operation is one whose threats of a trade war you should probably take seriously despite possible economic self-harm. Likewise, a leadership team that believes geopolitics is a game of cards played by strong men and great powers is one whose support and co- operation other countries should quickly build independence from.}}</ref> [[mercantilism]],<ref name="Helleiner 2021"/> and [[Trumpism]].<ref name="Ball 2024">{{cite news |last1=Ball |first1=Molly |title=The GOP Wants Pure, Uncut Trumpism |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/gop-new-hampshire-trump-haley-403080ca |access-date=February 22, 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=January 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124014202/https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/gop-new-hampshire-trump-haley-403080ca |archive-date=January 24, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Katzenstein2019">{{cite news |last1=Katzenstein |first1=Peter J. |author-link=Peter J. Katzenstein |title=Trumpism is US |url=https://www.wzb.eu/en/news/trumpism-is-us |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=WZB {{!}} Berlin Social Science Center |date=20 March 2019 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222927/https://www.wzb.eu/en/news/trumpism-is-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="v075"/><ref name="d419">{{cite web |author=The Christian Science Monitor |date=2020-11-05 |title=Why Trumpism is here to stay |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2020/1105/Why-Trumpism-is-here-to-stay |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612135009/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2020/1105/Why-Trumpism-is-here-to-stay |archive-date=2024-06-12 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref name="i277"/><ref name="b702">{{cite web |last1=Klein |first1=Rick |last2=Parks |first2=Mary Alice |date=2018-06-13 |title=The Note: Trumpism again dominates Republican Party |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/note-trumpism-dominates-republican-party/story?id=55849587 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=ABC News |archive-date=June 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612135011/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/note-trumpism-dominates-republican-party/story?id=55849587 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump has been described as one of many nationalist leaders, including [[Vladimir Putin]] of Russia, [[Xi Jinping]] of China, [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] of Turkey, [[Narendra Modi]] of India, [[Mohammed bin Salman]] of Saudi Arabia, [[Viktor Orbán]] of Hungary and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] of Israel.<ref name="The World Trump Wants">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/world-trump-wants-michael-kimmage|title=The World Trump Wants: American Power in the New Age of Nationalism|date=February 25, 2025|access-date=March 18, 2025|website=Foreign Affairs|first1=Michael|last1=Kimmage|volume=104 |issue=2 |quote=In the two decades that followed the Cold War’s end, globalism gained ground over nationalism. Simultaneously, the rise of increasingly complex systems and networks—institutional, financial, and technological—overshadowed the role of the individual in politics. But in the early 2010s, a profound shift began. By learning to harness the tools of this century, a cadre of charismatic figures revived the archetypes of the previous one: the strong leader, the great nation, the proud civilization. ... They are self-styled strongmen who place little stock in rules-based systems, alliances, or multinational forums. They embrace the once and future glory of the countries they govern, asserting an almost mystical mandate for their rule. '''Although their programs can involve radical change, their political strategies rely on strains of conservatism, appealing over the heads of liberal, urban, cosmopolitan elites to constituencies animated by a hunger for tradition and a desire for belonging.'''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/21/us/politics/trump-netanyahu-israel-political-strategy.html|title=For Trump and Netanyahu, Similar Strategies With Similar Goals|quote=The American and Israeli leaders have been mirroring each other as they go to war with their own governments|date=March 21, 2025|first1=Mark|last1=Mazzetti|first2=Patrick|last2=Kingsley|website=The New York Times|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/08/world/europe/trump-populist-far-right-leaders.html|title=With Trump's Victory, Europe's Populist Right Sees Return of a Fellow Believer|date=November 8, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Newsweek|title=Saudi Arabia Has Its Own 'Deal of the Century' for Trump|date=24 November 2024|url=https://www.newsweek.com/saudi-arabia-has-its-own-deal-century-trump-1989311|quote=The president-elect's "America First" platform resounds heavily with the transformative, increasingly nationalist path on which Riyadh's monarch-in-waiting has embarked.}}</ref>

The Republican Party's right-wing populist movements emerged in concurrence with a global increase in populist movements in the 2010s and 2020s,<ref name="Isaac2017"/><ref name="Maxwell 2019">{{cite news |last=Maxwell |first=Rahsaan |date=5 March 2019 |title=Analysis {{!}} Why are urban and rural areas so politically divided? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/05/why-are-urban-rural-areas-so-politically-divided/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030180433/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/05/why-are-urban-rural-areas-so-politically-divided/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=6 May 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286|quote=In general, the core supporters of right-wing populist political parties across Europe are in more rural areas, where they feel left behind by the globalized economy and alienated from the multiculturalism of European capitals.}}</ref> coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010.<ref name="Lowndes 2021 q431">{{cite news | last=Lowndes | first=Joseph | title=Far-right extremism dominates the GOP. It didn't start — and won't end — with Trump | newspaper=Washington Post | date=2021-11-08 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/11/08/far-right-extremism-dominates-gop-it-didnt-start-wont-end-with-trump/ | access-date=2023-12-31 | archive-date=November 23, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123072545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/11/08/far-right-extremism-dominates-gop-it-didnt-start-wont-end-with-trump/ | url-status=live }}</ref> This included the rise of the [[Tea Party movement]], which has also been described as [[Far-right politics|far-right]].<ref name="Blum pp. 88–109">{{cite journal | last1=Blum | first1=Rachel M. | last2=Cowburn | first2=Mike | title=How Local Factions Pressure Parties: Activist Groups and Primary Contests in the Tea Party Era | journal=British Journal of Political Science | date=2024 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=54 | issue=1 | pages=88–109 | doi=10.1017/S0007123423000224 | url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/bjposi/v54y2024i1p88-109_5.html | access-date=2023-12-31 | archive-date=September 11, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911120615/https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/bjposi/v54y2024i1p88-109_5.html | url-status=live }}</ref> This faction gained further dominance in the GOP during [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Joe Biden's presidency]] (2021-2025), including in the aftermath of the [[2021-2023 inflation surge]] and [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="No Longer True">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/18/business/economy/global-economy-us-china.html|title=Why It Seems Everything We Knew About the Global Economy Is No Longer True|first1=Patricia|last1=Cohen|website=The New York Times|quote=A lot has happened between then and now: A global pandemic hit; war erupted in Europe; tensions between the United States and China boiled. And inflation, thought to be safely stored away with disco album collections, returned with a vengeance. ... The economic conventions that policymakers had relied on since the Berlin Wall fell more than 30 years ago — the unfailing superiority of open markets, liberalized trade and maximum efficiency — look to be running off the rails. ... The idea that trade and shared economic interests would prevent military conflicts was trampled [in 2022] under the boots of Russian soldiers in Ukraine.|date=June 18, 2023|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref>

Businessman [[Elon Musk]], the wealthiest individual in the world, is a notable proponent of right-wing populism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 29, 2024 |title=How Elon Musk came to endorse Donald Trump |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/07/29/musk-trump-endorsement-immigration/ |access-date=November 9, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |archive-date=September 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919110730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/07/29/musk-trump-endorsement-immigration/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since acquiring Twitter in 2022, Musk has shared far-right misinformation<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2024 |title=Elon Musk's misleading election claims have accrued 1.2 billion views on X, new analysis says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/misinformation/elon-musk-misleading-election-claims-x-views-report-rcna165599 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=August 9, 2024 |title=Column {{!}} Britain's riots put spotlight on far-right misinformation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/09/britain-riots-misinformation-elon-musk/ |access-date=August 12, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2024 |title=Musk's false X posts on US election viewed 1.2 billion times, says watchdog |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240808-musk-s-misleading-election-posts-viewed-1-2-billion-times-study |access-date=August 12, 2024 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=August 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812003828/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240808-musk-s-misleading-election-posts-viewed-1-2-billion-times-study |url-status=live }}</ref> and numerous [[conspiracy theories]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Clare |date=November 21, 2023 |title=Elon Musk is now boosting the 'Pizzagate' conspiracy theory {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/20/tech/elon-musk-boosting-pizzagate-conspiracy-theory/index.html |access-date=August 12, 2024 |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=August 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812153200/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/20/tech/elon-musk-boosting-pizzagate-conspiracy-theory/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk: A timeline of his most recent controversial moments |url=https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musk-what-are-his-most-recent-controversial-moments-13019651 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lahut |first1=Jake |last2=Goodwin |first2=Grace Eliza |last3=Edmonds |first3=Lauren |title=Timeline of Elon Musk's political stances before GOP embrace |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-political-beliefs-public-stances-timeline-republican-desantis-2022-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901233902/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-political-beliefs-public-stances-timeline-republican-desantis-2022-6 |archive-date=September 1, 2024 |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> and his views are described as right-wing to far-right.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 17, 2024 |title=Elon Musk's 'Final Straw' Moment Marks Political Transformation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-17/elon-musk-s-final-straw-moment-marks-political-transformation |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717200027/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-17/elon-musk-s-final-straw-moment-marks-political-transformation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorn |first=Sara |title=Elon Musk's Political Shift: How The Billionaire Moved From Backing Obama To Endorsing DeSantis |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2022/11/27/elon-musks-political-shift-how-the-billionaire-moved-from-backing-obama-to-endorsing-desantis/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806051359/https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2022/11/27/elon-musks-political-shift-how-the-billionaire-moved-from-backing-obama-to-endorsing-desantis/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warzel |first=Charlie |date=December 11, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Is a Far-Right Activist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/elon-musk-twitter-far-right-activist/672436/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212052001/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/elon-musk-twitter-far-right-activist/672436/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Led by Elon Musk, Silicon Valley inches to the right |website=The Economic Times |date=March 10, 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/led-by-elon-musk-silicon-valley-inches-to-the-right/articleshow/108361364.cms?from=mdr |access-date=July 31, 2024 |archive-date=July 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731003556/https://m.economictimes.com/tech/technology/led-by-elon-musk-silicon-valley-inches-to-the-right/amp_articleshow/108361364.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Faiz |last2=Merrill |first2=Jeremy B. |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Elon Musk's X feed becomes megaphone for his far-right politics |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/08/11/musk-x-feed-politics-trump/ |access-date=August 12, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=August 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814155420/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/08/11/musk-x-feed-politics-trump/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Musk has also been described as in conflict with the populist wing of the party on some issues, particularly [[legal immigration]], [[government spending]], [[free trade]], [[judicial reform]]s and [[US - China relations|relations with China]].<ref>{{cite news|work=NBC News|title=Trump's populist platform gives way to billionaires' agenda|date=March 8, 2025|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-populist-platform-gives-way-billionaires-agenda-rcna194639}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times|title=The Populist vs. the Billionaire: Bannon, Musk and the Battle Within MAGA|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/09/us/politics/stephen-bannon-elon-musk-maga.html|date=March 9, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Politico|date=January 3, 2025|title='He owes them': MAGA activists worry about Musk's influence over Trump in legal migration spat|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/01/03/maga-h1b-visa-immigration-elon-musk-00196440}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Wall Street Journal|title=MAGA vs. Musk: Immigration Fight Cracks Populist-Tech Bro Alliance|date=December 27, 2024|url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/maga-vs-musk-immigration-fight-cracks-populist-tech-bro-alliance-ae93cb03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Axios|url=https://www.axios.com/2025/04/05/musk-trump-tariffs-navarro-tesla|title=Musk slams key Trump adviser Navarro, calls for more free trade|date=5 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="BBBmiller">{{cite news|work=Mediaite|title=Stephen Miller Desperately Makes the Case for Trump's 'Big Beautiful Bill' After Musk Attack: 'This Is the Most MAGA Bill Ever'|date=June 3, 2025|url=https://www.mediaite.com/politics/stephen-miller-desperately-makes-the-case-for-trumps-big-beautiful-bill-after-musk-attack-this-is-the-most-maga-bill-ever/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Los Angeles Times|title=Trump threatens to sic DOGE on Musk as feud over megabill escalates|date=July 1, 2025|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2025-07-01/trump-musk-doge-megabill|quote=he accused the president of using the bill as a vehicle to defund the ability of courts to enforce contempt orders, making it all but impossible to hold him and his allies accountable for violating the law.}}</ref>

According to political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, the Republican Party's gains among white voters without college degrees and corresponding losses among white voters with college degrees contributed to the rise of right-wing populism.<ref name="cambridge.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/american-government-politics-and-policy/polarized-degrees-how-diploma-divide-and-culture-war-transformed-american-politics#contentsTabAnchor|title=Polarized by Degrees: How the Diploma Divide and the Culture War Transformed American Politics|first1=Matt|last1=Grossmann|first2=David A.|last2=Hopkins|website=Cambridge University Press|access-date=May 23, 2024|quote=Democrats have become the home of highly-educated citizens with progressive social views who prefer credentialed experts to make policy decisions, while Republicans have become the populist champions of white voters without college degrees who increasingly distrust teachers, scientists, journalists, universities, non-profit organizations, and even corporations.|archive-date=February 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227220952/https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/american-government-politics-and-policy/polarized-degrees-how-diploma-divide-and-culture-war-transformed-american-politics#contentsTabAnchor|url-status=live}}</ref> Until 2016, white voters with college degrees were a Republican-leaning group, but have since become a Democratic-leaning group.<ref name="Harry Enten">{{cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/even-among-the-wealthy-education-predicts-trump-support/|title=Even Among The Wealthy, Education Predicts Trump Support|date=November 29, 2016|first1=Harry|last1=Enten|website=FiveThirtyEight|quote=First, it's clear from the exit polls that for white voters, every bit of extra education meant less support for Trump. ... Second, education matters a lot even when separating out income levels. ... Third, Trump saw little difference in his support between income levels within each education group.}}</ref> In the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]], [[Joe Biden]] became the first Democratic president to win a majority of white voters with college degrees (51–48%) since [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]], while Trump won white voters without college degrees 67–32%.<ref name=cnn2020PresidentialResults>{{Cite news|title=National Results 2020 President exit polls.|url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2020/exit-polls/president/national-results|access-date=2020-12-04|work=[[CNN]]|language=en|archive-date=May 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531093340/https://www.cnn.com/election/2020/exit-polls/president/national-results|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Election Polls – Vote by Groups, 1960–1964 |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/9454/Election-Polls-Vote-Groups-19601964.aspx |website=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] |access-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726155334/http://www.gallup.com/poll/9454/Election-Polls-Vote-Groups-19601964.aspx |archive-date=July 26, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Polarization by education"/>

Right-wing populism has broad appeal across income and wealth,<ref name="Nate Silver"/> and is extremely polarized with respect to educational attainment among White voters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/18/us/politics/democrats-white-working-class-harris.html|title=Is This the End of the White Working-Class Democrat?|quote=Democrats hoped to lose by less in blue-collar areas that had drifted toward Donald Trump. In many places, they may have lost by more.|first1=Katie|last1=Glueck|website=The New York Times|date=November 18, 2024|access-date=January 13, 2025}}</ref> According to a 2017 study, agreement with Trump on social issues, rather than economic pressure, increased support for Trump among White voters without college degrees. White voters without college degrees who were economically struggling were more likely to vote for Democrats and support the Democratic party's economic agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/white-working-class-trump-cultural-anxiety/525771/|title=It Was Cultural Anxiety That Drove White, Working-Class Voters to Trump|date=May 9, 2017|first1=Emma|last1=Green|website=[[The Atlantic]] |quote=A new study finds that fear of societal change, not economic pressure, motivated votes for the president among non-salaried workers without college degrees.|access-date=May 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2025/01/biden-economic-populism-failure/681289/|title=Maybe It Was Never About the Factory Jobs|date=January 13, 2025|website=The Atlantic|quote=The theory that populist economic policies can win back the working class for Democrats has been tried, and it has failed.|first1=Jonathan|last1=Chait|access-date=January 13, 2025}}</ref> Right-wing populism has appeal to [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] and [[Asian Americans|Asian]] voters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/12/democrats-latino-vote-immigration/680945/|title=Why Democrats Got the Politics of Immigration So Wrong for So Long|date=December 10, 2024|website=The Atlantic|first1=Rogé|last1=Karma|access-date=December 10, 2024|quote=The election of Donald Trump this year shattered a long-standing piece of conventional wisdom in American politics: that Latinos will vote overwhelmingly for whichever party has the more liberal approach to immigration, making them a reliable Democratic constituency. ... If that analysis were true, then the nomination of the most virulently anti-immigration presidential candidate in modern history for three straight elections should have devastated the GOP’s Latino support. Instead, the opposite happened. Latinos, who make up about a quarter of the electorate, still lean Democratic, but they appear to have shifted toward Republicans by up to 20 points since 2012. ... And polling suggests that Trump’s restrictionist views on immigration may have actually helped him win some Latino voters, who, like the electorate overall, gave the Biden administration low marks for its handling of the issue.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Asian Americans favored Harris but shifted right by 5 points|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/asian-americans-exit-poll-harris-trump-rcna179005|date=November 6, 2024|first1=Kimmy|last1=Yam|quote=Fifty-four percent of Asian American voters chose Harris, while 39% voted for Trump, NBC exit polls showed. Experts point to the economy as a main factor.|access-date=December 10, 2024|website=NBC News}}</ref> but has little appeal to African American voters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berman |first=Sheri |date=May 2021 |title=The Causes of Populism in the West |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=24 |issue= |pages=71–88 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503 |doi-access=free|quote-page=76|quote=In the United States, scholars consistently find that "racial animus," or attitudes regarding "blacks, immigrants, Muslims" are the best predictors of support for President Trump}}</ref>

According to historian [[Gary Gerstle]], Trumpism gained support in opposition to [[neoliberalism]],<ref name="Gerstle2022">{{cite book |last=Gerstle |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Gerstle |date=2022 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en& |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |quote=The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left. |isbn=978-0197519646 |access-date=August 1, 2024 |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626220259/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en& |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The World Trump Wants"/> including opposition to [[free trade]],<ref name="Populism and Trade"/><ref name="trade policies back">{{Cite news |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Trump takes America's trade policies back to the 19th century |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2025/04/03/trump-takes-americas-trade-policies-back-to-the-19th-century |access-date=April 3, 2025 |newspaper=The Economist |quote=The president jacks up tariffs on all countries, with particularly sharp rises for much of Asia}}</ref> [[Opposition to immigration|immigration]], [[Globalization#Economic globalization|globalization]],<ref name="No Longer True"/><ref name="Maga mindset" /> and [[Liberal internationalism|internationalism]].<ref name="Maxwell 2019"/> Trump won the 2016 and 2024 presidential elections by winning states in the [[Rust Belt]] that had suffered from [[population decline]] and [[deindustrialization]].<ref name="Revolt of the Rust Belt">{{cite journal|title=The revolt of the Rust Belt: place and politics in the age of anger|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=68|issue=S1|pages=S120–S152|first=Michael|last=McQuarrie|date=November 8, 2017|doi=10.1111/1468-4446.12328|pmid=29114874|s2cid=26010609 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fallen Behind">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/26/upshot/census-relative-income.html|title=They Used to Be Ahead in the American Economy. Now They've Fallen Behind.|date=October 26, 2024|first1=Emily|last1=Badger|first2=Robert|last2=Gebeloff|first3=Aatish|last3=Bhatia|website=The New York Times|access-date=October 26, 2024|archive-date=October 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027193004/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/26/upshot/census-relative-income.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Compared to other Republicans, the populist faction is more likely to oppose [[immigration|legal immigration]],<ref name="Baker-2020">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=547UDwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Political History |last2=Critchlow |first2=Donald T. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0190628697 |page=387 |quote="Contemporary debate is fueled on one side by immigration restrictionists, led by President Donald Trump and other elected republicans, whose rhetorical and policy assaults on undocumented Latin American immigrants, Muslim refugees, and family-based immigration energized their conservative base." |via=Google Books |access-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023724/https://books.google.com/books?id=547UDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> free trade,<ref name="Populism and Trade">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Kent |title=Populism and Trade: The Challenge to the Global Trading System |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0190086350 |chapter=Populism, Trade, and Trump's Path to Victory}}</ref> [[neoconservatism]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Smith |first1=Jordan Michael |last2=Logis |first2=Rich |last3=Logis |first3=Rich |last4=Shephard |first4=Alex |last5=Shephard |first5=Alex |last6=Kipnis |first6=Laura |last7=Kipnis |first7=Laura |last8=Haas |first8=Lidija |last9=Haas |first9=Lidija |date=October 17, 2022 |title=The Neocons Are Losing. Why Aren't We Happy? |magazine=The New Republic |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/168045/neoconservative-isolationism-republican-party |access-date=May 5, 2023 |issn=0028-6583 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505163722/https://newrepublic.com/article/168045/neoconservative-isolationism-republican-party |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Environmentalism|environmental protection laws]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arias-Maldonado |first=Manuel |date=January 2020 |title=Sustainability in the Anthropocene: Between Extinction and Populism |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=2538 |doi=10.3390/su12062538 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020Sust...12.2538A }}</ref> It has been described as featuring [[anti-intellectualism]] and overtly racial appeals.<ref name="Winberg 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Winberg |first=Oscar |date=2017 |title=Insult Politics: Donald Trump, Right-Wing Populism, and Incendiary Language |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/12132 |journal=European Journal of American Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |pages=1–16 |issn=1991-9336 |doi=10.4000/ejas.12132 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231182356/https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/12132 |archive-date=December 31, 2024 |quote-pages=5-6|quote=With the presidency of George W. Bush, coinciding with the ascendance of the conservative media establishment and ending with the mass protests of the Tea Party, the long tradition of right-wing populism was a firmly institutionalized part of the conservative movement and, by extension, the Republican Party. Trump's rise should be understood as part of the long tradition of right-wing populism and the ultimate triumph of the Tea Party movement; a right-wing populist eruption within the Republican Party fueled by both a conservative media establishment and anti-intellectual and, at times, overtly racial appeals.}}</ref>

In international relations, populists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine.<ref name="Falk 2023 t804">{{cite web | last=Falk | first=Thomas O | title=Why are US Republicans pushing for aid to Israel but not Ukraine? | website=Al Jazeera | date=2023-11-08 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/why-are-us-republicans-pushing-for-aid-to-israel-but-not-ukraine | access-date=2023-12-31 | archive-date=December 31, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231160206/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/why-are-us-republicans-pushing-for-aid-to-israel-but-not-ukraine | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Riccardi">{{Cite news |last=Riccardi |first=Nicholas |date=February 19, 2024 |title=Stalled US aid for Ukraine underscores GOP's shift away from confronting Russia |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/ |access-date=February 28, 2024 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228121816/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They are generally supportive of improving [[Russia–United States relations|relations with Russia]],<ref name="Lillis">{{Cite news |last=Lillis |first=Mike |date=February 28, 2024 |title=GOP strained by Trump-influenced shift from Reagan on Russia |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/ |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |quote=Experts say a variety of factors have led to the GOP's more lenient approach to Moscow, some of which preceded Trump's arrival on the political scene ... Trump's popularity has only encouraged other Republicans to adopt a soft-gloves approach to Russia. |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228121816/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ball">{{Cite news |last=Ball |first=Molly |date=February 23, 2024 |title=How Trump Turned Conservatives Against Helping Ukraine |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/how-trump-turned-conservatives-against-helping-ukraine-d9f75b3b |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="Jonathan">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan |first=Chait |date=February 23, 2024 |title=Russian Dolls Trump has finally remade Republicans into Putin's playthings. |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-republicans-vladimir-putin-puppets.html |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=[[New York (magazine)|Intelligencer]] |quote=But during his time in office and after, Trump managed to create, from the grassroots up, a Republican constituency for Russia-friendly policy ... Conservatives vying to be the Trumpiest of them all have realized that supporting Russia translates in the Republican mind as a proxy for supporting Trump. Hence the politicians most willing to defend his offenses against democratic norms — Marjorie Taylor Greene, Jim Jordan, Tommy Tuberville, Mike Lee, J. D. Vance — hold the most anti-Ukraine or pro-Russia views. Conversely, the least-Trumpy Republicans, such as Mitch McConnell and Mitt Romney, have the most hawkish views on Russia. The rapid growth of Trump's once-unique pro-Russia stance is a gravitational function of his personality cult. |archive-date=February 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229043453/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-republicans-vladimir-putin-puppets.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jimison">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/us/politics/trump-ukraine-russia-republicans.html|title=As Trump Turns Toward Russia and Against Ukraine, Republicans Are Mum|date=February 19, 2025|website=The New York Times|quote=Congressional Republicans have mostly tempered their criticism or deferred to the president as he topples what were once their party’s core foreign policy principles.|first1=Robert|last1=Jimison}}</ref> and favor an [[isolationism|isolationist]] "[[America First]]" foreign policy agenda.<ref name="Lange"/><ref name="New York Times"/><ref name="Baker"/><ref name="Cohn2023"/> This faction has been described as closer to that of Vladimir Putin's Russia and Recep Tayyip Erdogan's Turkey than [[Western Europe]] and the [[Anglosphere]] in terms of positions on international cooperation, support for an autocratic leadership style, and trust in institutions.<ref name="Maga mindset"/> This faction takes nationalist and [[irredentist]] views towards other countries in North America, advocating for U.S. territorial expansion to include [[Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States#Proposals to annex Canada by Donald Trump|Canada]], [[Proposed United States acquisition of Greenland|Greenland]] and the [[Panama Canal]], the renaming of the [[Gulf of Mexico]], and potential military action on Mexican soil.<ref>{{cite news|work=CNN|title=Trump is teasing US expansion into Panama, Greenland and Canada|date=December 23, 2024|quote=His pitch to seize the Panama Canal – which he described as a “vital national asset” though it’s been decades since America controlled it – reflected a similarly nationalist agenda that Trump often describes as “America First.”|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/23/politics/trump-us-expansion-panama-canada-greenland/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=The Hill|title=Lawmaker lauds Trump's expansion plan: Panama, Greenland, Canada 'should be honored'|date=January 8, 2025|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/5075347-lawmaker-lauds-trumps-expansion-plan-panama-greenland-canada-should-be-honored/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=AP|date=January 8, 2025|title=Trump refuses to rule out use of military force to take control of Greenland and the Panama Canal|url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-biden-offshore-drilling-gulf-of-america-fa66f8d072eb39c00a8128a8941ede75}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Intercept|title=AS REPUBLICANS THIRST FOR WAR WITH MEXICO, DEMOCRATS PUSH TO MAKE THEM VOTE ON IT|date=August 31, 2023|url=https://theintercept.com/2023/08/31/republicans-mexico-war/|quote=The response to the war powers resolution from the office of Rep. Matt Gaetz, R-Fla. — who has led recent efforts to reduce the U.S. military’s foreign entanglements — highlights populist Republicans’ growing pains in their emerging anti-war coalition with progressive Democrats.}}</ref>

The party's far-right faction includes members of the [[Freedom Caucus]].<ref name="Chatelain 2023 d086">{{cite web | last=Chatelain | first=Ryan | title=Freedom Caucus issues demands for raising debt limit | website=Spectrum News NY1 | date=2023-03-10 | url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2023/03/10/freedom-caucus-issues-demands-for-raising-debt-limit | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref name="NBC4 Washington 2023 e016">{{cite web | title=Far-right Republicans drafted a short-term funding bill with GOP centrists. It's now at risk of collapse. | website=NBC4 Washington | date=2023-09-19 | url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/politics/far-right-republicans-drafted-a-short-term-funding-bill-with-gop-centrists-its-now-at-risk-of-collapse/3426059/ | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Hulse 2023 y458">{{cite web | last=Hulse | first=Carl | title=In Mike Johnson, Far-Right Republicans Find a Speaker They Can Embrace | website=The New York Times | date=2023-10-25 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/25/us/politics/mike-johnson-republican-house-speaker.html | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Mascaro Freking Amiri 2023 a302">{{cite web | last1=Mascaro | first1=Lisa | last2=Freking | first2=Kevin | last3=Amiri | first3=Farnoush | title=Republicans pick Jim Jordan as nominee for House speaker, putting job within the Trump ally's reach | website=AP News | date=2023-10-13 | url=https://apnews.com/article/house-republicans-scalise-jordan-mccarthy-trump-ced017e71de967a7e327cba7e502926a | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref> They generally reject compromise within the party and with the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]],<ref name="Collinson 2023 n804">{{cite web | last=Collinson | first=Stephen | title=McCarthy became the latest victim of Trump's extreme GOP revolution | website=CNN | date=2023-10-04 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/04/politics/mccarthy-victim-trump-gop-revolution/index.html | access-date=2023-12-31 | archive-date=December 31, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231160206/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/04/politics/mccarthy-victim-trump-gop-revolution/index.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rocha 2023 k444">{{cite web | last=Rocha | first=Alander | title=Mike Rogers says of 'far-right wing' of GOP: 'You can't get rid of them' | website=AL | date=2023-09-07 | url=https://www.al.com/news/2023/09/mike-rogers-says-far-right-wing-of-gop-act-like-my-kids-you-cant-get-rid-of-them.html | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref> and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate.<ref name="Macpherson 2021 r371">{{cite web | last=Macpherson | first=James | title=Far right tugs at North Dakota Republican Party | website=AP News | date=2021-07-24 | url=https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-north-dakota-8fce64375abe042324cf26b4c82d57bf | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Times-Herald.com 2023 x358">{{cite web | title=Fringe activists threaten Georgia GOP's political future | website=The Times Herald | date=2023-05-15 | url=https://www.times-herald.com/opinion/fringe-activists-threaten-georgia-gop-s-political-future/article_b3fd5a4a-f33f-11ed-901d-7fbbbf28e09e.html | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref> According to sociologist [[Joe Feagin]], political polarization by racially extremist Republicans as well as their increased attention from conservative media has perpetuated the near extinction of moderate Republicans and created legislative paralysis at numerous government levels in the last few decades.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Feagin |first=Joe R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPGyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |title=White Minority Nation: Past, Present and Future |date=2023-04-25 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-86223-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-17 |title=Where Does American Democracy Go From Here? - The New York Times |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/03/17/magazine/democracy.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090219/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/03/17/magazine/democracy.html |archive-date=March 17, 2022 |last1=Homans |first1=Charles }}</ref>

[[Julia Azari]], an associate professor of political science at [[Marquette University]], noted that not all populist Republicans are public supporters of Donald Trump, and that some Republicans such as [[Governor of Virginia|Virginia Governor]] [[Glenn Youngkin]] endorse Trump policies while distancing themselves from Trump as a person.<ref name="j483">{{cite web |last=Azari |first=Julia |date=2022-03-15 |title=How Republicans Are Thinking About Trumpism Without Trump |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-republicans-are-thinking-about-trumpism-without-trump/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=FiveThirtyEight}}</ref><ref name="Youngkin">{{Cite news |title=The two sides of Youngkin: Virginia's new governor calls for unity but keeps stoking volatile issues |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/02/13/virginia-governor-youngkin-seeks-unity-stokes-division/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226201944/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/02/13/virginia-governor-youngkin-seeks-unity-stokes-division/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The continued dominance of Trump within the GOP has limited the success of this strategy.<ref name="i073">{{cite magazine |last=Shephard |first=Alex |date=2023-08-01 |title=The End of "Trumpism Without Trump" |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/174746/trump-desantis-polling-gop-primary |access-date=2024-09-04 |magazine=The New Republic|quote=The former president's primary rivals thought that they could pass themselves off as a better version of the real thing. They thought wrong.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/17/trump-indictment-election-2024-polling-00102522 |title=Trump cruises, DeSantis flatlines in polling even after bombshell indictment |date=June 17, 2023 |last=Shepard |first=Steven |work=[[Politico]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617115011/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/17/trump-indictment-election-2024-polling-00102522 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="c660">{{cite web |date=2024-08-09 |title=Why JD Vance Is Unpopular and Project 2025 Has Gone Underground |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/trump-vance-project-2025-unpopular/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=The Nation}}</ref> In 2024, Trump led a takeover of the [[Republican National Committee]].<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=RNC: Trump coup complete with loyalist as chair and daughter-in-law as co-chair|date=8 March 2024|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/08/trump-rnc-takeover}}</ref>

A ''[[FiveThirtyEight]]'' analysis found that of the 293 Republican members of Congress on January 20, 2017, just 121 (41%) were left on January 20, 2025. There were many reasons for the turnover, including retirements and deaths, losing general and primary elections, seeking other office, etc., but the extent of the change is still stark. There were 273 Republican members of Congress on January 20, 2025. Trump also changed his vice president and both houses of Congress had changed their top leadership.<ref name="Trump era">{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/538/gop-trumps-party-now/story?id=118574467|title=The GOP is Trump's party now|date=February 10, 2025|access-date=February 10, 2025|first1=Nathaniel|last1=Rakich|first2=Katie|last2=Marriner|website=FiveThirtyEight|quote=Most Republicans in Congress were elected in the Trump era.}}</ref>

==== Conservatives ====
{{Main|Conservatism in the United States}}
{{see also|Cultural conservatism|Fiscal conservatism|Movement conservatism|Neoconservatism|Social conservatism}}
[[File:Conservative Gallup 8-10.svg|thumb|Percent of self-identified [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]] by state as of 2018, according to a [[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]] poll:<ref name="Jones 2019">{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Jeffrey M.|date=2019-02-22|title=Conservatives Greatly Outnumber Liberals in 19 U.S. States|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/247016/conservatives-greatly-outnumber-liberals-states.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Gallup|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222171445/https://news.gallup.com/poll/247016/conservatives-greatly-outnumber-liberals-states.aspx |archive-date=February 22, 2019 }}</ref>
{{legend|#b70000;|45% and above}}
{{legend|#e02727;|40–44%}}
{{legend|#ed6262;|35–39%}}
{{legend|#ed9191;|30–34%}}
{{legend|#ffb8b8;|25–29%}}
{{legend|#ffe3e3;|24% and under}}
]]
Ronald Reagan's presidential election in [[1980 United States presidential election|1980]] established Reagan-style [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservatism]] as the dominant ideological faction of the Republican Party until the election of Donald Trump in 2016.{{refn|name="Establishment"|Attributed to multiple sources.<ref name="Arhin-2023"/><ref name="Smith-2021"/><ref name="Biebricher-2023"/><ref name="Ward 08-26-22"/><ref name="Punchbowl Old GOP"/><ref name = "Kight Feb142024">{{Cite news |last=Kight |first=Stef W. |date=February 13, 2023 |title=GOP's old guard on verge of extinction as Trump allies circle Senate |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/02/14/mcconnell-trump-republican-party-2024-election |access-date=February 14, 2024 |work=Axios |language=en-US |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215041255/https://www.axios.com/2024/02/14/mcconnell-trump-republican-party-2024-election |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wsj.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-hasnt-changed-but-the-gop-has-14ba7c49?mod=mhp|date=July 19, 2024|first1=Molly|last1=Ball|title=Trump Hasn't Changed, but the GOP Has|website=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=July 20, 2024|archive-date=August 11, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811135451/https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-hasnt-changed-but-the-gop-has-14ba7c49?mod=mhp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gerstle2022" />}} Trump's 2016 election split both the GOP and larger conservative movement into [[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Trumpists|Trumpist]] and [[Never Trump movement|anti-Trump]] factions, with the Trumpist faction winning.<ref name ="Johnson-McCray-Ragusa 2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Lauren R.|last2=McCray|first2=Deon|last3=Ragusa|first3=Jordan M.|date=January 11, 2018|title=#NeverTrump: Why Republican members of Congress refused to support their party's nominee in the 2016 presidential election|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|article-number=2053168017749383 |doi=10.1177/2053168017749383|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Swartz2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Swartz |first1=David L. |date=27 May 2022 |title=Trump divide among American conservative professors |journal=[[Theory & Society]] |language=en |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=739–769 |doi=10.1007/s11186-023-09517-4 |issn=1573-7853 |doi-access=free |pmid=37362148 |pmc=10224651 }}</ref> According to [[Nate Silver]], in all three of Trump's runs for president income had no significant correlation with support for the Republican Party, that is voters across all incomes were closely divided between the two parties.<ref name="Nate Silver"/><ref name="culture trumps economic class">{{Cite web |title=How culture trumps economic class as the new political fault line|date=March 28, 2024|website=Silver Bulletin|access-date=January 13, 2025|first1=Nate|last1=Silver|url=https://www.natesilver.net/p/how-culture-trumps-economic-class}}</ref>

Demographically, the party has lost majority support from white voters with college degrees, while continuing to gain among voters without college degrees.<ref name="Lost Their">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/25/upshot/democrats-trump-working-class.html|title=How Democrats Lost Their Base and their Message|quote=Donald Trump's populist pitch bumped Democrats off their traditional place in American politics.|website=The New York Times|first1=Nate|last1=Cohn|date=November 25, 2024|access-date=November 25, 2024|archive-date=November 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125104053/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/25/upshot/democrats-trump-working-class.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Polarization by education"/><ref name="cambridge.org"/><ref name="Cliffe 2023" /> Higher educational attainment is strongly correlated with higher income, as well as decreased support for Trump and social conservatism.<ref name="Cliffe 2023"/> In the 2024 presidential election, Democrat [[Kamala Harris]] won a majority of voters with annual incomes over $100,000 (51-47%) and $200,000 (52-46%). Harris was also very competitive among White voters making over $100,000 (49-50%) and $200,000 a year (48-51%).<ref name="Exit poll results 2024"/>

A core economic belief of Reagan-style American conservatism that has been opposed by the right-wing populist faction is support for [[neoliberalism]],<ref name="Gerstle2022"/> including support for [[multilateralism]] and [[free trade]] while opposing tariffs.<ref name="Trump’s aggressive push"/> The right-wing populist faction has gained preeminence by appealing to White voters without college degrees who oppose globalization and free trade and instead support enacting tariffs,<ref name="favor Trump tariffs"/> particularly in the [[Rust Belt]] states that were crucial to Donald Trump winning the presidency twice.<ref name="The World Trump Wants"/> Donald Trump and his base have supported enacting [[mercantilism|mercantilist]] economic policies intended to bring back the economic model that dominated the world from roughly the [[16th century|16th]] to [[19th century|19th]] centuries.<ref name="Gilded Age vision"/><ref name="Helleiner 2021"/>

Conventional conservatism has been in decline across the Western world, not just the United States.<ref name="Cliffe 2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2023/02/strange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism|title=The strange death of the centre right|quote=In Western democracies conventional conservatism is foundering. How did this once-dominant political force become so diminished? ... The picture today is drastically different. In every one of those countries the moderate conservative tendency represented by those leaders has been sidelined in one way or another. It has either been displaced by more hard-line elements within the same party, or by another party farther to the right; or it has started cooperating with the hard-line right; or has been partly or wholly marginalised within the political system. In one notable case (Orbán) it has self-radicalised. In several countries more than one of these things has occurred. ... The traditional centre right of the postwar decades could do so by “bundling” moderate social conservatism (moderate by the standards of its day, at least) with the pro-business economic conservatism favoured by higher earners. '''But today those two elements are coming apart: richer folk are more likely to have gone to university and be socially liberal, while social conservatism is more associated with poorer groups.''' That puts centre-right politics in zugzwang: forced to move, but with no good options. It can emphasize its social conservatism and lose pro-business graduates to the centre, or play it down, shore up its support among those voters and lose social conservatives to the radical right.|first1=Jeremy|last1=Cliffe|date=February 15, 2023|access-date=February 5, 2025|website=The New Statesman|archive-date=February 11, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211103019/https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2023/02/strange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[European Union]]'s [[multi-party system]], right-wing populist parties and [[European People's Party|European conservative parties]] both received support from about a quarter of voters in the early 2020s, the highest share for right-wing populist parties since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2025/02/28/hard-right-parties-are-now-europes-most-popular|title=Hard-right parties are now Europe's most popular|newspaper=The Economist|quote=But over the past 15 years hard-right parties have made substantial gains across the region. Drawing on the work of political scientists, our analysis shows that they now make up Europe’s most popular family of political parties by vote share, beating out the conservative and social-democratic blocs for the first time in modern European history.|date=February 28, 2025|access-date=March 21, 2025}}</ref>

Trump's first vice president [[Mike Pence]] has since distanced himself from Trump and did not endorse him in the 2024 presidential election.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 7, 2023 |title=Mike Pence Tears into Donald Trump at 2024 Campaign Launch |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65839793 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |quote=[Pence] added that Mr. Trump's actions on 6 January should disqualify him from returning to power. 'I believe that anyone who puts themselves over the constitution should never be president of the United States,' he said. 'And anyone who asked someone else to put them over the constitution should never be president of the United States again.'}}</ref><ref name="Pence">{{cite web |date=March 15, 2024 |title=Pence says he won't endorse Trump in 2024 race |language=en-US |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4535253-pence-says-he-wont-endorse-trump-in-2024-race/ |access-date=March 15, 2024 |quote='In each of these cases Donald Trump is pursuing and articulating an agenda that is at odds with the conservative agenda that we governed on during our four years,' Pence said. 'And that's why I cannot in good conscience endorse Donald Trump in this campaign.' |archive-date=March 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315202654/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4535253-pence-says-he-wont-endorse-trump-in-2024-race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, Trump decided not to have Pence as his vice president again, instead choosing JD Vance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bender |first=Michael C. |date=2022-12-07 |title=The key statistics about Trump's endorsement track record this year. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/06/us/politics/trump-candidate-endorsement-georgia.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Mitch McConnell]], who previously served as Senate Republican leader for 18 years (2007–2025), stepped down as leader in 2025 and will retire in 2026 due to declining health and age, as well as disagreements with Trump. McConnell was described as the last powerful member of the Republican establishment, with his retirement marking its end.<ref name="Carney 2025">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/02/20/mitch-mcconnell-end-of-an-era-00205294|title=Out goes Mitch McConnell — and an era of GOP politics|first1=Jordain|last1=Carney|website=[[Politico]] |date=February 20, 2025|access-date=February 20, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Price of Power"/><ref name="Punchbowl Old GOP"/>

The [[Roberts Court]] (2005–present), three of whose members were appointed by Trump as of 2024, has been described as the most conservative Supreme Court since the [[Vinson Court]] (1946-1953). It represents the last of the Republican establishment, with [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Roberts]] the only Republican leader before Trump to have maintained office during Trump's second term.<ref name="Nine Black Robes">{{Cite book|title=Nine Black Robes: Inside the Supreme Court's Drive to the Right and Its Historic Consequences|date=April 4, 2023|quote=Today’s bench—with its conservative majority—is desperately ideological. The Court has been headed rightward and ensnared by its own intrigues for years, but the Trump appointments hastened the modern transformation.|first1=Joan|last1=Biskupic|isbn=978-0063052789 }}</ref>

The party still maintains long-time ideologically conservative positions on many issues.<ref name="Aratani-2021">{{cite news |last1=Aratani |first1=Lauren |title=Republicans unveil two minimum wage bills in response to Democrats' push |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814230535/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |archive-date=14 August 2021 |quote=In keeping with the party's deep division between its dominant Trumpist faction and its more traditionalist party elites, the twin responses seem aimed at appealing on one hand to its corporate-friendly allies and on the other hand to its populist rightwing base. Both have an anti-immigrant element.}}</ref> Traditional modern conservatives combine support for free-market economic policies with [[social conservatism]] and a hawkish approach to foreign policy.<ref name="Devine-2014">{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Devine |first=Donald |date=April 4, 2014 |title=Reagan's Philosophical Fusionism |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/reagans-philosophical-fusionism/ |access-date=January 18, 2023 |website=The American Conservative |language=en-US |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404162912/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/reagans-philosophical-fusionism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other parts of the conservative movement are composed of [[fiscal conservatism|fiscal conservatives]] and [[deficit hawk]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coates|first=David|year=2012|title=The Oxford Companion to American Politics|volume=2|page=393|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-976431-0}}</ref>

In foreign policy, [[Neoconservatism|neoconservatives]] are a small faction of the GOP that support an [[Interventionism (politics)|interventionist foreign policy]] and increased military spending. They previously held significant influence in the early 2000s in planning the initial response to the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]] through the [[War on Terror]].<ref name="Rathburn 2008" /> Since the election of Trump in 2016, neoconservatism has declined and [[non-interventionism]] and [[isolationism]] has grown among elected federal Republican officeholders.<ref name="New Fusionism" /><ref name="Rucker 2016">{{cite news |last1=Rucker |first1=Philip |author1-link=Philip Rucker |last2=Costa |first2=Robert |author2-link=Robert Costa (journalist) |date=March 21, 2016 |title=Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/ |access-date=February 23, 2024 |archive-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514130954/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dodson-Brooks 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Dodson |first1=Kyle |last2=Brooks |first2=Clem |title=All by Himself? Trump, Isolationism, and the American Electorate |journal=The Sociological Quarterly |date=20 September 2021 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=780–803 |doi=10.1080/00380253.2021.1966348 |s2cid=240577549 |issn=0038-0253|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the elections of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes.<ref name="New Fusionism"/> These have resulted in shifts towards greater support for [[national conservatism]],<ref>{{cite news |title=The growing peril of national conservatism |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=February 15, 2024 |access-date=February 15, 2024 |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195332/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[protectionism]],<ref>{{cite news |title=The Republican Party no longer believes America is the essential nation |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/10/26/the-republican-party-no-longer-believes-america-is-the-essential-nation |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=October 26, 2023 |access-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213131705/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/10/26/the-republican-party-no-longer-believes-america-is-the-essential-nation |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[cultural conservatism]], a more [[Realism (international relations)|realist]] foreign policy, a conspiracist sub-culture, a repudiation of [[neoconservatism]], reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.<ref name="New Fusionism"/><ref name=dissolved>{{cite news |last1=Mullins |first1=Luke |title=FreedomWorks Is Closing — And Blaming Trump |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/05/08/freedomworks-is-closing-and-blaming-trump-00156784 |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=Politico |date=May 8, 2024}}</ref> There are significant divisions within the party on the issues of [[abortion]] and LGBT rights.<ref name="Cohn2023">{{Cite news |last=Cohn |first=Nate |date=August 17, 2023 |title=The 6 Kinds of Republican Voters |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html |access-date=October 9, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012095530/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Doherty-2023" />

Conservative caucuses include the [[Republican Study Committee]] and [[Freedom Caucus]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About|date=December 19, 2013 |url=https://rsc-hern.house.gov/about|publisher=Republican Study Committee|access-date=February 14, 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111231548/https://rsc-hern.house.gov/about|archive-date=January 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desilver|first=Drew|date=January 23, 2023|title=Freedom Caucus likely to play a bigger role in new GOP-led House. So who are they?|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/01/23/freedom-caucus-likely-to-play-a-bigger-role-in-new-gop-led-house-so-who-are-they/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108045953/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/01/23/freedom-caucus-likely-to-play-a-bigger-role-in-new-gop-led-house-so-who-are-they/|archive-date=January 8, 2024|access-date=February 14, 2024|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Christian right ====
{{Main|Christian right|Social conservatism in the United States}}
{{see also|Christian nationalism#United States|Bible Belt|United States anti-abortion movement|2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States}}
[[File:Speaker Mike Johnson Official Portrait.jpg|thumb|House Speaker [[Mike Johnson]] (2023–present)]]

Since the rise of the [[Christian right]] in the 1970s, the Republican Party has drawn significant support from [[evangelicals]], [[Mormons]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 27, 2015|title=Five things you should know about Mormon politics|url=https://religionnews.com/2015/04/27/five-things-know-mormon-politics/|access-date=July 16, 2020|website=Religion News Service|language=en-US|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716204657/https://religionnews.com/2015/04/27/five-things-know-mormon-politics/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Traditionalist Catholicism|traditionalist]] [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholics]], partly due to [[opposition to abortion]] after ''[[Roe v. Wade]].''<ref name="Williams-2022">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel K. |date=May 9, 2022 |title=This Really Is a Different Pro-Life Movement |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/south-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics/629779/ |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en |quote=This was not merely a geographic shift, trading one region for another, but a more fundamental transformation of the anti-abortion movement's political ideology. In 1973 many of the most vocal opponents of abortion were northern Democrats who believed in an expanded social-welfare state and who wanted to reduce abortion rates through prenatal insurance and federally funded day care. In 2022, most anti-abortion politicians are conservative Republicans who are skeptical of such measures. What happened was a seismic religious and political shift in opposition to abortion that has not occurred in any other Western country. |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510043840/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/south-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics/629779/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Christian right faction is characterized by strong support of [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] and [[Christian nationalism|Christian nationalist]] policies.{{refn|
* {{cite book |author-last1=McDaniel|author-first1=Eric L.|author-last2=Nooruddin|author-first2=Irfan|author-last3=Shortle|author-first3=Allyson|date=2022 |title=The Everyday Crusade: Christian Nationalism in American Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lodoEAAAQBAJ |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316516263|doi=10.1017/9781009029445|quote=White Christian Nationalists are today the base of the Republican Party and those who attacked the U.S. Capitol are drawn from their ranks.}}
* {{Cite web |date=February 7, 2024 |title=First of Its Kind Survey Maps Support for Christian Nationalism Across All 50 States |url=https://www.prri.org/press-release/first-of-its-kind-survey-maps-support-for-christian-nationalism-across-all-50-states/ |access-date=June 15, 2024 |publisher=[[Public Religion Research Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616030445/https://www.prri.org/press-release/first-of-its-kind-survey-maps-support-for-christian-nationalism-across-all-50-states/ |url-status=live |quote=At the national level, Christian nationalism is strongly linked to Republican Party affiliation, white evangelical Protestant affiliation, and higher church attendance.}}
* {{cite book |author-last1=Whitehead|author-first1=Andrew L.|author-last2=Perry|author-first2=Samuel L.|date=2020 |title=Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDLNDwAAQBAJ |location=New York, New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190057909 }}
* {{Cite web |date=February 8, 2023 |title=A Christian Nation? Understanding the Threat of Christian Nationalism to American Democracy and Culture |url=https://www.prri.org/research/a-christian-nation-understanding-the-threat-of-christian-nationalism-to-american-democracy-and-culture/ |access-date=June 16, 2024 |publisher=[[Public Religion Research Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615070952/https://www.prri.org/research/a-christian-nation-understanding-the-threat-of-christian-nationalism-to-american-democracy-and-culture/ |url-status=live |quote=Partisanship is closely linked to Christian nationalist views. Most Republicans qualify as either Christian nationalism sympathizers (33%) or adherents (21%), while at least three-quarters of both independents (46% skeptics and 29% rejecters) and Democrats (36% skeptics and 47% rejecters) lean toward rejecting Christian nationalism. Republicans (21%) are about four times as likely as Democrats (5%) or independents (6%) to be adherents of Christian nationalism.}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Joseph O. |last2=Perry |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Whitehead |first3=Andrew L. |date=August 6, 2020 |title=Crusading for Moral Authority: Christian Nationalism and Opposition to Science |journal=Sociological Forum |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=587–607 |doi=10.1111/socf.12619 |quote=Christian nationalism has become a powerful predictor of supporting conservative policies and political candidates. This is in large part due to the Republican Party platform becoming synonymous with "restoring" the sacred values, moral superiority, unity, pride, and prosperity of America's mythic past.|hdl=1805/26816 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Whitehead |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Perry |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Baker |first3=Joseph O. |date=25 January 2018 |title=Make America Christian Again: Christian Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election |journal=Sociology of Religion |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=147–171 |doi=10.1093/socrel/srx070 |quote=The current study establishes that, independent of these influences, voting for Trump was, at least for many Americans, a symbolic defense of the United States' perceived Christian heritage. Data from a national probability sample of Americans surveyed soon after the 2016 election shows that greater adherence to Christian nationalist ideology was a robust predictor of voting for Trump...}}
* {{cite news |last=Lauter |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |title=Will Republicans become a Christian nationalist party? Can they win if they do? |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/newsletter/2023-02-17/will-republicans-become-a-christian-nationalist-party-essential-politics |url-status=live |work=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405092338/https://www.latimes.com/politics/newsletter/2023-02-17/will-republicans-become-a-christian-nationalist-party-essential-politics |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |access-date=June 16, 2024|issn=0458-3035 |quote=The strength of Christian nationalist sentiment can be clearly seen in a wide range of issues that Republican elected officials have stressed, including efforts to curtail the rights and visibility of transgender people, but also some less obvious topics, such as immigration.}}
* {{cite news |last1=Whitehead |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Perry |first2=Samuel L. |date=February 17, 2024 |title=Is Christian nationalism growing or declining? Both. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/25/republicans-christian-nationalism-midterms/ |url-status=live |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182922/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/25/republicans-christian-nationalism-midterms/ |archive-date=June 16, 2024 |access-date=June 16, 2024|issn=0190-8286 |quote=According to political scientists Stella Rouse and Shibley Telhami, most Republicans support declaring the United States a Christian nation. And Christian nationalists are running for office at all levels of government, from local school boards to presumptive presidential candidates. Though the numbers of those who claim Christian nationalist beliefs may decline, Christian nationalism's influence in public life only continues to grow.}}
* {{cite web |last=Perry |first=Samuel |date=August 5, 2022 |title=After Trump, Christian nationalist ideas are going mainstream – despite a history of violence |url=https://theconversation.com/after-trump-christian-nationalist-ideas-are-going-mainstream-despite-a-history-of-violence-188055 |url-status=live |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132553/https://theconversation.com/after-trump-christian-nationalist-ideas-are-going-mainstream-despite-a-history-of-violence-188055 |archive-date=June 1, 2024 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |issn=2201-5639 |quote=The presence of Christian nationalist ideas in recent political campaigns is concerning, given its ties to violence and white supremacy. Trump and his advisers helped to mainstream such rhetoric with events like his photo op with a Bible in Lafayette Square in Washington following the violent dispersal of protesters, and making a show of pastors laying hands on him. But that legacy continues beyond his administration.}}
* {{cite news |last=Cummings |first=Mike |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Yale sociologist Phil Gorski on the threat of white Christian nationalism |url=https://news.yale.edu/2022/03/15/yale-sociologist-phil-gorski-threat-white-christian-nationalism |url-status=live |work=Yale News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612195953/https://news.yale.edu/2022/03/15/yale-sociologist-phil-gorski-threat-white-christian-nationalism |archive-date=June 12, 2024 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |quote=White Christian nationalism is a dangerous threat because it's incredibly well-organized and powerful. There's absolutely nothing like it on the left.}}
* {{cite news |last=Smith |first=Peter |date=February 17, 2024 |title=Many believe the founders wanted a Christian America. Some want the government to declare one now |url=https://apnews.com/article/american-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82 |url-status=live |work=The Associated Press |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219033711/https://apnews.com/article/american-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82 |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=February 22, 2024}}
* {{cite web |last1=Rouse |first1=Stella |last2=Telhami |first2=Shibley |title=Most Republicans Support Declaring the United States a Christian Nation |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736 |website=Politico |access-date=February 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927001816/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |date=September 21, 2022 |url-status=live|quote=Christian nationalism, a belief that the United States was founded as a white, Christian nation and that there is no separation between church and state, is gaining steam on the right. Prominent Republican politicians have made the themes critical to their message to voters in the run up to the 2022 midterm elections.}}}} Christian conservatives seek to use the teachings of [[Christianity]] to influence law and public policy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Margaret L. |last2=Taylor|first2=Howard Francis |date=2006 |title=Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9bIrZ9xacC&pg=PA469 |location=Belmont, CA |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |page= |isbn=978-0-534-61716-5}}</ref> Compared to other Republicans, the socially conservative [[Religious right in the United States|Christian right]] faction of the party is more likely to oppose [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]], [[Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States|marijuana legalization]], and support [[Abortion law in the United States by state|significantly restricting the legality of abortion]].<ref>{{cite book |author-first=Robert B. |author-last=Smith |title=Mediations of Social Life in the 21st Century |chapter=Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality |editor-first=Harry F. |editor-last=Dahms |date=2014|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781784412227|page=101|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|language=en}}</ref>

The Christian right is strongest in the [[Bible Belt]], which covers most of the [[Southern United States]].<ref>Brunn, Stanley D., Gerald R. Webster, and J. Clark Archer. "The Bible Belt in a changing south: Shrinking, relocating, and multiple buckles." ''Southeastern Geographer'' 51.4 (2011): 513–549. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26228980 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129031122/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26228980 |date=January 29, 2023 }}</ref> [[Mike Pence]], Donald Trump's vice president from 2017 to 2021, was a member of the Christian right.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/politics/mike-pence-religion.html|title=Mike Pence's Journey: Catholic Democrat to Evangelical Republican|last1=Mahler|first1=Jonathan|date=July 20, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 22, 2017|last2=Johnson|first2=Dirk|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114134505/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/politics/mike-pence-religion.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2023, a member of the Christian right faction, Louisiana representative [[Mike Johnson]], was elected the 56th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Graham |first2=Ruth |last3=Eder |first3=Steve |title=For Mike Johnson, Religion Is at the Forefront of Politics and Policy |work=The New York Times |date=October 28, 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/27/us/politics/mike-johnson-speaker-religion.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=Christian conservatives cheer one of their own as Mike Johnson assumes Congress' most powerful seat |url=https://apnews.com/article/house-speaker-mike-johnson-christian-right-louisiana-9407f1e4b4c588f27f9510dd47c94fe8 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224023531/https://apnews.com/article/house-speaker-mike-johnson-christian-right-louisiana-9407f1e4b4c588f27f9510dd47c94fe8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Libertarians ====
{{main|Libertarian Republican|Right-libertarianism}}
{{See also|Libertarian conservatism|Libertarianism in the United States|Republican Liberty Caucus|Tea Party movement}}
The Republican Party has a [[right-libertarian|libertarian]] faction.<ref name="Wilbur-2012"/><ref name="Cohn2023"/> This faction of the party is most popular in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] and [[Western United States]].<ref name="Cohn2023" /> Libertarianism emerged from [[fusionism]] in the 1950s and 60s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dionne Jr. |first=E.J. |title=Why Americans Hate Politics |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1991 |location=New York |page=161}}</ref> [[Barry Goldwater]] had a substantial impact on the conservative-libertarian movement of the 1960s.<ref>{{Citation |last=Poole |first=Robert |title=In memoriam: Barry Goldwater |date=August–September 1998 |newspaper=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] |type=Obituary |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628123204/http%3A//findarticles%2Ecom/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419/ |archive-date=June 28, 2009}}</ref> Compared to other Republicans, they are more likely to favor the [[Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States|legalization of marijuana]], [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]] such as [[same-sex marriage]], [[gun rights]], oppose [[Surveillance|mass surveillance]], and support reforms to current laws surrounding [[Civil forfeiture in the United States|civil asset forfeiture]]. Right-wing libertarians are [[Libertarian perspectives on abortion|strongly divided on the subject of abortion]].<ref name="Libertarians for Life">{{cite web |first=Doris |last=Gordon |title=Abortion and Rights: Applying Libertarian Principles Correctly |url=http://www.l4l.org/library/abor-rts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526031557/http://l4l.org/library/abor-rts.html |archive-date=May 26, 2016 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |publisher=[[Libertarians for Life]]}} Also see: {{cite book |last1=McElroy |first1=Wendy |author-link1=Wendy McElroy |title=Liberty for Women |date=2002 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |isbn=978-1566634359 |location=Chicago |page=156 |oclc=260069067 |quote=Libertarians for Life declare that abortion is not a right but a 'wrong under justice.'}}</ref> Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party include [[Rand Paul]],<ref name="courier-journal.com">{{Cite web |title=Who are Mike Lee and Rand Paul, the senators slamming the White House's Iran briefing? |url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2020/01/09/who-mike-lee-and-rand-paul-senators-slamming-white-houses-iran-briefing/4420109002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023724/https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2020/01/09/who-mike-lee-and-rand-paul-senators-slamming-white-houses-iran-briefing/4420109002/ |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=May 26, 2023 |website=The Courier-Journal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="hannitycpac">{{cite news |date=March 18, 2013 |title=Sen. Rand Paul talks CPAC straw poll victory, looks ahead to 2016 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/hannity/2013/03/19/sen-rand-paul-talks-cpac-straw-poll-victory-looks-ahead-2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401150703/http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/hannity/2013/03/19/sen-rand-paul-talks-cpac-straw-poll-victory-looks-ahead-2016 |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |publisher=Hannity with Sean Hannity (Fox News Network)}}</ref> [[Thomas Massie]],<ref name="tea party">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Joshua |date=December 22, 2012 |title=Scientist, Farmer Brings Tea Party Sensibility to House |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2012/12/22/scientist-farmer-brings-tea-party-sensibility-to-house/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901054304/https://www.rollcall.com/2012/12/22/scientist-farmer-brings-tea-party-sensibility-to-house/ |archive-date=September 1, 2020 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |work=[[Roll Call]]}}</ref> and [[Mike Lee]].<ref name="courier-journal.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Glueck |first=Katie |date=July 31, 2013 |title=Paul, Cruz and Lee in rare form |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/rand-paul-ted-cruz-mike-lee-095033 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526180557/https://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/rand-paul-ted-cruz-mike-lee-095033 |archive-date=May 26, 2023 |access-date=May 26, 2023 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[2024 United States elections]], the Republican Party adopted pro-[[cryptocurrency]] policies, which were originally advocated by the libertarian wing of the party.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Marketplace|title=Republicans are embracing crypto|date=17 July 2024|url=https://www.marketplace.org/2024/07/17/republicans-crypto-bitcoin-donald-trump/}}</ref> As the Republican presidential nominee, [[Donald Trump]] addressed the [[2024 Libertarian National Convention]], pledging support for cryptocurrency, opposing [[central bank digital currency]] and expressing support for the commutation of [[Ross Ulbricht]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schaeffer |first1=Peder |title=Trump pledges to commute sentence of Silk Road founder Ross Ulbricht if elected |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/25/trump-commute-ross-ulbricht-sentence-libertarian-convention-00160025 |website=[[Politico]] |access-date=8 February 2025 |date=25 May 2024}}</ref> Trump's 2024 campaign featured greater influence from [[technolibertarian]] elements, particularly [[Elon Musk]], who was subsequently nominated to lead the [[Department of Government Efficiency]] (DOGE).<ref>{{cite news|work=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/technology/383859/musk-trump-vance-silicon-valley|date=November 11, 2024|title=Trump's techno-libertarian dream team goes to Washington}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Politico|title=Elon Musk's Twist On Tech Libertarianism Is Blowing Up On Twitter|date=November 23, 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/11/23/elon-musks-new-school-tech-libertarianism-00070733}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Euronews|title='Techno libertarians': Why Elon Musk is supporting Donald Trump in the US election|date=October 30, 2024|url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/10/30/techno-libertarians-why-elon-musk-is-supporting-donald-trump-in-the-us-election}}</ref>

In June 2025, the libertarian wing strongly opposed Trump's [[One Big Beautiful Bill Act]] for contributing to the national debt, with Paul, Massie and Musk all publicly criticizing the legislation.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Hill|title=Rand Paul doubles down on big, beautiful bill criticism after Trump slam|date=June 6, 2025|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5330468-rand-paul-doubles-down-on-big-beautiful-bill-criticism-after-trump-slam/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Independent|title=Elon Musk and Rand Paul appear to join forces against Trump and the 'big, beautiful bill'|date=June 5, 2025|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-rand-paul-trump-bill-b2763331.html}}</ref> In response, White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy [[Stephen Miller (advisor)|Stephen Miller]], a figure associated with the populist wing of the party, criticized the libertarian faction, stating, "Certain libertarians in Congress, who are not MAGA, have their own agenda...and it's not yours."<ref name="BBBmiller"/> Miller has been described by [[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] as advocating for a break with the libertarians within the party, based on his view that they do not sufficiently emphasize [[immigration reduction|strict immigration restriction]]s or favor massive increases of government spending.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Hill|quote=the White House deputy chief of staff — and chief architect of Trump’s immigration agenda — is taking a sledgehammer to what remains of the libertarian-conservative fusionism that was prominent in the party pre-Trump.|date=June 10, 2025|url=https://thehill.com/newsletters/the-movement/5341262-the-movement-stephen-miller-gop-libertarians/|title=Stephen Miller wages war on the GOP's libertarians}}</ref>

==== Moderates ====
{{Main|Centrism|Center-right politics}}
{{see also|Republican Governance Group|Moderate conservatism|Problem Solvers Caucus}}
Moderates in the Republican Party are an ideologically centrist group that predominantly come from the [[Northeastern United States]],<ref name="Kashinsky-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/19/moderate-republican-governor-trump-00107248|title=Sununu's exit spells the end of a whole breed of Republican governor|date=July 19, 2023|website=POLITICO|last=Kashinsky|first=Lisa|access-date=November 8, 2023|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108131447/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/19/moderate-republican-governor-trump-00107248|url-status=live}}</ref> and are typically located in [[swing state]]s or [[Red states and blue states|blue states]]. Moderate Republican voters are typically highly educated, affluent, fiscally conservative, socially moderate or liberal and often [[Never Trump movement|"Never Trump"]].<ref name="Cohn2023" /><ref name="Kashinsky-2023"/> While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans (i.e. [[tax cuts|lower taxes]], [[deregulation]], and [[welfare reform]]), moderate Republicans differ in that some are for [[affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]],<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Losing Its Preference: Affirmative Action Fades as Issue|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa091896.htm|year=1996|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223165410/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa091896.htm|archive-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights and same-sex marriage]], legal access to and even public funding for [[abortion debate|abortion]], [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] laws, more [[environmental regulation]] and action on [[climate change]], fewer restrictions on [[immigration]] and a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/06/liberal.republicans/|title=Analysis: An autopsy of liberal Republicans|first=Alan|last=Silverleib|website=cnn.com|language=en|date=May 6, 2009|access-date=October 14, 2018|archive-date=June 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021607/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/06/liberal.republicans/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tatum |first1=Sophie |title=3 Kansas legislators switch from Republican to Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/19/politics/kansas-legislature-republican-democrat/index.html |website=CNN |date=December 20, 2018 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030091356/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/19/politics/kansas-legislature-republican-democrat/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Weiner |first1=Rachel |title=Charlie Crist defends party switch |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2012/12/10/charlie-crist-defends-party-switch/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225143218/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2012/12/10/charlie-crist-defends-party-switch/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Susan |title=Meltdown On Main Street: Inside The Breakdown Of The GOP's Moderate Wing |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753404051/meltdown-on-main-street-inside-the-breakdown-of-the-gops-moderate-wing |access-date=June 17, 2022 |work=[[NPR]] |date=August 23, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=June 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617124126/https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753404051/meltdown-on-main-street-inside-the-breakdown-of-the-gops-moderate-wing |url-status=live }}</ref> and the faction is in decline.<ref name="h183">{{cite news |date=2006-12-07 |title=The Decline of GOP Moderates |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2006/12/07/the-decline-of-gop-moderates/f38f0257850acbf1271c31bd9f5a656d/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="a610">{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Paul |date=2008-10-25 |title=Republicans fear long exile in the wilderness |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/26/uselections2008-republicans |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="k148">{{cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=2012-01-18 |title=Mitt Romney and the fall of Republican moderates |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/mitt-romney-and-the-fall-of-republican-moderates/2012/01/18/gIQAQ2BC9P_story.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="i458">{{cite web |last=Drutman |first=Lee |date=2020-08-24 |title=Why There Are So Few Moderate Republicans Left |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-there-are-so-few-moderate-republicans-left/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=FiveThirtyEight}}</ref><ref name="y651">{{cite web |last=Berman |first=Russell |date=2023-01-27 |title='We Used to Be Called Moderate. We Are Not Moderate.' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2023/01/moderate-centrist-republicans-pragmatic-conservatives/672856/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref name="y851">{{cite web |last=Skolnik |first=Jon |date=2021-12-03 |title=Moderate Republicans are quitting as the GOP's big tent narrows |url=https://www.salon.com/2021/12/03/moderate-are-quitting-as-the-gops-big-tent-narrows/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Salon}}</ref>

Notable moderate Republicans include Senators [[Lisa Murkowski]] of Alaska and [[Susan Collins (politician)|Susan Collins]] of Maine,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/collins-murkowski-key-votes-kavanaugh-confirmation/572407/|title=Two Moderate Senators, Two Very Different Paths|first=Elaina|last=Plott|date=October 6, 2018|website=The Atlantic|access-date=February 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/opinion/collins-murkowski-change-parties.html|title=Opinion – Senators Collins and Murkowski, It's Time to Leave the G.O.P.|first=Susan|last=Faludi|work=The New York Times|date=July 5, 2018|access-date=February 23, 2019|via=NYTimes.com|archive-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112139/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/opinion/collins-murkowski-change-parties.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/408193-kavanaughs-fate-rests-with-sen-collins/|title=Kavanaugh's fate rests with Sen. Collins|first=Linda|last=Petre|date=September 25, 2018|website=TheHill|access-date=February 23, 2019|archive-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112348/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/408193-kavanaughs-fate-rests-with-sen-collins|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/sen-lisa-murkowski-face-reprisal-alaska-gop|title=Sen. Lisa Murkowski Could Face Reprisal from Alaska GOP|first1=Griffin|last1=Connolly|date=October 9, 2018|access-date=February 23, 2019|website=rollcall.com|archive-date=October 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011013657/https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/sen-lisa-murkowski-face-reprisal-alaska-gop|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevada governor [[Joe Lombardo]], Vermont governor [[Phil Scott]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/11/republican-governors-new-england-defy-blue-wave/574726/|title=The Last Liberal Republicans Hang On|first=Parker|last=Richards|date=November 3, 2018|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=February 23, 2019|archive-date=November 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109112034/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/11/republican-governors-new-england-defy-blue-wave/574726/|url-status=live}}</ref> New Hampshire governor [[Kelly Ayotte]], and former Maryland governor [[Larry Hogan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/09/29/larry-hogan-trump-maryland-00181572|title=Larry Hogan confirms he won't vote for Trump, despite the former president's endorsement|date=September 29, 2024|website=Politico|first1=Greta|last1=Reich|access-date=September 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/gov-larry-hogan-positions-himself-as-moderate-on-the-national-stage-at-second-inauguration/65-ccd71689-8f8a-4663-af27-07014cb3c929|title=Gov. Larry Hogan positions himself as moderate on the national stage at second inauguration|website=WUSA|date=January 16, 2019|access-date=February 23, 2019|archive-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112322/https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/gov-larry-hogan-positions-himself-as-moderate-on-the-national-stage-at-second-inauguration/65-ccd71689-8f8a-4663-af27-07014cb3c929|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political positions ==
{{Main|Political positions of the Republican Party}}
{{conservatism US|parties}}

=== Economic policies ===
[[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|Enacting high tariffs]] on foreign imports is a core component of [[Donald Trump]]'s fiscal agenda. Tariffs are taxes on foreign imports, mainly paid by domestic businesses, given that consumers generally do not import foreign goods directly.<ref name="Buckle Up"/> By raising tariffs to their highest levels since the [[Gilded Age]], Trump enacted one of the largest tax increases by any Republican president.<ref name="Trump Is Raising Them">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/05/business/economy/republicans-tax-cuts-tariffs-trump.html|title=Republicans Like to Cut Taxes. With Tariffs, Trump Is Raising Them.|quote=President Trump’s tariffs are scrambling the Republican plan for the economy, long centered on tax cuts and growth.|date=April 5, 2025|access-date=April 5, 2025|website=The New York Times|first1=Andrew|last1=Duehren}}</ref> The Constitution's [[Import-Export Clause]] requires that only the federal government be allowed to collect tariff revenue from imports.<ref name="Gilded Age vision"/>

Republicans also believe that [[free market]]s and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The grand old party – a party of values?|first1=Patrick|last1=Mair|first2=Thomas|last2=Rusch|first3=Kurt|last3=Hornik|date=November 27, 2014|journal=SpringerPlus|volume=3|article-number=697|doi=10.1186/2193-1801-3-697 |doi-access=free |pmid=25512889|pmc=4256162}}</ref> Reduction in income taxes for those with higher incomes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/tax-cuts-jobs-act-trump-treasury-agenda-f4031196e0d69d0a1630e3b06b6d3cd7|title=Trump tax cuts, if made permanent, stand to benefit highest income earners, Treasury analysis shows|website=[[Associated Press News]] |date=January 10, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itep.org/a-distributional-analysis-of-donald-trumps-tax-plan-2024/|title=A Distributional Analysis of Donald Trump's Tax Plan
|website=[[Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy]] |date=October 7, 2024 }}</ref> is a core component of Republicans' fiscal agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.russellsage.org/news/how-tax-cuts-became-central-republican-party|title=How Tax Cuts Became Central to the Republican Party|website=www.russellsage.org}}</ref>

====Taxes and trade====
{{As of |2025}} the Republican Party supports near-universal [[tariff]]s, but that has not always been the case. For example, during the last half of the 20th century, Republicans were strong proponents of [[free trade]]. The current Republican president, Donald Trump, has been a staunch proponent of enacting [[tariff]]s as a means of generating tax revenue and has been described as a [[mercantilism|mercantilist]].<ref name="Helleiner 2021"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/01/31/tariff-trump-trade-war/|title=Trump sketches unprecedented plan for sweeping tariffs|date=January 31, 2025|access-date=February 1, 2025|newspaper=The Washington Post|first1=David J.|last1=Lynch|first2=Mary Beth|last2=Sheridan|first3=Amanda|last3=Coletta}}</ref> In 2025, Trump raised American tariff rates to the highest in the world, at the highest level since the [[Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act]] of 1930.<ref name="global trade war">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/fe5f7469-6f04-40e6-bc59-0d4e004e1cd3|title=Donald Trump escalates global trade war with sweeping tariff blitz|date=April 2, 2025|access-date=April 2, 2025|website=Financial Times}}</ref> Donald Trump opposes [[Economic globalization|globalization]], and his economic policies have been described as attempting to unravel the multilateral global economic order, including the power of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO).<ref name="Trump’s aggressive push"/> Trump has expressed his admiration for Republican president [[William McKinley]]'s tariff policies. McKinley was the author of the [[Tariff Act of 1890]], and both Trump and McKinley nicknamed themselves as a "[[Tariff Man]]".<ref name="President McKinley">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2025/01/27/trump-mckinley-tariffs-history/|title=Why Trump admires President McKinley, the original 'tariff man'|date=January 27, 2025|access-date=February 1, 2025|first1=Andrew|last1=Jeong|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="Buckle Up">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/17/us/politics/trump-tariffs-auto-industry-corporate-executives.html|title=Trump's Unwelcome News to Auto Chiefs: Buckle Up for What's to Come|quote=President Trump’s approach to tariffs has unsettled many corporate leaders who believed he would use the levies as a negotiating tool. As it turns out, he sees them as an end in themselves.|date=March 17, 2025|first1=Jonathan|last1=Swan|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|first3=Ana|last3=Swanson|website=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> According to an April 2025 Economist/YouGov poll, "Republican voters overwhelmingly support Trump's tariffs, while Democratic voters generally do not."<ref name="favor Trump tariffs"/>

At its inception, the Republican Party supported [[Tariffs in United States history|protective tariffs]]. Abraham Lincoln enacted tariffs during the Civil War.<ref name="Coy F. Cross II 2012 45">{{cite book|author=Coy F. Cross II|title=Justin Smith Morrill: Father of the Land-Grant Colleges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NYBqv3E7IMC&pg=PT45|year=2012|publisher=MSU Press|page=45|isbn=9780870139055}}</ref><ref name="Platform">[http://www.cprr.org/Museum/Ephemera/Republican_Platform_1860.html ''Republican Party National Platform, 1860''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813035120/http://cprr.org/Museum/Ephemera/Republican_Platform_1860.html |date=August 13, 2023 }} Reported from the Platform Committee by Judge Jessup of Pennsylvania and adopted unanimously by the Republican National Convention held at Chicago on May 17, 1860. [[Broadside (printing)|Broadside]] printing by [[Chicago Tribune|''The Chicago Press & Tribune'']], May 1860</ref> The great battle over the high [[Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act]] in 1910 caused a split in the party.<ref>Stanley D. Solvick, "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 50.3 (1963): 424–442 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035528/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605 |date=March 7, 2021 }}</ref> The [[Reciprocal Tariff Act]] of 1934 marked a sharp departure from the era of [[protectionism]] in the United States. American duties on foreign products declined from an average of 46% in 1934 to 12% by 1962, which included the presidency of Republican president [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Michael A.|author2=Goldstein, Weingast |title=The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy|journal=World Politics|date=April 1997|volume=49|issue=3|pages=309–38|doi=10.1353/wp.1997.0007|s2cid=154711958 }}</ref> After World War II, the U.S. promoted the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) established in 1947, to minimize tariffs and other restrictions, and to liberalize trade among all capitalist countries.<ref name=barton>John H. Barton, [[Judith L. Goldstein]], Timothy E. Josling, and Richard H. Steinberg, ''The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO'' (2008)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McClenahan |first1=William |title=The Growth of Voluntary Export Restraints and American Foreign Economic Policy, 1956–1969 |journal=Business and Economic History |date=1991 |volume=20 |pages=180–190 |jstor=23702815 }}</ref>
During the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] and [[George H. W. Bush]] administrations, Republicans abandoned protectionist policies<ref name="Karagiannis">{{cite book |editor1-first=Nikolaos |editor1-last=Karagiannis |editor2-first=Zagros |editor2-last=Madjd-Sadjadi |editor3-first=Swapan |editor3-last=Sen |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-US-Economy-and-Neoliberalism-Alternative-Strategies-and-Policies/Karagiannis-Madjd-Sadjadi-Sen/p/book/9780415645058 |title=The US Economy and Neoliberalism: Alternative Strategies and Policies |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2013 |isbn=978-1138904910 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aYKfai1RlPYC&pg=PA58 58] |access-date=August 14, 2023 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193859/https://www.routledge.com/The-US-Economy-and-Neoliberalism-Alternative-Strategies-and-Policies/Karagiannis-Madjd-Sadjadi-Sen/p/book/9780415645058 |url-status=live }}</ref> and came out against quotas and in favor of the GATT and the [[World Trade Organization]] policy of minimal economic barriers to global trade. Free trade with Canada came about as a result of the [[Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement]] of 1987, which led in 1994 to the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) based on Reagan's plan to enlarge the scope of the market for American firms to include Canada and Mexico. President [[Bill Clinton]], with strong Republican support in 1993, pushed NAFTA through Congress over the vehement objection of labor unions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4wDcT3PeQC&pg=PA358|title=Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior|first=Kenneth F.|last=Warren|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2008|page=358|isbn=978-1412954891|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023725/https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4wDcT3PeQC&pg=PA358#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxJZxwyMHHYC&pg=PT151|title=Unions in America|first=Gary|last=Chaison|publisher=Sage|year=2005|page=151|isbn=978-1452239477|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215024942/https://books.google.com/books?id=DxJZxwyMHHYC&pg=PT151#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2016 presidential election marked a return to supporting protectionism, beginning with [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Donald Trump's first presidency]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swedberg |first=Richard|date=2018|title=Folk economics and its role in Trump's presidential campaign: an exploratory study|journal=Theory and Society|volume=47|pages=1–36|doi=10.1007/s11186-018-9308-8|s2cid=149378537}}</ref><ref name="Swanson">{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Trump's Trade War With China Is Officially Underway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/business/china-us-trade-war-trump-tariffs.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=May 26, 2019 }}</ref> In 2017, only 36% of Republicans agreed that free trade agreements are good for the [[United States]], compared to 67% of Democrats. When asked if free trade has helped respondents specifically, the approval numbers for Democrats drop to 54%, however approval ratings among Republicans remain relatively unchanged at 34%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/25/support-for-free-trade-agreements-rebounds-modestly-but-wide-partisan-differences-remain/|title=Support for free trade agreements rebounds modestly, but wide partisan differences remain|website=Pew Research|date=April 25, 2017 |access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=April 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411201429/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/25/support-for-free-trade-agreements-rebounds-modestly-but-wide-partisan-differences-remain/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Income tax cuts have been at the core of Republican economic policy since 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2019-01-18/republicans-fell-in-love-with-tax-cuts-thanks-to-reagan|website=www.bloomberg.com|title=Why Republicans Fell in Love With Tax Cuts|last=Fox|first=Justin|date=January 18, 2019}}</ref> At the national level and state level, Republicans tend to pursue policies of tax cuts and deregulation.<ref name="Grumbach-2021">{{Citation |last1=Grumbach |first1=Jacob M. |title=The Political Economies of Red States |date=2021 |work=The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power |pages=209–244 |editor-last=Hertel-Fernandez |editor-first=Alexander |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1316516362 |last2=Hacker |first2=Jacob S. |last3=Pierson |first3=Paul |editor2-last=Hacker |editor2-first=Jacob S. |editor3-last=Thelen |editor3-first=Kathleen |editor4-last=Pierson |editor4-first=Paul |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/american-political-economy/political-economies-of-red-states/BEE22FE6AAB57A14FF10F807E02116BB |access-date=November 10, 2021 |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123114921/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/american-political-economy/political-economies-of-red-states/BEE22FE6AAB57A14FF10F807E02116BB |url-status=live}}</ref> Modern Republicans advocate the theory of [[supply side economics|supply-side economics]], which holds that lower tax rates increase economic growth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2011/09/24/diving-into-the-rich-pool|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|title=Diving into the rich pool|date=September 24, 2011|access-date=January 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112210317/http://www.economist.com/node/21530093|archive-date=January 12, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Many Republicans oppose [[progressive taxation|higher tax rates for higher earners]], which they believe are unfairly targeted at those who create jobs and wealth. They believe private spending is more efficient than government spending. Republican lawmakers have also sought to limit funding for tax enforcement and [[Revenue service|tax collection]].<ref name="How the IRS Was Gutted">{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/how-the-irs-was-gutted|title=How the IRS Was Gutted|last=Paul Kiel|first=Jesse Eisinger|date=December 11, 2018|website=ProPublica|access-date=December 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211132205/https://www.propublica.org/article/how-the-irs-was-gutted|archive-date=December 11, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

As per a 2021 study that measured Republicans' congressional votes, the modern Republican Party's economic policy positions tend to align with business interests and the affluent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grossmann|first1=Matt|last2=Mahmood|first2=Zuhaib|last3=Isaac|first3=William|date=2021|title=Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Unequal Class Influence in American Policy|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/711900|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=83|issue=4|pages=1706–1720|doi=10.1086/711900|s2cid=224851520|issn=0022-3816|access-date=January 13, 2022|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170940/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/711900|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bartels|first=Larry M.|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/64558|title=Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age|edition=2nd|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400883363|access-date=January 13, 2022|archive-date=November 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105222439/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/64558|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rhodes|first1=Jesse H.|last2=Schaffner|first2=Brian F.|date=2017|title=Testing Models of Unequal Representation: Democratic Populists and Republican Oligarchs?|url=http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/QJPS-16077|journal=Quarterly Journal of Political Science|volume=12|issue=2|pages=185–204|doi=10.1561/100.00016077|access-date=January 13, 2022|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029183431/https://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/QJPS-16077|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lax|first1=Jeffrey R.|last2=Phillips|first2=Justin H.|last3=Zelizer|first3=Adam|date=2019|title=The Party or the Purse? Unequal Representation in the US Senate|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/party-or-the-purse-unequal-representation-in-the-us-senate/286BFEAA039374759DE14D782A0BB8DD|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=113|issue=4|pages=917–940|doi=10.1017/S0003055419000315|s2cid=21669533|issn=0003-0554|access-date=January 13, 2022|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029000457/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/party-or-the-purse-unequal-representation-in-the-us-senate/286BFEAA039374759DE14D782A0BB8DD|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hacker|first1=Jacob S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqu6DwAAQBAJ|title=Let them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality|last2=Pierson|first2=Paul|date=2020|publisher=Liveright Publishing|isbn=978-1631496851|language=en}}</ref>

Republicans have traditionally advocated in favor of [[fiscal conservatism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Milkis|first1=Sidney M.|last2=King|first2=Desmond|last3=Jacobs|first3=Nicholas F.|date=2019|title=Building a Conservative State: Partisan Polarization and the Redeployment of Administrative Power|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=17|issue=2|pages=453–469|doi=10.1017/S1537592718003511|issn=1537-5927|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 12, 2014|title=The Rise in Per Capita Federal Spending|url=https://www.mercatus.org/publications/government-spending/rise-capita-federal-spending|access-date=August 30, 2020|website=Mercatus Center|archive-date=December 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214020934/https://www.mercatus.org/publications/government-spending/rise-capita-federal-spending|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Atske |first=Sara |date=2019-04-11 |title=Little Public Support for Reductions in Federal Spending |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/04/11/little-public-support-for-reductions-in-federal-spending/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> By the 2020s, Republicans have largely abandoned fiscal conservatism as an ideological cornerstone.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rappeport|first=Alan|date=June 19, 2025|title=Record Debt Limit Increase Would Break Republican Precedent|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/19/business/national-debt-limit-republicans.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 20, 2025|quote=This year, the party of fiscal conservatism is poised to discard that philosophy as Republicans prepare to press ahead with domestic policy legislation that combines nearly $4 trillion in tax cuts with a $5 trillion increase to the debt limit. An increase of that magnitude would be a record and underscore the ideological flexibility that many Republicans are willing to embrace when they are in power.}}</ref>

====Labor unions and the minimum wage====
The Republican Party is generally opposed to labor unions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/gop-debate-republican-trump-union-strikes-b2475831.html|title=What the GOP candidates have said about strikes and unions|date=January 9, 2024|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/oct/25/republicans-working-class-voter-unions-worker-protections-organize|title=Republicans want working-class voters — without actually supporting workers|first=Steven|last=Greenhouse|date=October 25, 2022|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Republicans believe corporations should be able to establish their own employment practices, including benefits and wages, with the free market deciding the price of work. Since the 1920s, Republicans have generally been opposed by [[Trade union|labor union]] organizations and members. At the national level, Republicans supported the [[Taft–Hartley Act]] of 1947, which gives workers the right not to participate in unions. Modern Republicans at the state level generally support various [[right-to-work laws]].{{efn|Right-to-work laws ban [[union security agreement]]s, which require all workers in a unionized workplace to pay dues or a fair-share fee regardless of whether they are members of the union or not.<ref>{{cite web|title=Employer/Union Rights and Obligations|url=https://www.nlrb.gov/rights-we-protect/employerunion-rights-and-obligations|publisher=National Labor Relations Board|access-date=July 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711175358/https://www.nlrb.gov/rights-we-protect/employerunion-rights-and-obligations|archive-date=July 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Most Republicans also oppose increases in the [[minimum wage]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==== Environmental policies ====
{{Main|Political positions of the Republican Party#Environmental policies}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 250
| image1 = 2009- Pew survey - is climate change a major threat, by political party.svg
| caption1 = Democrats and Republicans have diverged on the seriousness of the threat posed by climate change, with Republicans' assessment remaining essentially unchanged over the past decade.<ref name=PewClimateChange_20230418>● {{cite web |title=54% of Americans view climate change as a major threat, but the partisan divide has grown |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/18/for-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy/sr_2023-04-18_climate_5/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422182323/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/18/for-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy/sr_2023-04-18_climate_5/ |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |date=April 18, 2023 |url-status=live }} ● Broader discussion by {{cite web |last1=Tyson |first1=Alec |last2=Funk |first2=Cary |last3=Kennedy |first3=Brian |title=What the data says about Americans' views of climate change |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/18/for-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512193458/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/18/for-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy/ |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |date=April 18, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| image3 = 20220301 Opinions by political party - Climate change causation - Action for carbon neutral 2050 - Pew Research.svg
| caption3 = Opinion about human causation of climate change increased substantially with education among Democrats, but not among Republicans.<ref name=Pew_20220301/> Conversely, opinions favoring becoming carbon neutral declined substantially with age among Republicans, but not among Democrats.<ref name=Pew_20220301>{{cite web |last1=Tyson |first1=Alec |last2=Funk |first2=Cary |last3=Kennedy |first3=Brian |title=Americans Largely Favor U.S. Taking Steps To Become Carbon Neutral by 2050 / Appendix (Detailed charts and tables) |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/03/01/carbon-neutral-2050-appendix/ |website=Pew Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418220503/https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/03/01/carbon-neutral-2050-appendix/ |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |date=March 1, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

Historically, [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] leaders in the Republican Party supported [[environmental protection]]. Republican President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was a prominent [[Conservation (ethic)|conservationist]] whose policies eventually led to the creation of the [[National Park Service]].<ref name=Filler>{{cite web|author=Filler, Daniel|title=Theodore Roosevelt: Conservation as the Guardian of Democracy|url=http://pantheon.cis.yale.edu/~thomast/essays/filler/filler.html|access-date=November 9, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030802175908/http://pantheon.cis.yale.edu/~thomast/essays/filler/filler.html|archive-date=August 2, 2003}}</ref> While Republican President [[Richard Nixon]] was not an environmentalist, he signed legislation to create the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] in 1970 and had a comprehensive environmental program.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ewert|first=Sara Dant|date=July 3, 2003|title=Environmental Politics in the Nixon Era|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/44406|journal=Journal of Policy History|volume=15|issue=3|pages=345–348|issn=1528-4190|doi=10.1353/jph.2003.0019|s2cid=153711962|access-date=June 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809131601/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/44406|archive-date=August 9, 2017|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}</ref> However, this position has changed since the 1980s and the administration of President [[Ronald Reagan]], who labeled environmental regulations a burden on the economy.<ref name="Dunlap 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Dunlap|first1=Riley E.|last2=McCright|first2=Araon M.|title=A Widening Gap: Republican and Democratic Views on Climate Change|journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development|date=August 7, 2010|volume=50|issue=5|pages=26–35|doi=10.3200/ENVT.50.5.26-35|s2cid=154964336}}</ref> Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bergquist|first1=Parrish|last2=Warshaw|first2=Christopher|date=2020|title=Elections and parties in environmental politics|url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788972833/9781788972833.00017.xml|journal=Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy|pages=126–141|language=en-US|doi=10.4337/9781788972840.00017|isbn=978-1788972840|s2cid=219077951|access-date=November 7, 2021|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107233114/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788972833/9781788972833.00017.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fredrickson|first1=Leif|last2=Sellers|first2=Christopher|last3=Dillon|first3=Lindsey|last4=Ohayon|first4=Jennifer Liss|last5=Shapiro|first5=Nicholas|last6=Sullivan|first6=Marianne|last7=Bocking|first7=Stephen|last8=Brown|first8=Phil|last9=de la Rosa|first9=Vanessa|last10=Harrison|first10=Jill|last11=Johns|first11=Sara|date=April 1, 2018|title=History of US Presidential Assaults on Modern Environmental Health Protection|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=108|issue=S2|pages=S95–S103|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2018.304396|issn=0090-0036|pmc=5922215|pmid=29698097}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Coley|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Hess|first2=David J.|date=2012|title=Green energy laws and Republican legislators in the United States|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512004752|journal=Energy Policy|language=en|volume=48|pages=576–583|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.062|bibcode=2012EnPol..48..576C |issn=0301-4215|access-date=November 7, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618224202/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512004752|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> with many Republicans rejecting the [[scientific consensus on climate change]].<ref name="Dunlap 2010" /><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0674979970|title=The Republican Reversal: Conservatives and the Environment from Nixon to Trump|last1=Turner|first1=James Morton|last2=Isenberg|first2=Andrew C.|date=2018|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674979970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108151027/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0674979970|archive-date=January 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Ringquist>{{cite journal|last1=Ringquist|first1=Evan J.|last2=Neshkova|first2=Milena I.|last3=Aamidor|first3=Joseph|title=Campaign Promises, Democratic Governance, and Environmental Policy in the U.S. Congress|journal=The Policy Studies Journal|date=2013|volume=41|issue=2|pages=365–387|doi=10.1111/psj.12021|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Shipan Environmental Policy">{{cite journal|last1=Shipan|first1=Charles R.|last2=Lowry|first2=William R.|title=Environmental Policy and Party Divergence in Congress|journal=Political Research Quarterly|date=June 2001|volume=54|issue=2|pages=245–263|jstor=449156|doi=10.1177/106591290105400201|s2cid=153575261}}</ref> Republican voters are divided over the human causes of climate change and global warming.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 1, 2013 |title=GOP Deeply Divided Over Climate Change |url=http://www.people-press.org/2013/11/01/gop-deeply-divided-over-climate-change/ |access-date=December 11, 2014 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |publisher=}}</ref> Since 2008,<ref name="Davenport2017">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/us/politics/republican-leaders-climate-change.html |title=How G.O.P. Leaders Came to View Climate Change as Fake Science |last1=Davenport |first1=Coral |last2=Lipton |first2=Eric |author-link2=Eric Lipton |date=June 3, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 22, 2017 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote=The Republican Party's fast journey from debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist is a story of big political money, Democratic hubris in the Obama years and a partisan chasm that grew over nine years like a crack in the Antarctic shelf, favoring extreme positions and uncompromising rhetoric over cooperation and conciliation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914183020/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/us/politics/republican-leaders-climate-change.html|archive-date=September 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> many members of the Republican Party have been criticized for being [[Anti-environmentalism|anti-environmentalist]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shabecoff|first1=Philip|title=Earth Rising: American Environmentalism in the 21st Century|date=2000|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-59726-335-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/earthrisingameri00phil/page/125 125]|url=https://archive.org/details/earthrisingameri00phil|url-access=registration|quote=republican party anti-environmental.|access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hayes|first1=Samuel P.|title=A History of Environmental Politics Since 1945|date=2000|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-7224-2|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jG5IwgEFSYQC&q=republican+party+anti-environmentalist&pg=PA119|access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sellers |first1=Christopher |date=7 June 2017 |title=How Republicans came to embrace anti-environmentalism |url=https://www.vox.com/2017/4/22/15377964/republicans-environmentalism |access-date=9 November 2017 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> and promoting [[climate change denial]]<ref name="Dunlap 2010"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Båtstrand |first=Sondre |title=More than Markets: A Comparative Study of Nine Conservative Parties on Climate Change |journal=[[Politics and Policy]] |language=en |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=538–561 |doi=10.1111/polp.12122 |issn=1747-1346 |year=2015 |s2cid=143331308 |quote=The U.S. Republican Party is an anomaly in denying anthropogenic climate change.}}</ref><ref name="chait">{{cite news |title=Why Are Republicans the Only Climate-Science-Denying Party in the World? |author-link=Jonathan Chait |first=Jonathan |last=Chait |date=September 27, 2015 |access-date=September 20, 2017 |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/09/whys-gop-only-science-denying-party-on-earth.html |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |quote=Of all the major conservative parties in the democratic world, the Republican Party stands alone in its denial of the legitimacy of climate science. Indeed, the Republican Party stands alone in its conviction that no national or international response to climate change is needed. To the extent that the party is divided on the issue, the gap separates candidates who openly dismiss climate science as a hoax, and those who, shying away from the political risks of blatant ignorance, instead couch their stance in the alleged impossibility of international action.}}</ref> in opposition to the general [[Scientific opinion on climate change|scientific consensus]], making them unique even among other worldwide conservative parties.<ref name="chait" />

In 2006, then-[[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] broke from Republican orthodoxy to sign several bills imposing caps on [[carbon emissions]] in California. Then-President [[George W. Bush]] opposed mandatory caps at a national level. Bush's decision not to regulate carbon dioxide as a pollutant was [[Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency|challenged in the Supreme Court by 12 states]],<ref name="Landmark Law">{{cite news|title=Schwarzenegger takes center stage on warming|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15029070|access-date=July 3, 2014|agency=MSNBC News|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=September 27, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173432/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15029070/ns/us_news-environment/t/schwarzenegger-takes-center-stage-warming/#.U7U0QbFEJJw|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> with the court ruling against the Bush administration in 2007.<ref>[{{SCOTUS URL Slip|06|05-1120}} Text of Opinion]</ref> Bush also publicly opposed ratification of the [[Kyoto Protocol]]s<ref name="Dunlap 2010" /><ref name=BushGW>{{cite web|author=Bush, George W.|title=Text of a Letter from the President|date=March 13, 2001|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010314.html|access-date=November 9, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073329/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010314.html|archive-date=July 22, 2009 }}</ref> which sought to limit greenhouse gas emissions and thereby [[climate change mitigation|combat climate change]]; his position was heavily criticized by climate scientists.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schrope|first1=Mark|title=Criticism mounts as Bush backs out of Kyoto accord|journal=Nature|date=April 5, 2001|volume=410|issue=6829|page=616|doi=10.1038/35070738|pmid=11287908|bibcode=2001Natur.410..616S|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Republican Party rejects [[Emissions trading|cap-and-trade]] policy to limit carbon emissions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our GOP: The Party of Opportunity|url=http://www.gop.com/our-party/|access-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821152805/http://www.gop.com/our-party/|archive-date=August 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2000s, Senator [[John McCain]] proposed bills (such as the [[McCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act]]) that would have regulated carbon emissions, but his position on climate change was unusual among high-ranking party members.<ref name="Dunlap 2010" /> Some Republican candidates have supported the development of [[alternative fuel]]s in order to achieve [[U.S. energy independence|energy independence for the United States]]. Some Republicans support increased [[oil well|oil drilling]] in protected areas such as the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]], a position that has drawn criticism from activists.<ref>{{cite news|title=On Our Radar: Republicans Urge Opening of Arctic Refuge to Drilling|author=John Collins Rudolf|date=December 6, 2010|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/06/on-our-radar-republicans-urge-opening-of-arctic-refuge-to-drilling/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181831/http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/06/on-our-radar-republicans-urge-opening-of-arctic-refuge-to-drilling/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many Republicans during the [[presidency of Barack Obama]] opposed his administration's new environmental regulations, such as those on carbon emissions from coal. In particular, many Republicans supported building the [[Keystone Pipeline]]; this position was supported by businesses, but opposed by indigenous peoples' groups and environmental activists.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Davenport|first1=Coral|title=Republicans Vow to Fight E.P.A. and Approve Keystone Pipeline|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/us/politics/republicans-vow-to-fight-epa-and-approve-keystone-pipeline.html|access-date=January 25, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113013421/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/us/politics/republicans-vow-to-fight-epa-and-approve-keystone-pipeline.html|archive-date=January 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Levy|first1=Gabrielle|title=Obama Vetoes Keystone XL, Republicans Vow to Continue Fight|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/02/24/obama-vetoes-keystone-xl-republicans-vow-to-continue-fight|access-date=January 25, 2016|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=February 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201202834/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/02/24/obama-vetoes-keystone-xl-republicans-vow-to-continue-fight|archive-date=February 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Keystone XL pipeline: Why is it so disputed?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-30103078|access-date=January 25, 2016|work=[[BBC News]]|date=November 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209145216/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-30103078|archive-date=February 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[Center for American Progress]], a non-profit liberal advocacy group, more than 55% of congressional Republicans were [[climate change denial|climate change deniers]] in 2014.<ref name=msnbc20140512>{{cite news|work=[[Hardball With Chris Matthews]]|date=May 12, 2014|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|last=Matthews|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Matthews|quote=According to a survey by the Center for American Progress' Action Fund, more than 55 percent of congressional Republicans are climate change deniers. And it gets worse from there. They found that 77 percent of Republicans on the House Science Committee say they don't believe it in either. And that number balloons to an astounding 90 percent for all the party's leadership in Congress.|title=Hardball With Chris Matthews for May 12, 2014|agency=NBC news}}</ref><ref name=charlestongazette20141222>{{cite news|title=Earth Talk: Still in denial about climate change|newspaper=[[Charleston Gazette-Mail|The Charleston Gazette]]|location=[[Charleston, West Virginia]]|date=December 22, 2014|page=10|quote=... a recent survey by the non-profit Center for American Progress found that some 58 percent of Republicans in the U.S. Congress still "refuse to accept climate change. Meanwhile, still others acknowledge the existence of global warming but cling to the scientifically debunked notion that the cause is natural forces, not greenhouse gas pollution by humans.}}</ref> [[PolitiFact]] in May 2014 found "relatively few Republican members of Congress ... accept the prevailing scientific conclusion that [[global warming]] is both real and man-made." The group found eight members who acknowledged it, although the group acknowledged there could be more and that not all members of Congress have taken a stance on the issue.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jerry Brown says 'virtually no Republican' in Washington accepts climate change science|first=Julie|last=Kliegman|date=May 18, 2014|access-date=September 18, 2017|publisher=[[PolitiFact]]|work=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2014/may/18/jerry-brown/jerry-brown-says-virtually-no-republican-believes-/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813152353/http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2014/may/18/jerry-brown/jerry-brown-says-virtually-no-republican-believes-/|archive-date=August 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Republicans in Congress who don't believe climate change is real|first=Tom|last=McCarthy|date=November 17, 2014|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/nov/17/climate-change-denial-scepticism-republicans-congress|access-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234320/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/nov/17/climate-change-denial-scepticism-republicans-congress|archive-date=September 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist", according to ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name=Davenport2017/> In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/230316-senate-votes-98-1-that-climate-change-is-real/|title=Senate votes that climate change is real|first=Dustin|last=Weaver|date=January 21, 2015|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=March 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090248/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/230316-senate-votes-98-1-that-climate-change-is-real|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Health care ====
The party opposes a [[single-payer health care]] system,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/health-care-under-attack-why-gop-making-single-payer-dirty-n907686|title=Beyond Obamacare: Democrats have plans, GOP is out to destroy them|date=September 11, 2018|website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/06/30/the-republican-turn-against-universal-health-insurance/|title=The Republican Turn Against Universal Health Insurance|newspaper=Washington Post |last=Klein |first=Ezra |date=June 30, 2012}}</ref> describing it as [[socialized medicine]]. It also opposes the [[Affordable Care Act]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oberlander|first=Jonathan|date=March 1, 2020|title=The Ten Years' War: Politics, Partisanship, And The ACA|url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01444|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203210741/https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01444|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 3, 2024|journal=Health Affairs|volume=39|issue=3|pages=471–478|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01444|pmid=32119603|s2cid=211834684|issn=0278-2715|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and expansions of Medicaid.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hertel-Fernandez|first1=Alexander|last2=Skocpol|first2=Theda|last3=Lynch|first3=Daniel|date=April 2016|title=Business Associations, Conservative Networks, and the Ongoing Republican War over Medicaid Expansion|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/jhppl/article/41/2/239-286/13814|journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law|volume=41|issue=2|pages=239–286|doi=10.1215/03616878-3476141|pmid=26732316|issn=0361-6878|access-date=April 23, 2021|archive-date=June 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602061451/https://read.dukeupress.edu/jhppl/article/41/2/239-286/13814|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Historically, there have been diverse and overlapping views within both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party on the role of government in health care, but the two parties became highly polarized on the topic during 2008–2009 and onwards.<ref name="Hacker-2010">{{Cite journal|last=Hacker|first=Jacob S.|date=2010|title=The Road to Somewhere: Why Health Reform Happened: Or Why Political Scientists Who Write about Public Policy Shouldn't Assume They Know How to Shape It|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/road-to-somewhere-why-health-reform-happened/15E0D0CAC2B73C52439A6EBDF3E8C973|journal=Perspectives on Politics|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=861–876|doi=10.1017/S1537592710002021|s2cid=144440604|issn=1541-0986|access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225172530/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/road-to-somewhere-why-health-reform-happened/15E0D0CAC2B73C52439A6EBDF3E8C973|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Both Republicans and Democrats made various proposals to establish federally funded aged health insurance prior to the bipartisan effort to establish [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] in 1965.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Politics of Medicare, 1957–1965|date=2015|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ensuring-americas-health/politics-of-medicare-19571965/CE40908D6F8A4EF7EFD741E5D9113513|work=Ensuring America's Health: The Public Creation of the Corporate Health Care System|pages=194–232|editor-last=Chapin|editor-first=Christy Ford|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9781107045347.008|isbn=978-1107044883|access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-date=April 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424213404/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ensuring-americas-health/politics-of-medicare-19571965/CE40908D6F8A4EF7EFD741E5D9113513|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Peter DeFazio says "Medicare passed with virtually no Republican support"|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2011/apr/15/peter-defazio/peter-defazio-says-medicare-passed-virtually-no-re/|url-status=live|access-date=November 10, 2021|website=[[Politifact]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419164555/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2011/apr/15/peter-defazio/peter-defazio-says-medicare-passed-virtually-no-re/|archive-date=April 19, 2022|date=April 15, 2011|last1=Jacobson|first1=Louis|last2=Kennedy|first2=Patrick}}</ref><ref name="Zeitz-2017">{{Cite web|last=Zeitz|first=Joshua|title=How the GOP Turned Against Medicaid|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/06/27/medicaid-obamacare-repeal-gop-215314/|access-date=November 10, 2021|website=[[Politico]]|date=June 27, 2017|language=en|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213030743/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/06/27/medicaid-obamacare-repeal-gop-215314/|url-status=live}}</ref> No Republican member of Congress voted for the [[Affordable Care Act]] in 2009, and after it passed, the party made frequent attempts to repeal it.<ref name="Hacker-2010" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cohn|first=Jonathan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddLtDwAAQBAJ|title=The Ten Year War: Obamacare and the Unfinished Crusade for Universal Coverage|year=2021|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-1250270948|language=en}}</ref> At the state level, the party has tended to adopt a position against [[Medicaid expansion]].<ref name="Grumbach-2021" /><ref name="Zeitz-2017" />

Republicans typically believe individuals should take responsibility for their own circumstances and that the private sector is more effective in helping the poor through [[Charity (practice)|charity]] than the government is through welfare programs, and argue that social assistance programs cause government dependency.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Konczal|first=Mike|date=March 24, 2014|title=The Conservative Myth of a Social Safety Net Built on Charity|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/the-conservative-myth-of-a-social-safety-net-built-on-charity/284552/|url-status=live|access-date=December 30, 2021|website=[[The Atlantic]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503030317/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/the-conservative-myth-of-a-social-safety-net-built-on-charity/284552/|archive-date=May 3, 2022}}</ref> As of November 2022, all 11 states that had not expanded Medicaid had Republican-controlled [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]].<ref name=KaiserMedicaid>{{cite web|title=Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map|url=https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map|publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]|date=November 9, 2022|access-date=February 26, 2023|archive-date=June 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624102415/https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map/|url-status=live}} Scroll down for state by state info.</ref>

By 2020, Republican officials have increasingly adopted [[anti-vaccine activism]] and policy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tahir |first=Darius |date=September 30, 2024 |title=Trump leads, and his party follows, on vaccine skepticism |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/30/health/trump-vaccine-skepticism-partner-kff-health-news/index.html |access-date=December 19, 2024 |archive-date=December 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201092214/https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/30/health/trump-vaccine-skepticism-partner-kff-health-news/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
{{See also|History of foreign policy and national defense in the Republican Party}}

The Republican Party has a persistent history of skepticism and opposition to [[multilateralism]] in American foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fordham |first1=Benjamin O. |last2=Flynn |first2=Michael |date=2022 |title=Everything Old Is New Again: The Persistence of Republican Opposition to Multilateralism in American Foreign Policy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/everything-old-is-new-again-the-persistence-of-republican-opposition-to-multilateralism-in-american-foreign-policy/F44B69F178BD7CC9CA71A4B16866DEE8 |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=37 |pages=56–73 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0898588X22000165 |s2cid=252292479 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921134531/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/everything-old-is-new-again-the-persistence-of-republican-opposition-to-multilateralism-in-american-foreign-policy/F44B69F178BD7CC9CA71A4B16866DEE8 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Neoconservatism]], which supports [[unilateralism]] and emphasizes the use of force and hawkishness in American foreign policy, has had some influence in all Republican presidential administrations since Ronald Reagan's.<ref>{{Cite web |title=neoconservatism |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100228203 |access-date=September 15, 2022 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922144120/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100228203 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some, including [[Paleoconservatism|paleoconservatives]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |date=May 6, 2016 |title=Paleoconservatism, the movement that explains Donald Trump, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11592604/donald-trump-paleoconservative-buchanan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623235749/https://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11592604/donald-trump-paleoconservative-buchanan |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> call for [[non-interventionism]] and an [[isolationism|isolationist]] "[[America First]]" foreign policy agenda.<ref name="New Fusionism" /><ref name="Rucker 2016"/><ref name="Dodson-Brooks 2021"/> This faction gained strength starting in 2016 with the rise of Donald Trump, demanding that the United States reset its previous [[Interventionism (politics)|interventionist]] foreign policy and encourage allies and partners to take greater responsibility for their own defense.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 22, 2023 |title=The Case for a Restrained Republican Foreign Policy |language=en-US |work=Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/foreign-policy-republican-american-power |access-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324202435/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/foreign-policy-republican-american-power |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Israel ====
During the 1940s, many Republicans, particularly Senator [[Robert A. Taft]], advocated for recognition of Israel,<ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/03/22/archives/taft-seeks-action-on-jewish-state-senator-stresses-vital-need-for.html|title=TAFT SEEKS ACTION ON JEWISH STATE; Senator Stresses Vital Need for the Immediate Political Recognition of Palestine|quote=The vital need for immediate political recognition of a Jewish national home and a Jewish State in Palestine by the great powers was stressed by Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio|date=March 22, 1945}}</ref> leading to support for Israel being integrated into the 1948 Republican Party platform.<ref>{{cite news|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|url=https://www.jta.org/archive/republicans-adopt-strong-israel-platform-taft-supporters-upset-vandenberg-policy|date=June 23, 1948|title=Republicans Adopt Strong Israel Platform; Taft Supporters Upset Vandenberg Policy}}</ref> Nevertheless, some Republicans at the time opposed the cause of an independent Jewish state due to the influence of [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]] of the [[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]].<ref name="Cavari-2020">{{Cite book |last1=Cavari |first1=Amnon |title=American Public Opinion Toward Israel: From Consensus to Divide |last2=Freedman |first2=Guy |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2020 |pages=145}}</ref> The rise of [[neoconservatism]] saw the Republican Party become further pro-Israel by the 1990s and 2000s,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=2015-11-11 |title=How Republicans fell in love with Israel |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/11/11/9708018/republicans-israel |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Vox |language=en |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109060429/https://www.vox.com/2015/11/11/9708018/republicans-israel |url-status=live }}</ref> although notable anti-Israel sentiment persisted through [[Paleoconservatism|paleoconservative]] figures such as [[Pat Buchanan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnuru |first=Ramesh |date=2018-05-15 |title=The GOP and the Israeli Exception |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/pat-buchanan-republican-infuence-israel-exception/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=National Review |language=en-US |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109085835/https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/pat-buchanan-republican-infuence-israel-exception/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As president, Donald Trump generally supported Israel during most of his term, but became increasingly critical of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] towards the end of it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=October 13, 2023 |title=Trump's turn against Israel |url=https://www.cnn.com/cnn/2023/10/13/politics/donald-trump-israel-netanyahu-diplomacy/index.html |access-date=November 9, 2023 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> According to ''[[I24NEWS (Israeli TV channel)|i24NEWS]]'', the 2020s have seen declining support for Israel among nationalist Republicans, led by individuals such as [[Tucker Carlson]].<ref name="Cavari-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naftali |first=India |date=2024-02-06 |title=Hey Israel, don't be so sure about your support among Republicans |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/americas/1706700133-hey-israel-don-t-be-so-sure-about-your-support-among-republicans |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=I24news |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, the 2024 Republican Party platform reaffirmed the party would "stand with Israel" and called for the deportation of "pro-[[Hamas]] radicals", while expressing a desire for peace in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news|work=Times of Israel|title=GOP platform pledges to stand with Israel, deport 'pro-Hamas radicals' from US|date=9 July 2024|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/gop-platform-pledges-to-stand-with-israel-deport-pro-hamas-radicals-from-us/}}</ref> Although the Republican Party has often positioned itself as an opponent of antisemitism and denounced Democrats as insufficiently supportive of Israel,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barbara |first1=Sprunt |title=GOP lawmakers plan to keep focus on antisemitism to divide Democrats|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/24/g-s1-930/republican-campus-antisemitism |access-date=24 February 2025 |publisher=NPR |date=29 May 2024}}</ref> many members of the [[Christian right]] support Israel primarily due to [[Christian Zionism|theological beliefs]] about the centrality of Israel to the [[Second Coming|Second Coming of Jesus Christ]] and the conversion or [[Hell in Christianity|damnation]] of Jews and other non-Christians.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alnaqib |first1=Saafya |title=American Evangelicals' Unique Support for Israel |url=https://globalaffairs.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/american-evangelicals-unique-support-israel |website=Chicago Council on Global Affairs |date=September 30, 2024 |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Posner |first1=Sarah |title=The dispiriting truth about why many evangelical Christians support Israel|url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/truth-many-evangelical-christians-support-israel-rcna121481 |website=CNN |date=October 22, 2023 |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref>

==== Taiwan ====
In the party's 2016 platform,<ref name="amazonaws1">{{cite web|url=https://prod-static-ngop-pbl.s3.amazonaws.com/media/documents/DRAFT_12_FINAL[1]-ben_1468872234.pdf|title=Republican Platform 2016|access-date=July 20, 2016|archive-date=July 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719212623/https://prod-static-ngop-pbl.s3.amazonaws.com/media/documents/DRAFT_12_FINAL%5B1%5D-ben_1468872234.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> its stance on [[Taiwan]] is: "We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan." In addition, if "China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with the [[Taiwan Relations Act]], will help Taiwan defend itself".

Mention of Taiwan was omitted from the party's 2024 platform.<ref>{{cite news|work=TNL|title=Republican Party Platform Omits Taiwan Mention|date=July 10, 2024|url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/187073}}</ref>

====War on terror====
{{Main|War on Terror}}
{{Further|September 11 attacks}}

Since the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001]], neoconservatives in the party have supported the War on Terror, including the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]] and the [[Iraq War]]. The [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush administration]] took the position that the [[Geneva Conventions]] do not apply to [[unlawful combatant]]s, while other prominent Republicans, such as [[Ted Cruz]], strongly oppose the use of [[enhanced interrogation techniques]], which they view as torture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/cruz-america-does-not-need-torture-to-protect-ourselves/article/2000049|title=Cruz: 'America Does Not Need Torture to Protect Ourselves'|date=December 3, 2015|access-date=December 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101195440/http://www.weeklystandard.com/cruz-america-does-not-need-torture-to-protect-ourselves/article/2000049|archive-date=January 1, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 2020s, Trumpist Republicans such as [[Matt Gaetz]] supported reducing U.S. military presence abroad and ending [[American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)|intervention in countries such as Somalia]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nick |first1=Turse |title=REP. MATT GAETZ, PROGRESSIVES JOINTLY CALL FOR U.S. MILITARY TO LEAVE SOMALIA |date=April 27, 2023 |url=https://theintercept.com/2023/04/27/reactionaries-and-progressives-jointly-call-for-u-s-military-to-leave-somalia/ |publisher=The Intercept |access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

====Europe, Russia and Ukraine====
{{see also|United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
The 2016 Republican platform eliminated references to giving weapons to [[Ukraine]] in its fight with [[Russia]] and [[Separatist forces of the war in Donbass|rebel forces]]; the removal of this language reportedly resulted from intervention from staffers to presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tracy |last=Wilkinson |title=In a shift, Republican platform doesn't call for arming Ukraine against Russia, spurring outrage |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-na-pol-ukraine-gop-20160720-snap-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=July 21, 2016 |access-date=2016-07-25 }}</ref> However, the Trump administration approved a new sale of anti-tank weapons to Ukraine in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump admin approves new sale of anti-tank weapons to Ukraine |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-admin-approves-sale-anti-tank-weapons-ukraine/story?id=65989898#:~:text=The%20Trump%20administration%20first%20approved,Javelins%20to%20Ukraine%20in%202017.&text=Catch%20up%20on%20the%20developing,source%20familiar%20with%20the%20plan. |publisher=ABC News |access-date=2019-10-01 |quote=The Trump administration first approved the sale of Javelins to Ukraine in December 2017 – a step that former President Barack Obama never took and that Trump allies have pointed to as a sign of Trump's toughness on Russia.}}</ref> Republicans generally question European [[NATO]] members' alleged insufficient investment in defense funding, and some are dissatisfied with U.S. aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Erik |first1=Piccoli |title=Republicans are no friends of Europe |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/republicans-are-no-friends-of-europe-162327 |publisher=ISPI |access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trump's threat to NATO allies draws little condemnation from GOP, reflecting his grip on the party |date=February 12, 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-nato-presidential-election-congress-republicans-20e902788e8701999ce0424f73d478cc |publisher=AP |access-date=2024-02-12}}</ref> Some Republican members of the U.S. Congress support foreign aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,<ref name="Falk 2023 t804"/><ref name="Riccardi"/> and have been described by U.S. media as [[pro-Russian]].<ref name="Cohn2023"/><ref name="Lillis"/><ref name="Ball"/><ref name="Jonathan"/><ref name="Lange">{{Cite news |last=Lange |first=Jason |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Trump's rise sparks isolationist worries abroad, but voters unfazed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-rise-sparks-isolationist-worries-among-us-allies-americans-focus-home-2024-01-17/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="New York Times">{{cite news |title=Fears of a NATO Withdrawal Rise as Trump Seeks a Return to Power|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/09/us/politics/trump-2025-nato.html |work=New York Times |date=December 9, 2023|access-date=December 10, 2023|last1=Swan|first1=Jonathan|last2=Savage|first2=Charlie|last3=Haberman|first3=Maggie}}</ref><ref name="Baker">{{cite news |last=Baker|first=Peter|title=Favoring Foes Over Friends, Trump Threatens to Upend International Order|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/11/us/politics/trump-nato.html|work=The New York Times |date=February 11, 2024|access-date=February 21, 2024|issn=1553-8095|language=en|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Amid the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], several prominent Republicans criticized some colleagues and conservative media outlets for echoing Russian propaganda. [[Liz Cheney]], formerly the third-ranking House Republican, said "a [[Vladimir Putin|Putin]] wing of the Republican Party" had emerged. Former vice president [[Mike Pence]] said, "There is no room in the Republican Party for apologists for Putin." [[House Foreign Affairs Committee]] chairman [[Michael McCaul]] asserted that Russian propaganda had "infected a good chunk of my party's base." [[House Intelligence Committee]] chairman [[Mike Turner]] confirmed McCaul's assessment, asserting that some propaganda coming directly from Russia could be heard on the House floor. Republican senator [[Thom Tillis]] characterized the influential conservative commentator [[Tucker Carlson]], who frequently expresses pro-Russia sentiments, as Russia's "[[useful idiot]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lotz |first1=Avery |title=House Intelligence Committee chair says Russian propaganda has spread through parts of GOP |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/07/politics/mike-turner-russia-ukraine-propaganda-gop-cnntv/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=April 7, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411080400/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/07/politics/mike-turner-russia-ukraine-propaganda-gop-cnntv/index.html |archive-date= Apr 11, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |title=Republicans begin to target Putin 'apologists' in their midst |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/02/16/republicans-begin-target-putin-apologists-their-midst/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miranda |first1=Shauneen |title=Turner: Russian propaganda "being uttered on the House floor" |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/07/russian-propaganda-republican-party-mike-turner |work=Axios |date=April 7, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |title=Top GOPers' extraordinary comments on their party and Russian propaganda |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/04/06/when-top-republican-says-russian-propaganda-has-infected-gop/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 8, 2024}}</ref>

In April 2024, a majority of Republican members of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] voted against a military aid package to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=US House approves $61bn in military aid for Ukraine after months of stalling|quote=210 Democrats and 101 Republicans joined to support Ukraine, with 112 Republicans – a majority of the GOP members – voting against|date=20 April 2024|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/20/us-house-approves-61bn-aid-ukraine}}</ref> Both Trump and Senator [[JD Vance]], the 2024 Republican presidential nominee and vice presidential nominee respectively, have been vocal critics of military aid to Ukraine and advocates of a peace deal between Russia and Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Andrew |last=Stanton |date=July 15, 2024 |title=JD Vance eyes shift in Republican Party |url=https://www.newsweek.com/jd-vance-eyes-shift-republican-party-1925499 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716020901/https://www.newsweek.com/jd-vance-eyes-shift-republican-party-1925499 |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-ukraine-russia-war-threatens-cut-aid-election-2024/|date=June 16, 2024|title=Trump threatens to cut US aid to Ukraine quickly if reelected}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=Trump's choice of Vance 'terrible news' for Ukraine, Europe experts warn|date=July 17, 2024|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/17/trump-jd-vance-vp-ukraine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Reuters|title=Exclusive: Trump handed plan to halt US military aid to Kyiv unless it talks peace with Moscow|date=June 25, 2024|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-reviews-plan-halt-us-military-aid-ukraine-unless-it-negotiates-peace-with-2024-06-25/}}</ref> The 2024 Republican Party platform did not mention Russia or Ukraine, but stated the party's objectives to "prevent World War III" and "restore peace to Europe".<ref>{{cite news|work=Kyiv Independent|title=Republican Party committee approves 2024 platform, makes no mention of Ukraine, Russia|date=July 9, 2024|url=https://kyivindependent.com/republican-party-approves-2024-platform-makes-no-mention-of-ukraine-russia/}}</ref>

In February 2025, during the [[2025 Trump–Zelenskyy meeting|Trump–Zelenskyy meeting]], Trump and Vance hostilely berated Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=David |date=2025-02-28 |title=Diplomacy dies on live TV as Trump and Vance gang up to bully Ukraine leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/feb/28/trump-zelenskyy-shouting-match-oval-office |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

====Foreign relations and aid====
In a 2014 poll, 59% of Republicans favored doing less abroad and focusing on the country's own problems instead.<ref>See "July 3, 2014 – Iraq – Getting In Was Wrong; Getting Out Was Right, U.S. Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll" [http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2057 Quinnipiac University Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190652/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2057 |date=April 2, 2016 }} item #51</ref>

Republicans have frequently advocated for restricting [[United States foreign aid|foreign aid]] as a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|first=Erik|last=Wasson|date=July 18, 2013|url=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/156647-house-gop-unveils-spending-bill-with-5-8b-cut-to-foreign-aid/|title=House GOP unveils spending bill with $5.8B cut to foreign aid|newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215001056/http://thehill.com/policy/finance/311939-house-gop-unveils-huge-cuts-to-state-foreign-aid|archive-date=December 15, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Rogers|date=February 1, 2011|title=GOP seeks to slash foreign aid|newspaper=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/02/gop-seeks-to-slash-foreign-aid-048551|access-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222120346/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0111/48551.html|archive-date=February 22, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mario|last=Trujillo|date=July 1, 2014|title=Republicans propose halting foreign aid until border surge stops|newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/211058-gop-rep-cut-off-central-american-aid-until-border-is-fixed/|access-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215001041/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/211058-gop-rep-cut-off-central-american-aid-until-border-is-fixed|archive-date=December 15, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

A survey by the [[Chicago Council on Global Affairs]] shows that "Trump Republicans seem to prefer a US role that is more independent, less cooperative, and more inclined to use military force to deal with the threats they see as the most pressing".<ref>{{cite web |author1=Dina Smeltz and Craig Kafura |title=Majority of Trump Republicans Prefer the United States Stay out of World Affairs |date=February 16, 2024 |url=https://globalaffairs.org/research/public-opinion-survey/majority-trump-republicans-prefer-united-states-stay-out-world |publisher=Chicago Council on Global Affairs |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Social issues ===
The Republican Party is generally associated with [[social conservative]] policies, although it does have dissenting centrist and [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] factions. The social conservatives support laws that uphold their [[traditional values]], such as [[opposition to same-sex marriage in the United States|opposition to same-sex marriage]], abortion, and marijuana.<ref name="Zelizer 2004 704–5">{{cite book|last=Zelizer|first=Julian E.|title=The American Congress: The Building of Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/americancongress00juli|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americancongress00juli/page/704 704]–705|isbn=978-0547345505|access-date=June 17, 2015}}</ref> The Republican Party's positions on social and cultural issues are in part a reflection of the influential role that the [[Christian right]] has had in the party since the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Daniel K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqf3KBaqgI8C|title=God's Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199929061|language=en|access-date=November 13, 2021|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=lqf3KBaqgI8C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schnabel|first=Landon Paul|date=2013|title=When Fringe Goes Mainstream: A Sociohistorical Content Analysis of the Christian Coalition's Contract With The American Family and the Republican Party Platform|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2012.752361|journal=Politics, Religion & Ideology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=94–113|doi=10.1080/21567689.2012.752361|s2cid=144532011|issn=2156-7689|access-date=November 13, 2021|archive-date=November 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183413/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21567689.2012.752361|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=R. Lewis|first=Andrew|date=2019|title=The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: The U.S. Republican Party and the Christian Right|url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-665|website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.665|isbn=978-0190228637|access-date=November 13, 2021|archive-date=April 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418225734/https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-665|url-status=live}}</ref> Most conservative Republicans also oppose [[gun control]], [[affirmative action]], and [[illegal immigration]].<ref name="Zelizer 2004 704–5" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Roger|title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC|year=2010|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|page=passim|isbn=978-0765622501|access-date=June 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407060657/http://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC|archive-date=April 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Abortion and embryonic stem cell research ====
The Republican position on [[Abortion in the United States|abortion]] has changed significantly over time.<ref name="Williams-2022" /><ref name="Williams-2015">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Daniel K. |date=June 2015 |title=The Partisan Trajectory of the American Pro-Life Movement: How a Liberal Catholic Campaign Became a Conservative Evangelical Cause |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=451–475 |doi=10.3390/rel6020451 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }}</ref> During the 1960s and early 1970s, opposition to abortion was concentrated among members of the political left and the Democratic Party; most liberal Catholics—which tended to vote for the Democratic Party—opposed expanding abortion access while most conservative evangelical Protestants supported it.<ref name="Williams-2015" />

During this period, Republicans generally favored legalized abortion more than Democrats,<ref name="Halpern-2018">{{Cite news |last=Halpern |first=Sue |date=November 8, 2018 |title=How Republicans Became Anti-Choice |language=en |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2018/11/08/how-republicans-became-anti-choice/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0028-7504 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204085532/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2018/11/08/how-republicans-became-anti-choice/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Daniel K. |date=2011 |title=The GOP's Abortion Strategy: Why Pro-Choice Republicans Became Pro-Life in the 1970s |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-policy-history/article/abs/gops-abortion-strategy-why-prochoice-republicans-became-prolife-in-the-1970s/C7EC0E0C0F5FF1F4488AA47C787DEC01 |journal=Journal of Policy History |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=513–539 |doi=10.1017/S0898030611000285 |s2cid=154353515 |issn=1528-4190 |access-date=July 4, 2023 |archive-date=July 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704221201/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-policy-history/article/abs/gops-abortion-strategy-why-prochoice-republicans-became-prolife-in-the-1970s/C7EC0E0C0F5FF1F4488AA47C787DEC01 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> although significant heterogeneity could be found within both parties.<ref name="Taylor-2018">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Justin |date=May 9, 2018 |title=How the Christian Right Became Prolife on Abortion and Transformed the Culture Wars |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/evangelical-history/christian-right-discovered-abortion-rights-transformed-culture-wars/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[The Gospel Coalition]] |language=en-US |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204085533/https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/evangelical-history/christian-right-discovered-abortion-rights-transformed-culture-wars/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Leading Republican political figures, including [[Richard Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[Ronald Reagan]], and [[George H. W. Bush]], took pro-choice positions until the early 1980s.<ref name="Halpern-2018" /> However, starting at this point, both George H.W. Bush and Ronald Reagan described themselves as pro-life during their presidencies.

In the 21st century, both [[George W. Bush]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bruni |first=Frank |date=January 23, 2000 |title=Bush Says He Supports the Party's Strong Anti-Abortion Stand |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/012300wh-gop-bush-platform.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204085527/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/012300wh-gop-bush-platform.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Donald Trump]] described themselves as "[[Anti-abortion movements|pro-life]]" during their terms. However, Trump stated that he supported the legality and ethics of abortion before his candidacy in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=David |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Trump the hero for anti-abortion movement after bending supreme court his way |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/05/trump-abortion-supreme-court |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204085526/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/05/trump-abortion-supreme-court |url-status=live }}</ref>

Summarizing the rapid shift in the Republican and Democratic positions on abortion, Sue Halpern writes:<ref name="Williams-2022" />

<blockquote>...in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many Republicans were behind efforts to liberalize and even decriminalize abortion; theirs was the party of reproductive choice, while Democrats, with their large Catholic constituency, were the opposition. Republican governor Ronald Reagan signed the California Therapeutic Abortion Act, one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country, in 1967, legalizing abortion for women whose mental or physical health would be impaired by pregnancy, or whose pregnancies were the result of rape or incest. The same year, the Republican strongholds of North Carolina and Colorado made it easier for women to obtain abortions. New York, under Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]], a Republican, eliminated all restrictions on women seeking to terminate pregnancies up to twenty-four weeks gestation.... Richard Nixon, Barry Goldwater, Gerald Ford, and George H.W. Bush were all pro-choice, and they were not party outliers. In 1972, a Gallup poll found that 68 percent of Republicans believed abortion to be a private matter between a woman and her doctor. The government, they said, should not be involved... </blockquote>

Since the 1980s, opposition to abortion has become strongest in the party among [[Traditionalist Catholicism|traditionalist Catholics]] and conservative Protestant evangelicals.<ref name="Williams-2022" /><ref name="Taylor-2018" /><ref name="Abdelfatah-2022">{{Cite web |last=Abdelfatah |first=Rund |date=June 22, 2022 |title=Evangelicals didn't always play such a big role in the fight to limit abortion access |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/22/1106863232/evangelicals-didnt-always-play-such-a-big-role-in-the-fight-to-limit-abortion-ac |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=[[National Public Radio]] |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224184105/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/22/1106863232/evangelicals-didnt-always-play-such-a-big-role-in-the-fight-to-limit-abortion-ac |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially, evangelicals were relatively indifferent to the cause of abortion and overwhelmingly viewed it as a concern that was [[Sectarianism|sectarian]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].<ref name="Abdelfatah-2022" /> Historian [[Randall Balmer]] notes that [[Billy Graham]]'s ''[[Christianity Today]]'' published in 1968 a statement by theologian [[Bruce Waltke]] that:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waltke |first=Bruce K. |author-link=Bruce Waltke |date=November 8, 1968 |title=The Old Testament and Birth Control |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1968/november-8/old-testament-and-birth-control.html |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224190800/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1968/november-8/old-testament-and-birth-control.html |url-status=live }}</ref> "God does not regard the fetus as a soul, no matter how far gestation has progressed." Typical of the time, ''Christianity Today'' "refused to characterize abortion as sinful" and cited "individual health, family welfare, and social responsibility" as "justifications for ending a pregnancy."<ref name="Balmer-2022">{{Cite web |last=Balmer |first=Randall |author-link=Randall Balmer |date=May 10, 2022 |title=The Religious Right and the Abortion Myth |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/05/10/abortion-history-right-white-evangelical-1970s-00031480 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224190749/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/05/10/abortion-history-right-white-evangelical-1970s-00031480 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar beliefs were held among conservative figures in the [[Southern Baptist Convention]], including [[W. A. Criswell]], who is partially credited with starting the "[[Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence|conservative resurgence]]" within the organization, who stated: "I have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had a life separate from its mother that it became an individual person and it has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the mother and for the future should be allowed." Balmer argues that evangelical American Christianity being inherently tied to opposition to abortion is a relatively new occurrence.<ref name="Balmer-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Bob |date=November 6, 2012 |title=Evangelicals and abortion: chicken or egg? |url=https://baptistnews.com/article/evangelicals-and-abortion-chicken-or-egg/ |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=Baptist News Global |language=en-US |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224191638/https://baptistnews.com/article/evangelicals-and-abortion-chicken-or-egg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the late 1970s, he writes, opinion against abortion among evangelicals rapidly shifted in favor of its prohibition.<ref name="Abdelfatah-2022" />

Today, opinion polls show that Republican voters are heavily divided on the legality of abortion,<ref name="Doherty-2023">{{Cite web |last=Doherty |first=Carroll |title=How Republicans view their party and key issues facing the country as the 118th Congress begins |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2023/01/19/how-republicans-view-their-party-and-key-issues-facing-the-country-as-the-118th-congress-begins/ |access-date=January 21, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |date=January 19, 2023 |language=en-US |quote=There are fissures in the GOP coalition. The same typology study found fissures in the GOP coalition, including over economic fairness, tax policy, and in views of abortion and same-sex marriage. |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121121637/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2023/01/19/how-republicans-view-their-party-and-key-issues-facing-the-country-as-the-118th-congress-begins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> although vast majority of the party's national and state candidates are [[anti-abortion]] and oppose elective [[abortion]] on religious or moral grounds. While many advocate exceptions in the case of [[incest]], rape or the mother's life being at risk, in 2012 the party approved a platform advocating banning abortions without exception.<ref name="platform">{{cite web|first1=Alan|last1=Fram|first2=Philip|last2=Elliot|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/gop-oks-platform-barring-abortions-gay-marriage-204947742.html|title=GOP OKs platform barring abortions, gay marriage|website=Finance.yahoo.com|date=August 29, 2012|access-date=December 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226133220/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/gop-oks-platform-barring-abortions-gay-marriage-204947742.html|archive-date=February 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> There were not highly polarized differences between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party prior to the ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' 1973 Supreme Court ruling (which made prohibitions on abortion rights unconstitutional), but after the Supreme Court ruling, opposition to abortion became an increasingly key national platform for the Republican Party.<ref name="The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics2">{{Cite book|url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-great-divide/9780231120593|title=The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics|last=Layman|first=Geoffrey|author1-link=Geoffrey Layman|date=2001|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231120586|pages=115, 119–120|access-date=July 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625083214/http://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-great-divide/9780231120593|archive-date=June 25, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="How race and religion have polarized American voters">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/01/20/how-race-and-religion-have-polarized-american-voters/|title=How race and religion have polarized American voters|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=July 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716002726/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/01/20/how-race-and-religion-have-polarized-american-voters/|archive-date=July 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Party hacks and true believers: The effect of party affiliation on political preferences|date=2019|journal=Journal of Comparative Economics|volume=47|issue=3|pages=504–524|doi=10.1016/j.jce.2019.03.004|last1=Gould|first1=Eric D.|last2=Klor|first2=Esteban F.|s2cid=241140587}}</ref> As a result, Evangelicals gravitated towards the Republican Party.<ref name="The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics2" /><ref name="How race and religion have polarized American voters" /> Most Republicans oppose government funding for abortion providers, notably [[Planned Parenthood]].<ref name="ontheissues">{{cite web|title=Bobby Jindal on the Issues|publisher=Ontheissues.org|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/House/Bobby_Jindal.htm|access-date=May 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613001947/http://ontheissues.org/House/Bobby_Jindal.htm|archive-date=June 13, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> This includes support for the [[Hyde Amendment]].

Until its dissolution in 2018, [[Republican Majority for Choice]], an abortion rights PAC, advocated for amending the GOP platform to include pro-abortion rights members.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/06/pro-choice-republicans-in-congress-are-nearly-extinct.html|title=The Near-Extinction of Pro-Choice Republicans in Congress|last=Kilgore|first=Ed|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York Intelligencer]]|access-date=October 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920132858/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/06/pro-choice-republicans-in-congress-are-nearly-extinct.html|archive-date=September 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Republican Party has pursued policies at the national and state-level to restrict [[embryonic stem cell]] research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human [[embryo]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Levine|first1=A. D.|last2=Lacy|first2=T. A.|last3=Hearn|first3=J. C.|date=February 18, 2013|title=The origins of human embryonic stem cell research policies in the US states|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/sct005|journal=Science and Public Policy|volume=40|issue=4|pages=544–558|doi=10.1093/scipol/sct005|issn=0302-3427|access-date=November 7, 2021|archive-date=November 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108165659/https://academic.oup.com/spp/article-abstract/40/4/544/1635831?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blendon|first1=Robert J.|last2=Kim|first2=Minah Kang|last3=Benson|first3=John M.|date=November 17, 2011|title=The Public, Political Parties, and Stem-Cell Research|url=https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1110340|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=365|issue=20|pages=1853–1856|doi=10.1056/NEJMp1110340|issn=0028-4793|pmid=22087677|access-date=November 7, 2021|archive-date=November 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108165700/https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1110340|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

After [[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|the overturning]] of ''Roe v. Wade'' in 2022, a majority of Republican-controlled states [[Abortion law in the United States by state|passed near-total bans]] on [[abortion]], rendering it largely illegal throughout much of the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leonhardt |first=David |date=April 6, 2023 |title=The Power and Limits of Abortion Politics |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/06/world/wisconsin-chicago-elections-abortion.html |access-date=April 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=After the Supreme Court overturned Roe last June and allowed states to ban abortion, more than a dozen quickly imposed tight restrictions. Today, abortion is largely illegal in most of red America, even though polls suggest many voters in these states support at least some access. |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406104207/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/06/world/wisconsin-chicago-elections-abortion.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siders |first=David |date=April 6, 2023 |title=No Wisconsin wake-up call: Republicans go full steam ahead on abortion restrictions |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/06/wisconsin-gop-abortion-restrictions-00090888 |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406203158/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/06/wisconsin-gop-abortion-restrictions-00090888 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Affirmative action ====
{{See also|Affirmative action in the United States}}
Republicans generally oppose [[affirmative action]], often describing it as a "[[racial quota|quota system]]" and believing that it is not [[meritocratic]] and is counter-productive socially by only further promoting [[discrimination]]. According to a 2023 ABC poll, a majority of Americans (52%) and 75% of Republicans supported the Supreme Court's decision in [[Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard]] prohibiting race as a factor in college admissions, compared to only 26% of Democrats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/americans-approve-supreme-court-decision-restricting-race-college/story?id=100580375|title=Most Americans approve of Supreme Court decision restricting use of race in college admissions|access-date=March 15, 2024|website=ABC News}}</ref>

The 2012 Republican national platform stated, "We support efforts to help low-income individuals get a fair chance based on their potential and individual merit; but we reject preferences, quotas, and set-asides, as the best or sole methods through which fairness can be achieved, whether in government, education or corporate boardrooms...Merit, ability, aptitude, and results should be the factors that determine advancement in our society."<ref>See [https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2012-republican-party-platform Republican 2012 Platform]</ref><ref name=affirmativeaction>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/01/15/bush.affirmativeaction/|work=[[CNN]]|title=Bush criticizes university 'quota system'|date=January 15, 2003|access-date=May 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604190524/http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/01/15/bush.affirmativeaction/|archive-date=June 4, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= Eilperin>{{cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|title=Watts Walks a Tightrope on Affirmative Action|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 12, 1998|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa051298.htm|access-date=January 22, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524122643/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa051298.htm|archive-date=May 24, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Republican National Committee|author-link=Republican National Committee|date=July 30, 2015|title=Republican Views On Affirmative Action|url=https://www.republicanviews.org/republican-views-on-affirmative-action/|url-status=live|newspaper=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419164555/https://www.republicanviews.org/republican-views-on-affirmative-action/|archive-date=April 19, 2022}}</ref>

==== Gun ownership ====
[[File:20210420 Gun control survey by political party - Pew Research.svg|thumb|A 2021 survey of U.S. opinion on gun control issues, revealing deep divides along political lines.<ref name=Pew_20210420>{{cite web |title=Amid a Series of Mass Shootings in the U.S., Gun Policy Remains Deeply Divisive |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/04/20/amid-a-series-of-mass-shootings-in-the-u-s-gun-policy-remains-deeply-divisive/ |website=PewResearch.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530202009/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/04/20/amid-a-series-of-mass-shootings-in-the-u-s-gun-policy-remains-deeply-divisive/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |date=April 20, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Republicans generally support [[Gun politics in the United States|gun ownership rights]] and oppose [[Gun law in the United States|laws regulating guns]]. According to a 2023 Pew Research Center poll, 45% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents personally own firearms, compared to 32% for the general public and 20% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Key facts about Americans and guns|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/09/13/key-facts-about-americans-and-guns/ |website=Pew Research Center|date=September 13, 2023|access-date=May 27, 2024}}</ref>

The [[National Rifle Association of America]], a [[advocacy group|special interest group]] in support of gun ownership, has consistently aligned itself with the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Daniel |last1=Nass |title=A Democrat with an 'A' Grade from the NRA? There's One Left. |url=https://www.thetrace.org/2020/09/nra-grades-2020-election/ |website=The Trace |access-date=September 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909235156/https://www.thetrace.org/2020/09/nra-grades-2020-election/ |archive-date=September 9, 2020 |language=en-US |date=September 9, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following gun control measures under the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]], such as the [[Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994]], the Republicans allied with the NRA during the [[Republican Revolution]] in [[1994 United States elections|1994]].<ref>Siegel, Reva B. "Dead or Alive: Originalism as Popular Constitutionalism in Heller." ''The Second Amendment on Trial: Critical Essays on District of Columbia v. Heller'', edited by Saul Cornell and Nathan Kozuskanich, University of Massachusetts Press, 2013, p. 104.</ref> Since then, the NRA has consistently backed Republican candidates and contributed financial support.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Maggie |last1=Astor |title=For First Time in at Least 25 Years, No Democrat Has Top Grade From N.R.A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/22/us/politics/nra-ratings-grades-democrats.html |access-date=September 11, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922165110/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/22/us/politics/nra-ratings-grades-democrats.html |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |language=en-US |quote=The Democratic break from the National Rifle Association is complete: For the first time in at least 25 years, not a single Democrat running for Congress anywhere in the country received an A in the group's candidate ratings, which were once a powerful influence in U.S. elections.}}</ref>

In contrast, [[George H. W. Bush]], formerly a lifelong NRA member, was highly critical of the organization following their response to the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] authored by CEO [[Wayne LaPierre]], and publicly resigned in protest.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/11/us/letter-of-resignation-sent-by-bush-to-rifle-association.html |date=May 11, 1995 |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Letter of Resignation Sent By Bush to Rifle Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222213941/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/11/us/letter-of-resignation-sent-by-bush-to-rifle-association.html |archive-date=December 22, 2012 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>

==== Criminal justice====
{{See also|Illegal drug trade in the United States|Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|Capital punishment in the United States|Incarceration in the United States}}
The Republican Party has generally promoted strict anti-crime policies, such as [[mandatory minimum sentences]] and the [[capital punishment|death penalty]].<ref name="Lancaster-2024">{{cite web |title=Republican Party on Crime |url=https://www.ontheissues.org/celeb/Republican_Party_Crime.html |website=On The Issues |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lancaster |first=Joe |date=17 July 2024 |title=Republicans Have Completely Abandoned Criminal Justice Reform |url=https://reason.com/2024/07/17/republicans-have-completely-abandoned-criminal-justice-reform/ |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=Reason}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Political Party Platforms and the Death Penalty |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/policy-issues/policy/public-opinion-polls/political-party-platforms-and-the-death-penalty |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Death Penalty Information Center}}</ref> In the 2010s, however, prominent Republicans demonstrated some interest in [[Criminal justice reform in the United States|criminal justice reform]] designed to combat [[Incarceration in the United States|mass incarceration]], with President Trump signing the [[First Step Act]], which expanded good behavior credits for perpetrators of most nonviolent crimes and required the U.S. Attorney General to develop a system to assess the recidivism risk of all federal prisoners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of the First Step Act |url=https://www.bop.gov/inmates/fsa/overview.jsp |website=Federal Bureau of Prisons |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> By 2024, however, the Republican Party and its leaders had largely left behind its prior support for reform of the justice system.<ref name="Lancaster-2024"/>
Republican elected officials have historically supported the [[War on Drugs]]. They generally oppose [[legalization of drugs|legalization]] or decriminalization of drugs such as [[Cannabis in the United States|marijuana]].<ref name="Tesler-2022">{{Cite web |last=Tesler |first=Michael |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Why Do GOP Lawmakers Still Oppose Legalizing Weed? |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-do-gop-lawmakers-still-oppose-legalizing-weed/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |language=en-US |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824002207/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-do-gop-lawmakers-still-oppose-legalizing-weed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.republicanviews.org/republican-views-on-drugs/|title=Republican Views on Drugs {{!}} Republican Views|website=www.republicanviews.org|access-date=May 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502010122/http://www.republicanviews.org/republican-views-on-drugs/|archive-date=May 2, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020|title=House votes to decriminalize marijuana as GOP resists national shift|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/house-marijuana-republicans-election/2020/12/04/db2b00a8-35b0-11eb-8d38-6aea1adb3839_story.html|access-date=December 18, 2020|archive-date=December 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221145058/https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/house-marijuana-republicans-election/2020/12/04/db2b00a8-35b0-11eb-8d38-6aea1adb3839_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Opposition to the legalization of marijuana has softened significantly over time among Republican voters and politicians.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kneeland|first=Timothy W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vlUDAAAQBAJ&q=republican+party+opposition+drug+legalization&pg=PA206|title=Today's Social Issues: Democrats and Republicans: Democrats and Republicans|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1610698368|page=206|access-date=December 16, 2020|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215024943/https://books.google.com/books?id=8vlUDAAAQBAJ&q=republican+party+opposition+drug+legalization&pg=PA206|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Greg|last=Newburn|title=Top GOP Presidential Contenders Support Mandatory Minimum Reform|date=July 18, 2014|url=http://famm.org/top-gop-presidential-contenders-support-mandatory-minimum-reform/|publisher=[[Families Against Mandatory Minimums]]|access-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020752/http://famm.org/top-gop-presidential-contenders-support-mandatory-minimum-reform/|archive-date=November 29, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Florko |first1=Nicholas |title=The GOP's Tipping Point on Weed |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2024/09/florida-trump-recreational-marijuana/680077/ |access-date=26 February 2025 |agency=The Atlantic |date=30 September 2024}}</ref> A 2021 [[Quinnipiac University|''Quinnipiac'']] poll found that 62% of Republicans supported the legalization of recreational marijuana use and that net support for the position was +30 points.<ref name="Tesler-2022" /> Some Republican-controlled states have legalized medical and recreational marijuana in recent years.<ref name="NCSL MMJ">{{cite web|date=June 22, 2023|title=State Medical Cannabis Laws|url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx|access-date=April 26, 2024|publisher=[[National Conference of State Legislatures]]|archive-date=February 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206034555/https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2024, then-candidate Donald Trump endorsed the legalization of recreational marijuana.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Kate |title=Trump says he will vote to legalize adult recreational marijuana use in Florida |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/09/politics/trump-marijuana-florida/index.html |access-date=26 February 2025 |agency=CNN |date=9 September 2024}}</ref>

==== Immigration ====
{{See also|Immigration to the United States|Illegal immigration to the United States}}
The Republican Party has taken widely varying views on immigration throughout its history, but have generally and traditionally taken an anti-[[immigration]] and [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] stance compared to the opposition.<ref name="Smith-2021"/> In the period between 1850 and 1870, the Republican Party was more opposed to immigration than the Democrats. The GOP's opposition was, in part, caused by its reliance on the support of anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant parties such as the [[Know Nothing|Know-Nothings]]. In the decades following the Civil War, especially in the 1880s, the Republican Party lessened its stance on immigration, as it represented the manufacturers in the northeast (who wanted additional labor); although during this period, the Democratic Party still came to be seen as the party of both American and foreign labor, and many religious Republicans [[Romanism|used anti-Irish and pro-Christian sentiments]]. Starting in the early 1930s, the parties focused on [[Emigration from Mexico|Mexican emigration]], as the Democrats proposed a softer stance on Mexican immigration during the [[Great Depression]] and [[New Deal]], rather than Republicans under [[Herbert Hoover]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1884|title= United States presidential election of 1884|publisher=[[Britannica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/articles/great-depression-repatriation-drives-mexico-deportation|title=The Deportation Campaigns of the Great Depression|date=July 12, 2019 |publisher=Becky Little}}</ref>

In 2006, the Republican-led Senate passed [[Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006|comprehensive immigration reform]] that would eventually have allowed millions of illegal immigrants to become citizens. Despite the support of Republican President George W. Bush, the House of Representatives (also led by Republicans) did not advance the bill.<ref name="Blanton">{{cite news|last=Blanton|first=Dana|title=National Exit Poll: Midterms Come Down to Iraq, Bush|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=November 8, 2006|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/national-exit-poll-midterms-come-down-to-iraq-bush|access-date=January 6, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306050851/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,228104,00.html|archive-date=March 6, 2007}}</ref> After Republican Mitt Romney was defeated in the 2012 presidential election, particularly due to a lack of support among Latinos,<ref name="Thrush 2012 z257">{{cite web | last=Thrush | first=Glenn | title=How Romney lost Latinos | website=Politico | date=2012-03-12 | url=https://www.politico.com/story/2012/03/how-romney-lost-latinos-074036 | access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref><ref name="Murray 2012 q346">{{cite web | last=Murray | first=NBC's Mark | title=One month later, Republicans find plenty of blame for election loss | website=NBC News | date=2012-12-04 | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/one-month-later-republicans-find-plenty-blame-election-loss-flna1c7425742 | access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref> several Republicans advocated a friendlier approach to immigrants that would allow for more migrant workers and a [[path to citizenship]] for illegal immigrants. The [[Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013]] passed the Senate 68–32, but was not brought to a vote in the House and died in the [[113th Congress]].<ref name="AP News-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/immigration-asylum-trump-biden-gang-of-eight-3d8007e72928665b66d8648be0e3e31f|website=[[Associated Press|AP News]]|title=Immigration reform stalled decade after Gang of 8′s big push|date=April 3, 2023|access-date=April 3, 2023|archive-date=April 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403061526/https://apnews.com/article/immigration-asylum-trump-biden-gang-of-eight-3d8007e72928665b66d8648be0e3e31f|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2013 poll, 60% of Republicans supported the pathway to citizenship concept.<ref name="long-past">{{cite news|last=Frumin|first=Aliyah|title=Obama: 'Long past time' for immigration reform|date=November 25, 2013|url=https://www.msnbc.com/hardball/obama-long-past-time-reform|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|access-date=January 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121145422/http://www.msnbc.com/hardball/obama-long-past-time-reform|archive-date=January 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Donald Trump]] proposed to build [[Mexico–United States border wall|a wall]] along the southern border of the United States. Trump [[Immigration policy of the first Donald Trump administration|immigration policies during his administration]] included a [[Executive Order 13769|travel ban]] from multiple Muslim-majority countries, a [[Remain in Mexico]] policy for asylum-seekers, [[Trump administration family separation policy|a controversial family separation policy]], and attempting to end [[Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals|DACA]].<ref name="Baker-2020"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hajnal |first1=Zoltan |date=January 4, 2021 |title=Immigration & the Origins of White Backlash |journal=Daedalus |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.1162/daed_a_01844 |issn=0011-5266 |doi-access=free}}</ref> During the tenure of Democratic President Joe Biden, the Republican Party has continued to take a hardline stance against illegal immigration. The Party largely opposes immigration reform,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/senate-border-vote-immigration-policies-trump-19977804?mod=hp_lead_pos1|title=Why Both Parties Have Shifted Right on Immigration—and Still Can't Agree|website=The Wall Street Journal|first1=Michelle|last1=Hackman|first2=Aaron|last2=Zitner|date=February 2, 2024}}</ref> although there are widely differing views on immigration within the Party.<ref name="AP News-2023"/> The Party's proposed 2024 platform was opposed to immigration, and called for the mass deportation of all illegal immigrants in the United States.<ref name="2024 Platform">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/08/us/politics/trump-abortion-gop.html|title=Trump Presses G.O.P. for New Platform That Softens Stance on Abortion|first1=Maggie|last1=Haberman|first2=Shane|last2=Goldmacher|first3=Jonathan|last3=Swan|work=The New York Times|date=July 8, 2024|quote=The platform is even more nationalistic, more protectionist and less socially conservative than the 2016 Republican platform that was duplicated in the 2020 election.|access-date=July 9, 2024|archive-date=July 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061601/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/08/us/politics/trump-abortion-gop.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2024 Pew Research Center poll found that 88% of Donald Trump's supporters favored mass deportation of all illegal immigrants, compared to 27% of Kamala Harris supporters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/2024/09/27/trump-and-harris-supporters-differ-on-mass-deportations-but-favor-border-security-high-skilled-immigration/|title=Trump and Harris Supporters Differ on Mass Deportations but Favor Border Security, High-Skilled Immigration|date=September 29, 2024|website=Pew Research Center|first1=Sahana|last1=Mukherjee|first2=Jens Manuel|last2=Krogstad}}</ref>

==== LGBT issues ====

Similar to the Democratic Party, the Republican position on [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]] has changed significantly over time, with continuously increasing support among both parties on the issue.<ref name="Lindberg-2022" /><ref name="Igielnik-2022">{{cite web |last1=Igielnik |first1=Ruth |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Backdrop for Vote on Same-Sex Marriage Rights: A Big Shift in Public Opinion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/16/us/politics/same-sex-marriage-public-opinion.html |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116235133/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/16/us/politics/same-sex-marriage-public-opinion.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Log Cabin Republicans]] is a group within the Republican Party that represents [[LGBT conservatism|LGBT conservatives]] and allies and advocates for LGBT rights.<ref name="m543">{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Margie |date=2024-06-21 |title=Who are the Log Cabin Republicans? What LGBTQ+ group thinks of Trump |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/06/21/log-cabin-republicans-lgbtq-group/74167747007/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref name="e209">{{cite web |last=Kane |first=Christopher |date=2024-07-19 |title=Log Cabin Republicans president, Ric Grenell outline conservative LGBTQ positions |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2024/07/19/log-cabin-republicans-president-ric-grenell-outline-conservative-lgbtq-positions/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Washington Blade}}</ref>

From the early-2000s to the mid-2010s, Republicans opposed [[same-sex marriage]], while being divided on the issue of [[civil union]]s and [[domestic partnership]]s for same-sex couples.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Anne |date=March 9, 2016 |title='Religious Liberty' Has Replaced 'Gay Marriage' In GOP Talking Points |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/religious-liberty-has-replaced-gay-marriage-in-gop-talking-points/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |language=en-US |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814020215/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/religious-liberty-has-replaced-gay-marriage-in-gop-talking-points/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 2004 election, [[George W. Bush]] campaigned prominently on a constitutional amendment to prohibit same-sex marriage; many believe it helped Bush win re-election.<ref name="Lerer-2020">{{Cite news|last1=Lerer|first1=Lisa|last2=Russonello|first2=Giovanni|last3=Paz|first3=Isabella Grullón|date=June 17, 2020|title=On L.G.B.T.Q. Rights, a Gulf Between Trump and Many Republican Voters|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/us/politics/lgbtq-supreme-court-trump-republicans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617232814/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/us/politics/lgbtq-supreme-court-trump-republicans.html |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=June 8, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/04/politics/campaign/samesex-marriage-issue-key-to-some-gop-races.html|title=Same-Sex Marriage Issue Key to Some G.O.P. Races|last=Dao|first=James|date=November 4, 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 25, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812004009/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/04/politics/campaign/samesex-marriage-issue-key-to-some-gop-races.html|archive-date=August 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In both [[108th United States Congress|2004]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/02/24/elec04.prez.bush.marriage/|title=Bush calls for ban on same-sex marriages|date=February 25, 2004|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=February 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515103309/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/02/24/elec04.prez.bush.marriage/|archive-date=May 15, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[109th United States Congress|2006]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna11442710|title=Bush urges federal marriage amendment|date=June 6, 2006|publisher=[[NBC News]]|access-date=February 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408104009/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11442710/ns/politics/t/bush-urges-federal-marriage-amendment/|archive-date=April 8, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> President Bush, Senate Majority Leader [[Bill Frist]], and House Majority Leader [[John Boehner]] promoted the [[Federal Marriage Amendment]], a proposed constitutional amendment which would legally restrict the definition of marriage to [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]] couples.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/24/politics/bush-backs-ban-in-constitution-on-gay-marriage.html|title=Bush Backs Ban in Constitution on Gay Marriage|last=Stout|first=David|date=February 24, 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=December 17, 2018|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202413/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/24/politics/bush-backs-ban-in-constitution-on-gay-marriage.html|archive-date=December 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700830.html|title=Gay Marriage Amendment Fails in Senate|journal=The Washington Post and Times-Herald|last=Murray|first=Shailagh|date=June 8, 2006|access-date=December 17, 2018|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308131316/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060700830.html|archive-date=March 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/constitutional-amendment-on-marriage-fails|title=Constitutional Amendment on Marriage Fails|date=March 25, 2015|website=[[Fox News]]|access-date=December 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202230/https://www.foxnews.com/story/constitutional-amendment-on-marriage-fails|archive-date=December 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In both attempts, the amendment failed to secure enough votes to invoke [[cloture]] and thus ultimately was never passed. As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy.<ref name="A Shifting Landscape">{{cite web|url=http://publicreligion.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2014.LGBT_REPORT.pdf|title=A Shifting Landscape|date=February 26, 2014 |website=Public Religion Research Institute |first1=Robert P. |last1=Jones |first2=Daniel |last2=Cox |first3=Juhem |last3=Navarro-Rivera |access-date=December 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417222101/http://publicreligion.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2014.LGBT_REPORT.pdf|archive-date=April 17, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2014, most state GOP platforms expressed opposition to same-sex marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gop-platform_n_5242421|title=Anti-Gay Stance Still Enshrined In Majority Of State GOP Platforms |first=Amanda |last=Terkel|date=May 5, 2014|website=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=August 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824093553/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gop-platform_n_5242421|archive-date=August 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2016 [[2016 Republican National Convention|GOP Platform]] defined marriage as "natural marriage, the union of one man and one woman," and condemned the Supreme Court's [[Obergefell v. Hodges|ruling]] legalizing same-sex marriages.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4411842/republican-platform-same-sex-marriage-abortion-guns-wall-street/|title=Read the Republican Platform on Same-Sex Marriage, Guns and Wall Street |date=July 18, 2016 |first=Will |last=Drabold |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=August 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804081049/https://time.com/4411842/republican-platform-same-sex-marriage-abortion-guns-wall-street/|archive-date=August 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gop.com/the-2016-republican-party-platform|title=The 2016 Republican Party Platform|date=July 18, 2016|website=GOP|access-date=February 1, 2020|archive-date=February 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211220913/https://www.gop.com/the-2016-republican-party-platform/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2020 platform, which reused the 2016 platform, retained the statements against same-sex marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Orr|first=Gabby|title=Republicans across the spectrum slam RNC's decision to keep 2016 platform|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/11/republicans-rnc-decision-314172|access-date=June 12, 2020|website=[[Politico]]|date=June 11, 2020|archive-date=August 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802160921/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/11/republicans-rnc-decision-314172|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kilgore|first=Ed|date=June 11, 2020|title=Republicans Will Just Recycle Their 2016 Party Platform|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/06/republicans-will-just-recycle-their-2016-party-platform.html|access-date=June 12, 2020|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York Intelligencer]]|archive-date=July 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730000020/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/06/republicans-will-just-recycle-their-2016-party-platform.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Epstein|first1=Reid J.|last2=Karni|first2=Annie|date=June 11, 2020|title=G.O.P. Platform, Rolled Over From 2016, Condemns the 'Current President'|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/us/politics/republican-platform.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611181235/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/us/politics/republican-platform.html |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Following his election as president in 2016, Donald Trump stated that he had no objection to same-sex marriage or to the Supreme Court decision in ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'', but had previously promised to consider appointing a Supreme Court justice to roll back the constitutional right.<ref name="Lerer-2020" /><ref>{{cite web|last=de Vogue|first=Ariane|title=Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled,' but Roe v Wade can be changed|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/14/politics/trump-gay-marriage-abortion-supreme-court/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511223804/https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/14/politics/trump-gay-marriage-abortion-supreme-court/index.html|archive-date=May 11, 2019|access-date=May 11, 2019|website=[[CNN]]|date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> In office, Trump was the first sitting Republican president to recognize [[Gay pride|LGBT Pride Month]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/trump-recognizes-lgbtq-pride-month-first-time-n1012611|title=Trump recognizes LGBTQ pride month in tweets|website=[[NBC News]]|date=May 31, 2019 |access-date=August 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803192111/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/trump-recognizes-lgbtq-pride-month-first-time-n1012611|archive-date=August 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Conversely, the Trump administration banned transgender individuals from service in the United States military and rolled back other protections for transgender people which had been enacted during the previous Democratic presidency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/us/politics/trump-transgender-rights.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206103013/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/us/politics/trump-transgender-rights.html |archive-date=December 6, 2019 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Trump's Rollback of Transgender Rights Extends Through Entire Government|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 6, 2019|access-date=June 9, 2020|last1=Fadulu|first1=Lola|last2=Flanagan|first2=Annie}}</ref> However, other Republicans, such as [[Vivek Ramaswamy]], do not support such a ban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Michael |date=2023-06-04 |title='Anti-woke' GOP presidential candidate says he wouldn't ban transgender service in military |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/anti-woke-gop-presidential-candidate-says-he-would-not-ban-transgender-service-military |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Republican Party platform previously opposed the [[Sexual orientation and the United States military|inclusion of gay people in the military]] and opposed adding sexual orientation to the list of protected classes since 1992.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/20/news/delicate-balance-gay-vote-gay-rights-aids-emerging-divisive-issues-campaign.html|title=A Delicate Balance: The Gay Vote; Gay Rights and AIDS Emerging As Divisive Issues in Campaign|last=Schmalz|first=Jeffrey|date=August 20, 1992|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 24, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824093556/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/20/news/delicate-balance-gay-vote-gay-rights-aids-emerging-divisive-issues-campaign.html|archive-date=August 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gop-platform-through-the-years-shows-partys-shift-from-moderate-to-conservative/2012/08/28/09094512-ed70-11e1-b09d-07d971dee30a_story.html|title=GOP platform through the years shows party's shift from moderate to conservative|last=Fisher|first=Marc|date=August 28, 2012|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824093557/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gop-platform-through-the-years-shows-partys-shift-from-moderate-to-conservative/2012/08/28/09094512-ed70-11e1-b09d-07d971dee30a_story.html|archive-date=August 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/conventions/party-platform-evolution/|title=What Republicans and Democrats have disagreed on, from 1856 to today|last1=Mellnik|first1=Ted|last2=Alcantara|first2=Chris|date=July 15, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114164556/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/conventions/party-platform-evolution/|archive-date=November 14, 2017|url-status=live|last3=Uhrmacher|first3=Kevin}}</ref> The Republican Party opposed the inclusion of [[sexual preference]] in anti-discrimination statutes from 1992 to 2004.<ref name="1992 Republican Party platform">{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25847|title=Republican Party Platforms: Republican Party Platform of 1992|website=Presidency.ucsb.edu|date=August 17, 1992|access-date=December 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204134646/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25847|archive-date=February 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2008 and 2012 Republican Party platform supported anti-discrimination statutes based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin, but both platforms were silent on [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]].<ref name="2012 Republican Party platform">{{cite web|url=http://www.gop.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/2012GOPPlatform.pdf|title=Layout 1|website=Gop.com|access-date=December 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730001737/http://www.gop.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/2012GOPPlatform.pdf|archive-date=July 30, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2008 Republican Party platform">{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=78545|title=Republican Party Platforms: 2008 Republican Party Platform|website=Presidency.ucsb.edu|access-date=December 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128014700/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=78545|archive-date=January 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2016 platform was opposed to sex discrimination statutes that included the phrase "sexual orientation".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gop.com/|title=Republican Party Platform|website=GOP|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123022603/https://gop.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prod-cdn-static.gop.com/static/home/data/platform.pdf|title=Republican Platform 2016|date=2016|website=GOP.com|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=May 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503220642/https://prod-cdn-static.gop.com/static/home/data/platform.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The same 2016 platform rejected ''Obergefell v. Hodges'', and was also used for the party's 2020 platform.<ref name="Zezima Weigel 2016 d265">{{cite news | last1=Zezima | first1=Katie | last2=Weigel | first2=David | title=While Trump stays out of it, GOP platform tacks to the right on gay rights | newspaper=Washington Post | date=2016-07-13 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/while-trump-stays-out-of-it-gop-platform-tacks-to-the-right-on-gay-rights/2016/07/13/969165ca-490d-11e6-acbc-4d4870a079da_story.html | access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref> In the early 2020s, numerous Republican-led states [[2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States|proposed or passed laws]] that have been described as anti-trans by critics,<ref name="x150">{{cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Trip |date=2022-07-22 |title=After Roe, Republicans Sharpen Attacks on Gay and Transgender Rights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/22/us/politics/after-roe-republicans-sharpen-attacks-on-gay-and-transgender-rights.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="n141"/><ref name="v293">{{cite web |last=Funakoshi |first=Minami |date=2023-08-19 |title=The rise of anti-trans bills in the US |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-HEALTHCARE/TRANS-BILLS/zgvorreyapd/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="o776">{{cite web |last=Clare Foran |first=Shawna Mizelle |date=2023-04-20 |title=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/20/politics/house-transgender-sports-bill/index.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="l264">{{cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=1A Remaking America: Why The GOP Has Rallied Behind Anti-Trans Legislation : 1A |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/02/1102738161/1a-remaking-america-why-the-gop-has-rallied-behind-anti-trans-legislation |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=NPR}}</ref><ref name="j502">{{cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title=From drag bans to sports restrictions, 75 anti-LGBTQ bills have become law in 2023 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/75-anti-lgbtq-bills-become-law-2023-rcna124250 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=NBC News}}</ref><ref name="v746">{{cite web |last=Schoenbaum |first=Hannah |date=2023-01-07 |title=Republican states aim to restrict transgender health care in first bills of 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/republican-states-aim-to-restrict-transgender-health-care-in-first-bills-of-2023 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=PBS News}}</ref> as well as laws limiting or banning [[Drag panic|public performances of drag shows]], and teaching schoolchildren about LGBT topics.<ref name="n141">{{cite news |last1=Astor |first1=Maggie |title=G.O.P. State Lawmakers Push a Growing Wave of Anti-Transgender Bills |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 25, 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/us/politics/transgender-laws-republicans.html |access-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615112638/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/us/politics/transgender-laws-republicans.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 6, 2021, RNC Chair [[Ronna McDaniel]] announced the creation of the "RNC Pride Coalition", in partnership with the [[Log Cabin Republicans]], to promote outreach to LGBTQ voters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singman|first=Brooke|date=November 8, 2021|title=RNC announces 'Pride Coalition,' partnership with Log Cabin Republicans ahead of midterms|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/rnc-announces-pride-coalition-partnership-with-log-cabin-republicans-ahead-of-midterms|access-date=November 18, 2021|website=[[Fox News]]|language=en-US|archive-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115120520/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/rnc-announces-pride-coalition-partnership-with-log-cabin-republicans-ahead-of-midterms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, after the announcement, McDaniel apologized for not having communicated the announcement in advance and emphasized that the new outreach program did not alter the 2016 GOP Platform.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 17, 2021|title=GOP Chairwoman Ronna McDaniel apologizes for poor communication regarding gay outreach|url=https://www.metroweekly.com/2021/11/republican-chairwoman-ronna-mcdaniel-apologizes-for-poor-communication-regarding-gay-outreach-initiative/|access-date=November 18, 2021|website=Metro Weekly|language=en-US|archive-date=November 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118215808/https://www.metroweekly.com/2021/11/republican-chairwoman-ronna-mcdaniel-apologizes-for-poor-communication-regarding-gay-outreach-initiative/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2023, a majority of Republican voters support [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="Lindberg-2022">{{Cite web |last=Lindberg |first=Tim |date=August 2, 2022 |title=Congress is considering making same-sex marriage federal law – a political scientist explains how this issue became less polarized over time |url=https://theconversation.com/congress-is-considering-making-same-sex-marriage-federal-law-a-political-scientist-explains-how-this-issue-became-less-polarized-over-time-187509 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Kansas Reflector |language=en-US |archive-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823203344/http://theconversation.com/congress-is-considering-making-same-sex-marriage-federal-law-a-political-scientist-explains-how-this-issue-became-less-polarized-over-time-187509 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=September 28, 2022 |title=Majority of Americans Believe Abortion and Same-Sex Marriage Should be Guaranteed Rights {{!}} Grinnell College |url=https://www.grinnell.edu/poll/guaranteed-rights |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=[[Grinnell College]] |quote=Solid majorities across both parties agree that... marrying someone of the same sex...are rights that should be guaranteed to all citizens... |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305231449/https://www.grinnell.edu/poll/guaranteed-rights |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohn |first=Nate |author-link=Nate Cohn |date=August 10, 2023 |title=It's Not Reagan's Party Anymore |language=en |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/10/upshot/reagan-trump-gop-stool.html |access-date=August 23, 2023 |quote=It's not Mr. Reagan's party anymore. Today, a majority of Republicans oppose many of the positions that defined the party as recently as a decade ago, according to a New York Times/Siena College poll released last week. Only around one-third of Republican voters... [oppose]... same-sex marriage... |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202100640/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/10/upshot/reagan-trump-gop-stool.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[FiveThirtyEight]]'', as of 2022, Republican voters are consistently more open to same-sex marriage than their representatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/whats-behind-senate-republicans-hesitancy-toward-same-sex-marriage/|first1=Monica|last1=Potts|title=What's Behind Senate Republicans' Hesitancy Toward Same-Sex Marriage?|website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=August 3, 2022|access-date=August 24, 2022|archive-date=August 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824063615/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/whats-behind-senate-republicans-hesitancy-toward-same-sex-marriage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-07-28/same-sex-marriage-divides-elected-republicans-from-their-supporters|date=July 28, 2022|access-date=August 24, 2022|title=The GOP's Same-Sex Marriage Divide|first1=Lauren|last1=Camera|website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|archive-date=August 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808203940/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-07-28/same-sex-marriage-divides-elected-republicans-from-their-supporters|url-status=live}}</ref> The party platform approved at the [[2024 Republican National Convention]] no longer states that marriage should be between "one man and one woman", though it did oppose the inclusion of [[Trans woman|transgender women]] in women's sports and teaching about LGBT topics in schools.<ref name="2024 Platform" /> According to a 2023 ''[[YouGov]]'' poll, Republicans are slightly more likely to oppose [[Intersex medical interventions|intersex medical alterations]] than Democrats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orth |first=Taylor |date=February 14, 2023 |title=Which childhood body modification procedures do Americans think are unacceptable? |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/health/articles-reports/2023/02/14/childhood-body-modification-procedures-transgender |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=[[YouGov]] |language=en-us |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306085411/https://today.yougov.com/topics/health/articles-reports/2023/02/14/childhood-body-modification-procedures-transgender |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/7hxynzngn8/results_Childhood_Medical_Procedures.pdf|title=YouGov Survey: Childhood Medical Procedures|access-date=April 21, 2023|archive-date=April 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421004218/https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/7hxynzngn8/results_Childhood_Medical_Procedures.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2024, Trump nominated [[Scott Bessent]] for [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|United States secretary of the treasury]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/trump-treasury-secretary-scott-bessent-cabinet-2470c09a|title=Trump Picks Scott Bessent as Treasury Secretary|last1=Restuccia |first1=Andrew |last2=Schwartz |first2=Brian |last3=Timiraos |first3=Nick|last4=Leary|first4=Alex |date=November 22, 2024 |accessdate=November 22, 2024|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> He is the [[List of first openly LGBTQ politicians in the United States|second openly gay man]] to serve in the [[Cabinet of the United States]] (after [[Pete Buttigieg]]) and the [[List of first openly LGBTQ politicians in the United States|fourth openly gay man]] to serve in a [[Cabinet of the United States#Cabinet-level officials|cabinet-level]] office (after [[Demetrios Marantis]], [[Richard Grenell]] and Buttigieg).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |date=November 23, 2024 |title=Trump nominates investment manager Scott Bessent, a gay man, as Treasury secretary |url=https://www.advocate.com/politics/scott-bessant-gay-trump-treasury |access-date=November 30, 2024 |work=[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]]}}</ref> As the secretary of the treasury is [[United States presidential line of succession#Current order of succession|fifth]] in the [[United States presidential line of succession]], he is the [[List of first openly LGBTQ politicians in the United States|highest-ranking openly LGBT person in American history]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2024/11/24/trump-nominates-gay-man-for-treasury-secretary/|title=Trump nominates gay man for Treasury secretary|website=[[Washington Blade]]|author=[[Christopher Kane]]|date=November 24, 2024|access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref>

==== Voting rights ====
{{See also|Voter identification laws in the United States}}

Virtually all restrictions on voting have in recent years been implemented by Republicans. Republicans, mainly at the state level, argue that the restrictions (such as the purging of [[Electoral roll|voter rolls]], limiting voting locations, and limiting [[early voting|early]] and [[Postal voting|mail-in]] voting) are vital to prevent [[voter fraud]], saying that voter fraud is an underestimated issue in elections. Polling has found majority support for early voting, automatic voter registration and [[Voter identification laws in the United States|voter ID laws]] among the general population.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 22, 2016|title=Four in Five Americans Support Voter ID Laws, Early Voting|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/194741/four-five-americans-support-voter-laws-early-voting.aspx|access-date=April 7, 2021|website=Gallup.com|archive-date=April 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406165231/https://news.gallup.com/poll/194741/four-five-americans-support-voter-laws-early-voting.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rakich|first=Nathaniel|date=April 2, 2021|title=Americans Oppose Many Voting Restrictions — But Not Voter ID Laws|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/americans-oppose-many-voting-restrictions-but-not-voter-id-laws/|access-date=April 7, 2021|website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|archive-date=April 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406171627/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/americans-oppose-many-voting-restrictions-but-not-voter-id-laws/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2021/02/05/republicans-target-ballot-access-after-record-turnout|publisher=Pew Trusts|work=Stateline|first=Matt|last=Vasilogambros|title=Republicans Target Ballot Access After Record Turnout|date=February 5, 2021|access-date=April 25, 2021|archive-date=April 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425034413/https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2021/02/05/republicans-target-ballot-access-after-record-turnout|url-status=live}}</ref>

In defending their restrictions to voting rights, Republicans have made false and exaggerated claims about the extent of voter fraud in the United States; all existing research indicates that it is extremely rare,<ref name="WaPo_voter_fraud_2014">{{cite web |author=Bump, Philip |date=October 13, 2014 |title=The disconnect between voter ID laws and voter fraud |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/10/13/the-disconnect-between-voter-id-laws-and-voter-fraud/ |access-date=July 26, 2016 |work=The Fix |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Levitt |first=Justin |date=August 6, 2014 |title=A comprehensive investigation of voter impersonation finds 31 credible incidents out of one billion ballots cast |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/?arc404=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028232347/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/?arc404=true |archive-date=October 28, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Hakim-2018" /><ref name="Linker-2018" /> and civil and voting rights organizations often accuse Republicans of enacting restrictions to influence elections in the party's favor. Many laws or regulations restricting voting enacted by Republicans have been successfully challenged in court, with court rulings striking down such regulations and accusing Republicans of establishing them with partisan purpose.<ref name="Hakim-2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/03/us/politics/voting-suppression-elections.html|title='They Don't Really Want Us to Vote': How Republicans Made it Harder|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 3, 2018 |access-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104152125/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/03/us/politics/voting-suppression-elections.html|archive-date=November 4, 2018|url-status=live|last1=Hakim |first1=Danny |last2=Wines |first2=Michael }}</ref><ref name="Linker-2018">{{cite magazine|url=https://theweek.com/articles/803156/big-conservative-lie-voter-fraud|title=The big conservative lie on 'voter fraud'|date=October 23, 2018|magazine=The Week|access-date=December 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228130912/https://theweek.com/articles/803156/big-conservative-lie-voter-fraud|archive-date=December 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the Supreme Court decision in ''[[Shelby County v. Holder]]'' rolled back aspects of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], Republicans introduced cuts to early voting, purges of voter rolls and imposition of strict voter ID laws.<ref name="Hakim-2018"/> The 2016 Republican platform advocated proof of citizenship as a prerequisite for registering to vote and photo ID as a prerequisite when voting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mali |first=Meghashyam |date=July 19, 2016 |title=GOP platform calls for tough voter ID laws |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/288302-gop-platform-calls-for-tough-voter-id-laws/ |access-date=April 7, 2021 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418183438/https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/288302-gop-platform-calls-for-tough-voter-id-laws |url-status=live }}</ref>

After Donald Trump and his [[Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud|Republican allies made false claims of fraud]] during the 2020 presidential election, Republicans launched a nationwide effort to [[Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election|impose tighter election laws at the state level]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wines|first=Michael|date=February 27, 2021|title=In Statehouses, Stolen-Election Myth Fuels a G.O.P. Drive to Rewrite Rules|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/27/us/republican-voter-suppression.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/27/us/republican-voter-suppression.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Kelly|last=Mena|title=More than 100 bills that would restrict voting are moving through state legislatures|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/02/politics/voting-rights-state-legislation/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203013507/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/02/politics/voting-rights-state-legislation/index.html|archive-date=February 3, 2021|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=[[CNN]]|date=February 2, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Gardner-2021">{{cite news|last1=Gardner|first1=Amy|date=March 26, 2021|title=After Trump tried to intervene in the 2020 vote, state Republicans are moving to take more control of elections|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/republicans-election-control/2021/03/26/064fffcc-8cb4-11eb-a730-1b4ed9656258_story.html|access-date=April 7, 2021|archive-date=June 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614185326/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/republicans-election-control/2021/03/26/064fffcc-8cb4-11eb-a730-1b4ed9656258_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Such bills are centered around limiting mail-in voting, strengthening voter ID laws, shortening early voting, eliminating [[Voter registration in the United States#Automatic|automatic]] and [[Voter registration in the United States#Election Day / same-day|same-day voter registration]], curbing the use of [[ballot drop box]]es, and allowing for increased purging of voter rolls.<ref name="Bill-Tracker">{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2021 |title=State Voting Bills Tracker 2021 |url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/state-voting-bills-tracker-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611232034/https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/state-voting-bills-tracker-2021 |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |website=[[Brennan Center for Justice]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT-practices">{{Cite web |last1=Corisaniti |first1=Nick |last2=Epstein |first2=Reid J. |date=March 23, 2021 |title=G.O.P. and Allies Draft 'Best Practices' for Restricting Voting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/23/us/politics/republican-voter-laws.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611081640/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/23/us/politics/republican-voter-laws.html |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Republicans in at least eight states have also introduced bills that would give lawmakers greater power over election administration, after they were unsuccessful in their attempts to overturn election results in [[swing state]]s won by Biden.<ref name="Corasaniti-2021">{{Cite news |last=Corasaniti |first=Nick |date=March 24, 2021 |title=Republicans Aim to Seize More Power Over How Elections Are Run |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/24/us/politics/republicans-election-laws.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611230735/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/24/us/politics/republicans-election-laws.html |archive-date=June 11, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Gardner-2021"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalmbacher |first=Colin |date=May 26, 2021 |title=Arizona GOP Bill Would Allow GOP-Controlled State Legislature to Strip Key Election Powers from Democratic Secretary of State |url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/arizona-gop-bill-would-allow-gop-controlled-state-legislature-to-strip-key-election-powers-from-democratic-secretary-of-state/ |work=Law & Crime |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=May 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531061200/https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/arizona-gop-bill-would-allow-gop-controlled-state-legislature-to-strip-key-election-powers-from-democratic-secretary-of-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gardner |first1=Amy |date=May 29, 2021 |title=Texas Republicans finalize bill that would enact stiff new voting restrictions and make it easier to overturn election results |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/texas-voting-restrictions/2021/05/29/86923248-be25-11eb-9c90-731aff7d9a0d_story.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714230135/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/texas-voting-restrictions/2021/05/29/86923248-be25-11eb-9c90-731aff7d9a0d_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Supporters of the bills argue they would improve election security and reverse temporary changes enacted during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]; they point to false claims of significant election fraud, as well as the substantial public distrust of the integrity of the 2020 election those claims have fostered,{{Efn|According to an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll, while more than 60% of Americans believe the 2020 election was secure, a large majority of Republican voters say they do not trust the results of the 2020 election.<ref name="NPR-poll">{{Cite web|last=Montanaro|first=Domenico|date=December 9, 2020|title=Poll: Just A Quarter Of Republicans Accept Election Outcome |access-date=June 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611233203/https://www.npr.org/2020/12/09/944385798/poll-just-a-quarter-of-republicans-accept-election-outcome |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/09/944385798/poll-just-a-quarter-of-republicans-accept-election-outcome|url-status=live|website=[[NPR]]}}</ref> According to a poll by [[Quinnipiac University|Quinnipiac]], 77% of Republicans believe there was widespread voter fraud.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 10, 2020|title=December 10, 2020 – 60% View Joe Biden's 2020 Presidential Victory As Legitimate, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; 77% Of Republicans Believe There Was Widespread Voter Fraud|url=https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=3685|website=[[Quinnipiac University]]|access-date=October 20, 2022|archive-date=March 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321131057/https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=3685|url-status=live}}</ref>}} as justification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inskeep |first=Steve |date=February 28, 2021 |title=Why Republicans Are Moving To Fix Elections That Weren't Broken |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/28/970877930/why-republicans-are-moving-to-fix-elections-that-werent-broken |website=[[NPR]] |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=March 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328143539/https://www.npr.org/2021/02/28/970877930/why-republicans-are-moving-to-fix-elections-that-werent-broken |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinhauser |first=Paul |date=February 17, 2021 |title=Republican Party launching new election integrity committee |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/republican-party-launching-new-election-integrity-committee |website=[[Fox News]] |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=March 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315121016/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/republican-party-launching-new-election-integrity-committee |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Montellaro |first=Zach |date=January 24, 2021 |title=State Republicans push new voting restrictions after Trump's loss |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/24/republicans-voter-id-laws-461707 |website=[[Politico]] |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=March 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329192348/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/24/republicans-voter-id-laws-461707 |url-status=live }}</ref> Political analysts say that the efforts amount to [[voter suppression]], are intended to advantage Republicans by reducing the number of people who vote, and would disproportionately affect [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|minority]] voters.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Davita|last1=Glasberg|first2=William|last2=Armaline|first3=Bandana|last3=Purkayastha|title=I Exist, Therefore I Should Vote: Political Human Rights, Voter Suppression and Undermining Democracy in the U.S.|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/swb/vol16/iss1/2|journal=Societies Without Borders|date=January 1, 2022|issn=1872-1915|pages=20–47|volume=16|issue=1|access-date=October 28, 2022|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028052113/https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/swb/vol16/iss1/2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Lydia|last1=Hardy|title=Voter Suppression Post-Shelby: Impacts and Issues of Voter Purge and Voter ID Laws|url=https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/jour_mlr/vol71/iss3/10|journal=Mercer Law Review|date=May 1, 2020|issn=0025-987X|volume=71|issue=3|access-date=October 28, 2022|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028052111/https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/jour_mlr/vol71/iss3/10/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Brewster |first1=Adam |last2=Huey-Burns |first2=Caitlin |date=February 25, 2021 |title=Proposals to restrict voting gain traction in Republican states |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/voting-restriction-proposals-republican-states/ |website=[[CBS News]] |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=March 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330114129/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/voting-restriction-proposals-republican-states/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Skelley |first=Geoffrey |date=May 17, 2021 |title=How The Republican Push To Restrict Voting Could Affect Our Elections |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-republican-push-to-restrict-voting-could-affect-our-elections/ |access-date=November 28, 2022 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |language=en-US |archive-date=October 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021064741/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-republican-push-to-restrict-voting-could-affect-our-elections/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Composition and demographics ==
According to a 2025 [[Gallup poll]], 46% of Americans identify or lean towards Republicans, and 45% identify or lean towards Democrats. Republicans have held an edge since 2022, while the Democratic Party had previously held an overall edge in party identification from 1992 to 2021, since Gallup began polling on the issue in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|title=GOP Holds Edge in Party Affiliation for Third Straight Year|website=Gallup|date=January 16, 2025|access-date=January 16, 2025|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/655157/gop-holds-edge-party-affiliation-third-straight-year.aspx|first1=Jeffrey M.|last1=Jones}}</ref> In 2016, ''The New York Times'' stated that the party was strongest in the [[Southern United States|South]], most of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] and [[Mountain States]], and [[Alaska]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/opinion/campaign-stops/the-divided-states-of-america.html|title=Opinion – The Divided States of America|first=Lee|last=Drutman|date=September 22, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308003039/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/opinion/campaign-stops/the-divided-states-of-america.html|archive-date=March 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Republican party's core voting demographics are White voters without college degrees and [[White Southerners]].<ref name="White Voters" /> Racial polarization is extremely high in the Southern United States, with [[White Southerners]] almost entirely voting for the Republican Party and [[Black Southerners]] almost entirely voting for the Democratic Party.<ref name="Cohn-2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/24/upshot/southern-whites-loyalty-to-gop-nearing-that-of-blacks-to-democrats.html|title=Southern Whites' Loyalty to GOP Nearing that of Blacks to Democrats|first1=Nate|last1=Cohn|website=The New York Times|date=April 23, 2014}}</ref>

As of 2024, the Republican Party has support from a majority of [[White Americans|White]]<ref name="Staff-2024">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=November 6, 2024 |title=National Exit Polls: Election 2024 Results |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-elections/exit-polls |access-date=November 13, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> voters, and increasingly among [[Hispanic]]s<ref name="Lange-2024">{{Cite web |last1=Lange |first1=Jason |last2=Erickson |first2=Bo |last3=Heath |first3=Brad |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Trump's return to power fueled by Hispanic, working-class voter support |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-return-power-fueled-by-hispanic-working-class-voter-support-2024-11-06/ |access-date=November 13, 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> and [[Asian people|Asians]].<ref name="Yam-2024">{{Cite web |last=Yam |first=Kimmy |date=2024-11-06 |title=Asian Americans favored Harris but shifted right by 5 points |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/asian-americans-exit-poll-harris-trump-rcna179005 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref>

A majority of [[Working class in the United States|working-class]],<ref name="Lange-2024" /> [[Urban–rural political divide|rural]],<ref name="Maxwell 2019" /><ref name="The World Trump Wants" /> [[Man|men]],<ref name="Staff-2024" /> individuals without [[educational attainment in the United States|college degrees]],<ref name="Staff-2024" /> and [[Developing country|lower income]] voters vote for the party.<ref name="Suss-2024">{{Cite news |last1=Suss |first1=Joel |last2=Xiao |first2=Eva |last3=Burn-Murdoch |first3=John |last4=Murray |first4=Clara |last5=Vincent |first5=Jonathan |date=2024-11-09 |title=Poorer voters flocked to Trump — and other data points from the election |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6de668c7-64e9-4196-b2c5-9ceca966fe3f |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=Financial Times |quote=In contrast to 2020, the majority of lower-income households or those earning less than $50,000 a year voted for Trump this election. Conversely, those making more than $100,000 voted for Harris, according to exit polls.}}</ref> Traditionalist religious voters,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dallas |first=Kelsey |date=2024-11-06 |title=The faith vote in 2024 |url=https://www.deseret.com/faith/2024/11/06/religious-voters-2024/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=[[Deseret News]] |language=en}}</ref> including [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]]<ref name="Staff-2024" /> [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter-Day Saints]], [[Muslims]],<ref name="Aleaziz-2024">{{Cite web |last=Aleaziz |first=Hamed |date=November 6, 2024 |title=For Many Arab Americans in Dearborn, Trump Made the Case for Their Votes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/06/us/dearborn-michigan-trump-arab-voters.html |access-date=November 13, 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholic]]<ref name="Staff-2024" /> voters lean towards the Republicans.<ref name="Polarization by education" /><ref name="cambridge.org" /> The party has made significant gains among the [[Working class|white working class]],<ref name="Lange-2024" /> [[Asian Americans|Asians]],<ref name="Yam-2024" /> and [[Hispanic]]s.<ref name="Staff-2024" />

Republicans have lost support among [[Upper middle class in the United States|upper middle class]] and [[Postgraduate education|college-educated]] whites.<ref name="Nate Silver"/><ref name="Suss-2024" /><ref name="Levitz-2022">{{Cite web |last=Levitz |first=Eric |date=October 19, 2022 |title=How the Diploma Divide Is Remaking American Politics |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html |access-date=October 21, 2022 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |language=en-us |quote=Blue America is an increasingly wealthy and well-educated place. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Americans without college degrees were more likely than university graduates to vote Democratic. But that gap began narrowing in the late 1960s before finally flipping in 2004... A more educated Democratic coalition is, naturally, a more affluent one... In every presidential election from 1948 to 2012, white voters in the top 5 percent of America's income distribution were more Republican than those in the bottom 95 percent. Now, the opposite is true: Among America's white majority, the rich voted to the left of the middle class and the poor in 2016 and 2020, while the poor voted to the right of the middle class and the rich. |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020215535/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, Trump only narrowly won White voters making $100,000 to $199,999 (50-49%), over $200,000 (51-48%), and White men with college degrees (50-48%), all on par with Trump winning the popular vote 50-48%.<ref name="Harry Enten"/>

=== Income ===
[[File:Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_(3).png|thumb|300px|Median U.S. household income per County in 2021, showing the distribution of income geographically in the United States]]
Until 2016, higher income was strongly correlated to voting for the Republican Party among the general electorate. However, in all three of Trump's elections in 2016, 2020, and 2024, the previous correlation between higher incomes and voting for the Republican Party was largely eliminated among the electorate as a whole.<ref name="culture trumps economic class" /> For White voters, instead higher educational attainment was strongly correlated with higher support for the Democratic Party.<ref name="Harry Enten"/> According to a 2024 Pew Research Center poll, homeowners are slightly more likely to be Republicans (51-45%), while renters are much more likely to be Democrats (64-32%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/04/09/partisanship-by-family-income-home-ownership-union-membership-and-veteran-status/|title=Partisanship by family income, home ownership, union membership and veteran status|website=Pew Research Center|date=April 9, 2024|access-date=February 16, 2025}}</ref>

In the 2024 presidential election, Trump did better among lower-income voters than high-income voters, the first time ever for the Republican nominee in modern American political history.<ref name="Suss-2024"/> Trump lost voters making annual incomes over $100,000 (47-51%) and $200,000 (46-52%) to Democrat [[Kamala Harris]], with voters making over $200,000 a year being Trump's weakest income demographic. Trump won voters making less than $100,000 (51-47%) and $50,000 (50-48%), though Trump did lose voters making less than $30,000 (46-50%).<ref name="Exit poll results 2024"/>

Trump won some of the [[List of lowest-income counties in the United States|lowest-income counties]], mainly majority-White counties in [[Appalachia]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lowrey|first1=Annie|title=What's the Matter With Eastern Kentucky?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/29/magazine/whats-the-matter-with-eastern-kentucky.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 29, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201203726/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/29/magazine/whats-the-matter-with-eastern-kentucky.html?_r=0|archive-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref> Most of the lowest-income counties are [[List of majority-Black counties in the United States|majority-Black counties]] in the [[Black Belt in the American South|Southern Black Belt]], which Trump lost.<ref>Derrick Shapley, ''Isolation in the South: Poverty and Transportation Infrastructure in the Black Belt'' (Mississippi State University, 2015).</ref>

Men without college degrees, particularly [[Blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] men, are Donald Trump's strongest demographic. Per exit polls, Trump won White men without college degrees (69-29%) and around half of Hispanic men in the 2024 presidential election.<ref name="gap within the gender gap">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/steve-kornacki-white-men-white-women-gap-gender-gap-rcna196791|title=Steve Kornacki: White men, white women, and the gap within the gender gap|quote=New NBC News polling data illustrates the cultural and political gulf separating white men without college degrees and white women with college degrees.|first1=Steve|last1=Kornacki|website=NBC News|date=March 18, 2025|access-date=March 19, 2025}}</ref>

=== Region ===
{{Main|Solid South}}
[[File:BibleBelt.png|300px|thumb|right|Approximate boundaries of the Bible Belt]]
Some of the oldest Republican strongholds in the country are in the [[Southern United States]], particularly majority-White [[Southern Unionist|Unionist]] counties in [[Appalachia]].<ref name="temple">Oliver Perry Temple, ''East Tennessee and the Civil War'' (Cincinnati: R. Clarke, 1972), pp. 15–17, 547, 556–8.</ref> The Republican Party gradually gained power in the [[Southern United States]] since [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]]. Although [[Richard Nixon]] carried 49 states in [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]], including every Southern state, the Republican Party remained quite weak at the local and state levels across the entire South for decades. Republicans first won a majority of U.S. House seats in the South in the [[1994 United States elections|1994]] "[[Republican Revolution]]", and only began to dominate the South after the [[2010 United States elections|2010 elections]].<ref name="The long goodbye">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2010/11/11/the-long-goodbye|date=November 11, 2010|newspaper=The Economist|title=The long goodbye|quote=In 1981 Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time since 1953, but most Southern elected officials remained white Democrats. When Republicans took control of the House in 1995, white Democrats still comprised one-third of the South's tally. ... white Southern Democrats have met their Appomattox: they will account for just 24 of the South's 155 senators and congressmen in the 112th United States Congress.|access-date=February 20, 2023}}</ref>

Since the 2010s, [[White Southerners]] are the Republican Party's strongest racial demographic, in some [[Deep South]] states voting nearly as Republican as African Americans vote Democratic.<ref name="Cohn-2014"/> This is partially attributable to religiosity, with White [[evangelical Christianity|evangelical Christians]] in the [[Bible Belt]], which covers most of the South, being the Republican Party's strongest religious demographic.<ref name="White Voters"/> In particular, in 2024 Trump won every state with a significant presence in the Bible Belt except Virginia, because [[Northern Virginia]] is part of the heavily Democratic [[Washington metropolitan area]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Without Northern Virginia, Trump would have won the state|work=Inside Nova|url=https://www.insidenova.com/headlines/without-northern-virginia-trump-would-have-won-the-state/article_c937d4de-2516-11eb-9178-bbdf2f2c7b16.html|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Bible Belt">{{cite book| title=Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt | publisher=Knopf| year= 1997| isbn= 978-0-679-44638-5|quote=Revealing a surprising paradox at the heart of America's "Bible Belt," Christine Leigh Heyrman examines how the conservative religious traditions so strongly associated with the South evolved out of an evangelical Protestantism that began with very different social and political attitudes. Although the American Revolution swept away the institutional structures of the Anglican Church in the South, the itinerant evangelical preachers who subsequently flooded the region at first encountered resistance from southern whites, who were affronted by their opposition to slaveholding and traditional ideals of masculinity, their lack of respect for generational hierarchy, their encouragement of women's public involvement in church affairs, and their allowance for spiritual intimacy with blacks. As Heyrman shows, these evangelicals achieved dominance in the region over the course of a century by deliberately changing their own "traditional values" and assimilating the conventional southern understandings of family relationships, masculine prerogatives, classic patriotism, and martial honor. In so doing, religious groups earlier associated with nonviolence and antislavery activity came to the defense of slavery and secession and the holy cause of upholding both by force of arms--and adopted the values we now associate with the "Bible Belt."}}</ref>

White Southerners with college degrees remain strongly Republican. In 2024, Trump won White Southerners 67-32%, including White Southerners with college degrees 57-41%. Trump won White evangelicals 82-17%, including White evangelicals with college degrees 75-23%.<ref name="White Voters"/>

=== Age ===
The Republican Party does best with [[middle age]] and [[Old age|older]] voters, particularly voters over the age of 50. In the 2024 presidential election, Trump lost voters aged 18–29 (43-54%) and 30-39 (45-51%), tied with voters aged 40–49 (49-49%), did best among voters aged 50–64 (54-44%), and narrowly won voters 65 and older (50-49%). This also holds when controlling for race.<ref name="Exit poll results 2024"/>
*Trump tied among Whites aged 18–29 (49-49%), and won Whites aged 30–44 (54-44%), 45-64 (61-37%), and 65 and older (56-43%).
*There was little difference among Black voters, with Trump losing Black voters aged 18–29 (16-83%), 30-44 (15-83%), 45-64 (14-84%), and particularly Black voters 65 and older (6-93%).
*Trump narrowly lost Hispanic voters aged 18–29 (45-51%) and 30-44 (45-52%), narrowly won Hispanic voters aged 45–64 (51-48%), and lost Hispanic voters 65 and older (58-41%).

=== Gender ===
[[File:2021 Median wealth by marital status - US.svg|thumb|The median wealth of married couples exceeds that of single individuals, regardless of gender and across all age categories.<ref name=WealthMaritalStatus_2021>{{cite web |title=The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183 |url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf |last1=Sullivan |first1=Brianna |last2=Hays |first2=Donald |last3=Bennett |first3=Neil |page=5 (Figure 2) |publisher=United States Census Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |date=June 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Since 1980, a "gender gap" has seen stronger support for the Republican Party among men than among women. Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for Democrat [[John Kerry]] than for Republican [[George W. Bush]] in the 2004 presidential election.<ref name=wvwv2004>[http://www.wvwv.org/docs/WVWV_2004_post-election_memo.pdf "Unmarried Women in the 2004 Presidential Election"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101195440/http://www.wvwv.org/docs/WVWV_2004_post-election_memo.pdf|date=January 1, 2016}} ([[PDF]]). Report by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, January 2005. p. 3: "The marriage gap is one of the most important cleavages in electoral politics. Unmarried women voted for Kerry by a 25-point margin (62 to 37 percent), while married women voted for President Bush by an 11-point margin (55 percent to 44 percent). Indeed, the 25-point margin Kerry posted among unmarried women represented one of the high water marks for the Senator among all demographic groups."</ref> Exit polls from the 2012 elections revealed a continued weakness among unmarried women for the GOP, a large and growing portion of the electorate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21591624-republicans-should-worry-unmarried-women-shun-them-marriage-gap?fsrc=scn/tw/te/pe/themarriagegap|title=Republicans should worry that unmarried women shun them|date=December 14, 2013|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=September 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185951/https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21591624-republicans-should-worry-unmarried-women-shun-them-marriage-gap?fsrc=scn%2Ftw%2Fte%2Fpe%2Fthemarriagegap|archive-date=January 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Although women supported Obama over [[Mitt Romney]] by a margin of 55–44% in 2012, Romney prevailed amongst married women, 53–46%.<ref>{{cite news|date=December 3, 2012|title=The Marriage Gap in the Women's Vote|first=Meg T.|last=McDonnell|url=http://www.crisismagazine.com/2012/the-marriage-gap-in-the-womens-vote|work=Crisis Magazine|access-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031034237/http://www.crisismagazine.com/2012/the-marriage-gap-in-the-womens-vote|archive-date=October 31, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Obama won unmarried women 67–31%.<ref>{{cite news|first=Suzanne|last=Goldenberg|date=November 9, 2012|title=Single women voted overwhelmingly in favour of Obama, researchers find|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/09/single-women-voted-favour-obama|access-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231035001/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/09/single-women-voted-favour-obama|archive-date=December 31, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, according to a December 2019 study, "White women are the only group of female voters who support Republican Party candidates for president. They have done so by a majority in all but 2 of the last 18 elections".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Junn|first1=Jane|author-link1=Jane Junn|last2=Masuoka|first2=Natalie|date=2020|title=The Gender Gap Is a Race Gap: Women Voters in US Presidential Elections|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=18|issue=4|pages=1135–1145|doi=10.1017/S1537592719003876|issn=1537-5927|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/white-women-support-gop/507617/|title=White Female Voters Continue to Support the Republican Party|quote=Hard-core partisans don't switch teams over the personal shortcomings of their champion.|website=[[The Atlantic]]|date=November 14, 2016|access-date=January 30, 2021|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215024943/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/white-women-support-gop/507617/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{see also|Educational attainment in the United States}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 300
| image1 =Non-College White vote by state.jpg
| alt1 = Map of the Non-college White vote in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by state.
| image2 = College white vote by state.jpg
| alt2 = Map of the College White vote in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by state.
| footer = {{center|'''Top to bottom:'''}} Non-College and College White vote in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by state. A key for approximate margins is provided.<ref name="White Vote and Educational Polarization">{{Cite web|url=https://split-ticket.org/2022/01/03/the-white-vote-and-educational-polarization/|title=The White Vote and Educational Polarization|first1=Lakshya|last1=Jain|date=January 3, 2022|access-date=January 4, 2025|website=Split Ticket}}</ref>
}}
In all three of Donald Trump's elections in 2016, 2020, and 2024, for White voters lower educational attainment was strongly correlated with higher support for Trump.<ref name="Nate Silver">{{Cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/education-not-income-predicted-who-would-vote-for-trump/|title=Education, Not Income, Predicted Who Would Vote For Trump|date=November 22, 2016|website=FiveThirtyEight|first1=Nate|last1=Silver}}</ref><ref name="Harry Enten"/><ref name="Higher Education">{{Cite news |last=Brenan |first=Megan |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Americans' Confidence in Higher Education Down Sharply |work=Gallup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/508352/americans-confidence-higher-education-down-sharply.aspx |access-date=July 12, 2023|quote=All Major Subgroups, Led by Republicans, Less Confident in Higher Ed}}</ref> When controlling for educational attainment among White voters, there still remain large variations by state and region. In particular, college-educated [[White Southerners]] remain strongly Republican.<ref name="White Vote and Educational Polarization"/>

The Republican Party has steadily increased the percentage of votes it receives from white voters without college degrees since the 1970s, while the [[educational attainment in the United States|educational attainment]] of the United States has steadily increased.<ref name="cambridge.org" /> White voters without college degrees are more likely to live in rural areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/12/politics/republicans-democrats-different-worlds/index.html|title=Republicans and Democrats increasingly really do occupy different worlds|last=Brownstein|first=Ronald|work=CNN|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024113248/https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/12/politics/republicans-democrats-different-worlds/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/9/24/6840037/white-high-school-dropouts-have-more-wealth-than-black-and-hispanic|title=White high school dropouts are wealthier than Black or Latino college graduates|first1=Danielle|last1=Kurtzleben|date=September 24, 2014|website=Vox}}</ref>

Voters with college degrees as a whole were a Republican-voting group until the 1990s. Despite losing in a landslide, Republican nominee [[Barry Goldwater]] nearly won a majority of voters with college degrees 48–52% in [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]].<ref name="auto"/> Republican president [[Gerald Ford]] won voters with college degrees 55-43% in [[1976 United States presidential election|1976]], while narrowly losing to [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref name="1976 Presidential Election Data">{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1976&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|title=1976 Presidential General Election Data – National|access-date=March 18, 2013|archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814021625/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1976&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 1990s, a majority of voters with graduate degrees have consistently voted for the Democratic Party. For example, [[George W. Bush]] won voters with just a bachelor's degree 52-46% while losing voters with a graduate degree 44–55%, while winning re-election in [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CNN.com Election 2004 |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html |access-date=January 2, 2018 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=May 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514025413/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Until 2016, white voters with college degrees were a Republican-leaning group.<ref name="Polarization by education"/> Despite Obama's decisive [[2008 United States presidential election|2008]] victory, Republican nominee [[John McCain]] won a majority of white voters with college degrees 51-47% and white voters without college degrees 58-40%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#val=USP00p1|title=National Exit Poll|publisher=CNN|access-date=January 28, 2013|archive-date=June 5, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605132422/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#val=USP00p1|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]], Republican nominee [[Mitt Romney]] won white voters with college degrees 56-42%, though Obama won voters with college degrees as a whole 50-48% while winning re-election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/09/15/educational-divide-in-vote-preferences-on-track-to-be-wider-than-in-recent-elections/|date=September 15, 2016|website=Pew Research Center|title=Educational divide in vote preferences on track to be wider than in recent elections|first1=Rob|last1=Suls}}</ref> Since the 2010s,<ref name="Polarization by education">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/10/13/polarisation-by-education-is-remaking-american-politics|title=Polarisation by education is remaking American politics|newspaper=The Economist|date=October 13, 2024|quote=From 1952 to 2000, a majority of white voters with college degrees self-identified as Republicans. Starting with the 2012 election, this affiliation began to weaken. It loosened even more once [Donald] Trump became the Republican standard-bearer in 2016. By 2020, the college-educated called themselves Democrats by a 2:1 margin. And there were many more of them; their share of the electorate rose from 8% in 1952 to 40% in 2020. Had the party held on to the rest of its support, this would have ensured an enduring majority. Yet at the same time, Democrats lost support among whites without college degrees. They now favour Republicans by their own margin of 2:1.}}</ref> white voters with college degrees have been increasingly voting for the Democratic Party.<ref name="nymag.com">{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html|title=How the Diploma Divide Is Remaking American Politics|first1=Eric|last1=Levitz|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York Intelligencer]]|date=October 19, 2022|access-date=April 24, 2023|archive-date=October 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020215535/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/17/opinion/education-american-politics.html|title=The 'Diploma Divide' Is the New Fault Line in American Politics|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 17, 2023|access-date=April 24, 2023|first1=Doug|last1=Sosnik|archive-date=April 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424073901/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/17/opinion/education-american-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the 2016 presidential election, exit polls indicated that "Donald Trump attracted a large share of the vote from Whites without a college degree, receiving 72 percent of the White non-college male vote and 62 percent of the White non-college female vote." Overall, 52% of voters with college degrees voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016, while 52% of voters without college degrees voted for Trump.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2016/11/18/educational-rift-in-2016-election/|title=The educational rift in the 2016 election|first=William A. Galston and Clara|last=Hendrickson|date=November 18, 2016|access-date=March 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080815/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2016/11/18/educational-rift-in-2016-election/|archive-date=March 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2020 United States presidential election]], Donald Trump won white voters without college degrees 67-32%, while losing white voters with a college degree 48–51%.<ref name="nymag.com"/><ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref name=cnn2020PresidentialResults/> In the [[2024 United States presidential election]], Trump maintained his margins among white voters without college degrees 66-32% and lost white voters with a college degree 45-52%. In 2024, Trump won 56% of voters without a college degree, compared to 42% of voters with a college degree.<ref name="Exit poll results 2024">{{cite news|date=November 6, 2024|title=Exit poll results 2024|url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2024/exit-polls/national-results/general/president/0|access-date=November 6, 2024|publisher=CNN}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===
{{see also|Race and ethnicity in the United States}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 300
| image1 =White vote by state margin.jpg
| alt1 = White vote in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by state
| image2 = White Vote by County in 2020.jpg
| alt2 = White vote in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by county
| footer = {{center|'''Top to bottom:'''}} White vote in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by state and county. A key for approximate margins is provided for states, while the county map uses [[binary classification]].<ref name="White Voters">{{Cite web|url=https://split-ticket.org/2023/03/24/where-do-democrats-win-white-voters/|title=Where Do Democrats Win White Voters?|website=Split Ticket|first1=Lakshya|last1=Jain|first2=Harrison|last2=Lavelle|first3=Armin|last3=Thomas|access-date=December 20, 2024|date=March 24, 2023|quote=More generally, evangelicalism is heavily correlated with Republican vote share among whites, and so its relative absence in secular and Catholic areas helps explain why these regions tend to have higher-than-expected white Democratic vote shares. Meanwhile, Protestant denominations that affiliate with evangelicalism are much more Republican. Nowhere is this religious and cultural contrast among similarly-educated white voters on greater display than in the South. Southern rural areas have some of the highest levels of religiosity and racial polarization in the nation, and this combination makes them much more Republican than similarly-white areas elsewhere in the country — in fact, Democrats did not win the white vote in a single rural county in the South. But this is not just limited to rural areas; Biden still failed to win the white vote in diverse, Democratic-trending Atlanta metro counties like Gwinnett and Cobb, and the surprisingly more Republican white splits extend to other southern metros, such as Fort Worth and the Charlotte suburbs. This likely has a good deal to do with southern cultural conservatism, which is elevated relative to the nation thanks in part to marked Protestant religiosity, particularly among white Baptists. For this reason, support for abortion is exceptionally high in the Midwest, but extremely low in the South. '''This regional mix of religiosity and racial polarization results in something quite striking: whites in virtually every southern county are significantly more Republican than their northern counterparts.'''}}</ref><ref name="Cohn-2014"/>
}}

Republicans have consistently won the White vote in every presidential election after the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Gary|last2=Schofield|first2=Norman|year=2008|title=The Transformation of the Republican and Democratic Party Coalitions in the U.S.|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=6|issue=3|pages=433–450|doi=10.1017/S1537592708081218|s2cid=145321253|issn=1541-0986|quote=1964 was the last presidential election in which the Democrats earned more than 50 percent of the white vote in the United States.}}</ref> There exist large variations among White voters by region and state. In particular, Republicans lose White voters in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]], parts of the [[Upper Midwest]] and [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]].<ref name="White Voters"/> Republicans are strongest with [[White Southerners]], particularly White [[evangelical Christianity|evangelical Christians]] in the [[Bible Belt]], which covers most of the [[Southern United States]]. White Southerners with college degrees remain strongly Republican. In some [[Deep South]] states, Whites vote nearly as Republican as African Americans vote Democratic. In the 2024 presidential election, Trump won White Southerners 67-32%.<ref name="Cohn-2014"/>

Republicans have been winning under 15% of the African American vote in national elections since 1980. Until the [[New Deal]] of the 1930s, Black people supported the Republican Party by large margins.<ref name=South>In the South, they were often not allowed to vote, but still received some Federal patronage appointments from the Republicans</ref> Black delegates were a sizable share of southern delegates to the national Republican convention from Reconstruction until the start of the 20th century when their share began to decline.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heersink|first1=Boris|last2=Jenkins|first2=Jeffery A.|date=2020|title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/whiteness-and-the-emergence-of-the-republican-party-in-the-early-twentiethcentury-south/899B4B98A78353683C3C6050DFA5771B/core-reader|journal=Studies in American Political Development|volume=34|pages=71–90|doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208|s2cid=213551748|issn=0898-588X|access-date=January 11, 2020|archive-date=February 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222013516/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/whiteness-and-the-emergence-of-the-republican-party-in-the-early-twentiethcentury-south/899B4B98A78353683C3C6050DFA5771B|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Black people shifted in large margins to the Democratic Party in the 1930s, when Black politicians such as Arthur Mitchell and William Dawson supported the New Deal because it would better serve the interest of Black Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Party Realignment – US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Temporary-Farewell/Party-Realignment/ |access-date=June 24, 2020 |website=history.house.gov |archive-date=December 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221074318/https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Temporary-Farewell/Party-Realignment/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Black voters would become one of the core components of the [[New Deal coalition]]. In the South, after the [[Voting Rights Act]] to prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965, Black people were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.<ref name=Sitkoff>Harvard Sitkoff, ''A New Deal for Blacks'' (1978).</ref>

In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans, [[Tim Scott]] and [[Allen West (politician)|Allen West]], were elected to the House of Representatives. As of January 2023, there are four African-American Republicans in the House of Representatives and one African American Republican in the United States Senate.<ref name=Holmes2010>{{cite news|author=L. A. Holmes|url=http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/11/03/black-republicans-win-first-congress-seats-2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104213733/http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/11/03/black-republicans-win-first-congress-seats-2003|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 4, 2010|title=Black Republicans Win First Congress Seats Since 2003|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=April 7, 2010|access-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref> In recent decades, Republicans have been moderately successful in gaining support from [[Hispanic]] and [[Asian American]] voters. George W. Bush, who campaigned energetically for Hispanic votes, received 35% of their vote in 2000 and 44% in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com Election 2004 |url=https://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=www.cnn.com |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104035510/https://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leal |first=David |date=2004 |title=The Latino Vote in the 2004 Election |url=http://mattbarreto.com/papers/2004vote.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128155620/http://mattbarreto.com/papers/2004vote.pdf |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=mattbarreto.com/}}</ref><ref name=2004cnnexitpolls>{{cite news|title=Exit Polls|work=[[CNN]]|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.4.html|date=November 2, 2004|access-date=November 18, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421062126/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.4.html|archive-date=April 21, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> The party's strong anti-communist stance has made it popular among some minority groups from current and former Communist states, in particular [[Cuban American]]s, [[Korean American]]s, [[Chinese American]]s and [[Vietnamese American]]s. The 2007 election of [[Bobby Jindal]] as Governor of Louisiana was hailed as pathbreaking.<ref name=BBC7412>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7907412.stm|title=Americas Profile: Bobby Jindal|work=[[BBC News]]|date=February 25, 2009|access-date=May 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102154911/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7907412.stm|archive-date=November 2, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Jindal became the first elected minority governor in [[Louisiana]] and the first state governor of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian]] descent.<ref name=deccanherald>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31998/bobby-jindal-may-become-first.html|title=Bobby Jindal may become first Indian-American to be US prez|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=October 23, 2009|access-date=May 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420065245/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31998/bobby-jindal-may-become-first.html|archive-date=April 20, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

Republicans have gained support among racial and ethnic minorities, particularly among those who are working class, Hispanic or Latino, or Asian American since the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Americans and Donald Trump – DW – 11/23/2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/trump-popular-among-vietnamese-americans/a-55702032 |access-date=January 18, 2023 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114184033/https://www.dw.com/en/trump-popular-among-vietnamese-americans/a-55702032 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Teixeira-2022">{{Cite web |last=Teixeira |first=Ruy |author-link=Ruy Teixeira |date=November 6, 2022 |title=Democrats' Long Goodbye to the Working Class |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/11/democrats-long-goodbye-to-the-working-class/672016/ |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en |quote=As we move into the endgame of the 2022 election, the Democrats face a familiar problem. America's historical party of the working class keeps losing working-class support. And not just among White voters. Not only has the emerging Democratic majority I once predicted failed to materialize, but many of the non-White voters who were supposed to deliver it are instead voting for Republicans... From 2012 to 2020, the Democrats not only saw their support among White working-class voters — those without college degrees — crater, they also saw their advantage among non-White working-class voters fall by 18 points. And between 2016 and 2020 alone, the Democratic advantage among Hispanic voters declined by 16 points, overwhelmingly driven by the defection of working-class voters. In contrast, Democrats' advantage among White college-educated voters improved by 16 points from 2012 to 2020, an edge that delivered Joe Biden the White House. |archive-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107212010/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/11/democrats-long-goodbye-to-the-working-class/672016/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cohn-2022">{{Cite news |last=Cohn |first=Nate |date=July 13, 2022 |title=Poll Shows Tight Race for Control of Congress as Class Divide Widens |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/13/upshot/poll-2022-midterms-congress.html |access-date=August 27, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=But the cofluence of economic problems and resurgent cultural issues has helped turn the emerging class divide in the Democratic coalition into a chasm, as Republicans appear to be making new inroads among non-White and working class voters... For the first time in a Times/Siena national survey, Democrats had a larger share of support among White college graduates than among non-White voters – a striking indication of the shifting balance of political energy... |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720164749/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/13/upshot/poll-2022-midterms-congress.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Zitner-2022">{{Cite web |last1=Zitner |first1=Aaron |last2=Mena |first2=Bryan |date=October 2, 2022 |title=Working-Class Latino Voters, Once Solidly Democratic, Are Shifting Toward Republicans |url=https://www.wsj.com/story/working-class-latino-voters-once-solidly-democratic-are-shifting-toward-republicans-a7578ecc |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=[[Wall Street Journal]] |quote=Latinos across America are splitting among economic lines, with a pronounced shift among working-class voters toward the Republican party. |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008131525/https://www.wsj.com/story/working-class-latino-voters-once-solidly-democratic-are-shifting-toward-republicans-a7578ecc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kraushaar-2022a">{{Cite web |last=Kraushaar |first=Josh |date=July 14, 2022 |title=The Great American Realignment |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/07/14/republicans-democrats-hispnanic-voters |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |language=en |quote=Shifts in the demographics of the two parties' supporters — taking place before our eyes — are arguably the biggest political story of our time. Republicans are becoming more working class and a little more multiracial. Democrats are becoming more elite and a little more White... |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720132417/https://www.axios.com/2022/07/14/republicans-democrats-hispnanic-voters |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kraushaar-2022b">{{Cite web |last=Kraushaar |first=Josh |date=July 13, 2022 |title=The Democratic electorate's seismic shift |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/07/13/democrats-biden-white-college-graduates-poll |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |language=en |quote=Democrats are becoming the party of upscale voters concerned more about issues like gun control and abortion rights. Republicans are quietly building a multiracial coalition of working-class voters, with inflation as an accelerant... In the Times/Siena poll, Ds hold a 20-point advantage over Rs among White college-educated voters — but are statistically tied among Hispanics. |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720140825/https://www.axios.com/2022/07/13/democrats-biden-white-college-graduates-poll |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[John Avlon]], in 2013, the Republican party was more ethnically diverse at the statewide elected official level than the Democratic Party was; GOP statewide elected officials included Latino Nevada Governor [[Brian Sandoval]] and African-American U.S. senator [[Tim Scott]] of South Carolina.<ref>{{cite news|title=GOP's surprising edge on diversity|first=John|last=Avlon|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/18/opinion/avlon-gop-diversity/index.html?c=&page=0|work=[[CNN]]|date=January 18, 2013|access-date=January 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131025447/http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/18/opinion/avlon-gop-diversity/index.html?c=&page=0|archive-date=January 31, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]], Republican presidential candidate [[John McCain]] won 55% of White votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes and 4% of African American votes.<ref name=pewresearch>[http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?src=prc-latest&proj=peoplepress "Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618075224/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?src=prc-latest&proj=peoplepress|date=June 18, 2012}}. Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009.</ref> In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were White while 56% of Obama voters were White.<ref>Tom Scocca, "Eighty-Eight Percent of Romney Voters Were White", [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/scocca/2012/11/mitt_romney_white_voters_the_gop_candidate_s_race_based_monochromatic_campaign.html ''Slate'' November 7, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706035304/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/scocca/2012/11/mitt_romney_white_voters_the_gop_candidate_s_race_based_monochromatic_campaign.html |date=July 6, 2015 }}</ref> In the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]], Trump won 57% of White voters, 46% of Hispanic voters, 39% of Asian voters, and 13% of African American voters.<ref name="Exit poll results 2024"/>

[[Donald Trump]] won the popular vote in the [[2024 United States presidential election]] as White voters without college degrees still strongly backed him, in addition to the gains made with Asian and Latino voters in comparison to the [[2020 United States presidential election]]. As a whole, 84% of Trump voters were White.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump gained some minority voters, but the GOP is hardly a multiracial coalition |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/trump-gained-some-minority-voters-but-the-gop-is-hardly-a-multiracial-coalition/ |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Religious communities ===
{{main|Religion and politics in the United States|Bible Belt}}
{{see also|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States}}
Religion has always played a major role for both parties, but in the course of a century, the parties' religious compositions have changed. Religion was a major dividing line between the parties before [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]], with Catholics, Jews, and southern Protestants heavily Democratic and northeastern Protestants heavily Republican. Most of the old differences faded away after the realignment of the 1970s and 1980s that undercut the New Deal coalition.<ref>To some extent the [[United States Supreme Court]] decision ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' (1973) caused American Christians to blur their historical division along the line between Catholics and Protestants and instead to realign as conservatives or liberals, irrespective of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation Era]] distinction.</ref> Since 1980, a large majority of [[Evangelicalism|evangelicals]] has voted Republican; 70–80% voted for Bush in 2000 and 2004 and 70% for Republican House candidates in [[United States general elections, 2006|2006]].

Members of the Mormon faith had a mixed relationship with Donald Trump during his tenure, despite 67% of them voting for him in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]] and 56% of them supporting his presidency in [[2018 United States elections|2018]], disapproving of his personal behavior such as that shown during the [[Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape|''Access Hollywood'' controversy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/15/mormons-want-to-save-the-republican-partys-soul-but-is-it-too-late|title=Mormons want to save the Republican party's soul. But is it too late?|first=J. Oliver|last=Conroy|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 15, 2018|access-date=May 7, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035828/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/15/mormons-want-to-save-the-republican-partys-soul-but-is-it-too-late|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2020 United States presidential election in Utah]], Trump won the state by about 21.5%, by a margin more than 20% lower compared to Mitt Romney (who is Mormon) in [[2012 United States presidential election in Utah|2012]] and George W. Bush in [[2004 United States presidential election in Utah|2004]]. Their opinion on Trump had not affected their party affiliation, however, as 76% of Mormons in 2018 expressed preference for generic Republican congressional candidates.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2018/11/29/most-mormons-voted/|title=Most Mormons voted Republican in the midterms—but their Trump approval rating continues to decline, study finds|first1=Hannah|last1=Fingerhut|first2=Brady|last2=McCombs|website=The Salt Lake Tribune|date=November 29, 2018|access-date=May 7, 2020|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111065741/https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2018/11/29/most-mormons-voted/|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, while Trump again won majority-Mormon [[2024 United States presidential election in Utah|Utah in 2024]], the state had one of the smallest swings to the right and Trump's 22% margin was well below that of prior Republican presidential nominees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=A 'blue trickle' against the red wave? Utah may skew slightly to the left |url=https://www.fox13now.com/news/politics/a-blue-trickle-against-the-red-wave-utah-may-skew-slightly-to-the-left |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=FOX 13 News Utah (KSTU) |language=en}}</ref>

Jews continue to vote 70–80% Democratic; however, a slim majority of [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]] voted for the Republican Party in 2016, following years of growing Orthodox Jewish support for the party due to its social conservatism and increasingly pro-Israel foreign policy stance.<ref name="Sales-Adkins-2020">{{cite news|work=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]|title='I think it's Israel': How Orthodox Jews became Republicans|date=February 3, 2020|url=https://www.jta.org/2020/02/03/politics/i-think-its-israel-how-orthodox-jews-became-republicans|access-date=June 12, 2020|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115111043/https://www.jta.org/2020/02/03/politics/i-think-its-israel-how-orthodox-jews-became-republicans|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 70% of Orthodox Jews identify as Republican or Republican leaning as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanau |first=Shira |date=May 11, 2021 |title=New Pew study shows 75% of Orthodox Jews identify as Republicans, up from 57% in 2013 |url=https://www.jta.org/2021/05/11/united-states/new-pew-study-shows-75-of-orthodox-jews-identify-as-republicans-up-from-57-in-2013 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108140806/https://www.jta.org/2021/05/11/united-states/new-pew-study-shows-75-of-orthodox-jews-identify-as-republicans-up-from-57-in-2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> An exit poll conducted by the [[Associated Press]] for 2020 found 35% of [[Muslims]] voted for Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/03/929478378/understanding-the-2020-electorate-ap-votecast-survey|title=Understanding The 2020 Electorate: AP VoteCast Survey|work=[[NPR]]|date=November 3, 2020|access-date=November 17, 2020|archive-date=February 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219064318/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/03/929478378/understanding-the-2020-electorate-ap-votecast-survey|url-status=live}}</ref> The mainline traditional Protestants (Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Disciples) have dropped to about 55% Republican (in contrast to 75% before 1968). Democrats have close links with the African American churches, especially the [[National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.|National Baptists]], while their historic dominance among Catholic voters has eroded to 54–46 in the 2010 midterms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1791/2010-midterm-elections-exit-poll-religion-vote|title=Religion in the 2010 Elections|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=November 3, 2010|access-date=January 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206111210/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1791/2010-midterm-elections-exit-poll-religion-vote|archive-date=February 6, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Although once strongly Democratic, [[Catholic Church in the United States|American Catholic]] voters have been politically divided in the 21st century with 52% of Catholic voters voting for Trump in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]] and 52% voting for Biden in [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]. While Catholic Republican leaders try to stay in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church on subjects such as abortion, contraception, euthanasia, and embryonic stem cell research, they tend to differ on the death penalty and same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/18/politics/pope-encyclical-climate-change-catholic-republicans/|title=Pope hands GOP climate change dilemma|work=[[CNN]]|date=June 18, 2015|access-date=July 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705234555/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/18/politics/pope-encyclical-climate-change-catholic-republicans/|archive-date=July 5, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Republican presidents ==
{{see also|List of presidents of the United States|Democratic Party (United States)#Democratic presidents}}
As of 2025, there have been 19 Republican presidents.
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!style="text-align:center;" {{vertical header|Order of presidency}}
!style="text-align:center;"|Name (lifespan)
!style="text-align:center;"|Portrait
!style="text-align:center;"|State
!style="text-align:center;"|Presidency start date
!style="text-align:center;"|Presidency end date
!style="text-align:center;"|Time in office
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|16
|{{sortname|Abraham|Lincoln}} (1809–1865)
|[[File:Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg|65px]]
|[[Illinois]]
|[[First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|March 4, 1861]]
|[[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|April 15, 1865]]{{efn|name=died|Died in office.}}
|{{ayd|1861|3|4|1865|4|15}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|18
|{{sortname|Ulysses S.|Grant}} (1822–1885)
|[[File:Ulysses S Grant by Brady c1870-restored.jpg|65px]]
|[[Illinois]]
|[[First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant|March 4, 1869]]
|[[Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes|March 4, 1877]]
|{{ayd|1869|3|4|1877|3|4}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|19
|{{sortname|Rutherford B.|Hayes}} (1822–1893)
|[[File:President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg|65px]]
|[[Ohio]]
|[[Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes|March 4, 1877]]
|[[Inauguration of James A. Garfield|March 4, 1881]]
|{{ayd|1877|3|4|1881|3|4}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|20
|{{sortname|James A.|Garfield}} (1831–1881)
|[[File:James Abram Garfield, photo portrait seated.jpg|65px]]
|[[Ohio]]
|[[Inauguration of James A. Garfield|March 4, 1881]]
|[[Assassination of James A. Garfield|September 19, 1881]]{{efn|name=died|Died in office.}}
|{{ayd|1881|3|4|1881|9|19}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|21
|{{sortname|Chester A.|Arthur}} (1829–1886)
|[[File:Chester A. Arthur by Abraham Bogardus (cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|[[Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur|September 19, 1881]]
|[[First inauguration of Grover Cleveland|March 4, 1885]]
|{{ayd|1881|9|19|1885|3|4}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|23
|{{sortname|Benjamin|Harrison}} (1833–1901)
|[[File:Benjamin Harrison, head and shoulders bw photo, 1896.jpg|65px]]
|[[Indiana]]
|[[Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison|March 4, 1889]]
|[[Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland|March 4, 1893]]
|{{ayd|1889|3|4|1893|3|4}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|25
|{{sortname|William|McKinley}} (1843–1901)
|[[File:Mckinley.jpg|65px]]
|[[Ohio]]
|[[First inauguration of William McKinley|March 4, 1897]]
|[[Assassination of William McKinley|September 14, 1901]]{{efn|name=died|Died in office.}}
|{{ayd|1897|3|4|1901|9|14}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|26
|{{sortname|Theodore|Roosevelt}} (1858–1919)
|[[File:Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros.jpg|65px]]
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|[[First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt|September 14, 1901]]
|[[Inauguration of William Howard Taft|March 4, 1909]]
|{{ayd|1901|9|14|1909|3|4}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|27
|{{sortname|William Howard|Taft}} (1857–1930)
|[[File:Cabinet card of William Howard Taft by Pach Brothers - Cropped to image.jpg|65px]]
|[[Ohio]]
|[[Inauguration of William Howard Taft|March 4, 1909]]
|[[First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson|March 4, 1913]]
|{{ayd|1909|3|4|1913|3|4}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|29
|{{sortname|Warren G.|Harding}} (1865–1923)
|[[File:Warren G Harding-Harris & Ewing.jpg|65px]]
|[[Ohio]]
|[[Inauguration of Warren G. Harding|March 4, 1921]]
|[[Death of Warren G. Harding|August 2, 1923]]{{efn|name=died|Died in office.}}
|{{ayd|1921|3|4|1923|8|2}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|30
|{{sortname|Calvin|Coolidge}} (1872–1933)
|[[File:Calvin Coolidge cph.3g10777 (cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[Massachusetts]]
|[[First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge|August 2, 1923]]
|[[Inauguration of Herbert Hoover|March 4, 1929]]
|{{ayd|1923|8|2|1929|3|4}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|31
|{{sortname|Herbert|Hoover}} (1874–1964)
|[[File:President Hoover portrait.jpg|65px]]
|[[California]]
|[[Inauguration of Herbert Hoover|March 4, 1929]]
|[[First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|March 4, 1933]]
|{{ayd|1929|3|4|1933|3|4}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|34
|{{sortname|Dwight D.|Eisenhower}} (1890–1969)
|[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29, 1959 (cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[Kansas]]
|[[First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower|January 20, 1953]]
|[[Inauguration of John F. Kennedy|January 20, 1961]]
|{{ayd|1953|1|20|1961|1|20}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|37
|{{sortname|Richard|Nixon}} (1913–1994)
|[[File:Richard Nixon presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[California]]
|[[First inauguration of Richard Nixon|January 20, 1969]]
|[[Watergate scandal|August 9, 1974]]{{efn|Resigned from office.}}
|{{ayd|1969|1|20|1974|8|9}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|38
|{{sortname|Gerald|Ford}} (1913–2006)
|[[File:Gerald Ford presidential portrait (cropped 2).jpg|65px]]
|[[Michigan]]
|[[Inauguration of Gerald Ford|August 9, 1974]]
|[[Inauguration of Jimmy Carter|January 20, 1977]]
|{{ayd|1974|8|9|1977|1|20}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|40
|{{sortname|Ronald|Reagan}} (1911–2004)
|[[File:Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981-cropped.jpg|65px]]
|[[California]]
|[[First inauguration of Ronald Reagan|January 20, 1981]]
|[[Inauguration of George H. W. Bush|January 20, 1989]]
|{{ayd|1981|1|20|1989|1|20}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|41
|{{sortname|George H. W.|Bush}} (1924–2018)
|[[File:George H. W. Bush presidential portrait (cropped 2).jpg|65px]]
|[[Texas]]
|[[Inauguration of George H. W. Bush|January 20, 1989]]
|[[First inauguration of Bill Clinton|January 20, 1993]]
|{{ayd|1989|1|20|1993|1|20}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|43
|{{sortname|George W.|Bush}} (born 1946)
|[[File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|65px]]
|[[Texas]]
|[[First inauguration of George W. Bush|January 20, 2001]]
|[[First inauguration of Barack Obama|January 20, 2009]]
|{{ayd|2001|1|20|2009|1|20}}
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|45
|rowspan=2|{{sortname|Donald|Trump}} (born 1946)
|rowspan=2|[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|81x81px]]
|[[New York (state)|New York]]/ [[Florida]]
|[[First inauguration of Donald Trump|January 20, 2017]]
|[[Inauguration of Joe Biden|January 20, 2021]]
|rowspan=2|{{ayd|2021|1|20}}
|-
|47
|Florida
|[[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|January 20, 2025]]
|Incumbent
|-
|}

==Recent electoral history==
=== In congressional elections: 1950–present ===
{{See also|Party divisions of United States Congresses}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+United States congressional elections
|-
!House election year
!No. of overall House seats won
!+/–
!Presidency
!No. of overall Senate seats won
!+/–{{efn|Comparing seats held immediately preceding and following the general election.}}
!Senate election year
|-
![[1950 United States House of Representatives elections|1950]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|199|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 28
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Harry S. Truman]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|47|96|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 5
![[1950 United States Senate elections|1950]]
|-
![[1952 United States House of Representatives elections|1952]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|221|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 22
|rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|49|96|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 2
![[1952 United States Senate elections|1952]]
|-
![[1954 United States House of Representatives elections|1954]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|203|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 18
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|47|96|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 2
![[1954 United States Senate elections|1954]]
|-
![[1956 United States House of Representatives elections|1956]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|201|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 2
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|47|96|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{steady}} 0
![[1956 United States Senate elections|1956]]
|-
![[1958 United States House of Representatives elections|1958]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|153|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 48
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|34|98|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 13
![[1958 United States Senate elections|1958]]
|-
![[1960 United States House of Representatives elections|1960]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|175|437|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 22
|rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[John F. Kennedy]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|35|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 1
![[1960 United States Senate elections|1960]]
|-
![[1962 United States House of Representatives elections|1962]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|176|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 1
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|34|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 3
![[1962 United States Senate elections|1962]]
|-
![[1964 United States House of Representatives elections|1964]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|140|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 36
|rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|32|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 2
![[1964 United States Senate elections|1964]]
|-
![[1966 United States House of Representatives elections|1966]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|187|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 47
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|38|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 3
![[1966 United States Senate elections|1966]]
|-
![[1968 United States House of Representatives elections|1968]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|192|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 5
|rowspan="3" {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Richard Nixon]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|42|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 5
![[1968 United States Senate elections|1968]]
|-
![[1970 United States House of Representatives elections|1970]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|180|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 12
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|44|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 2
![[1970 United States Senate elections|1970]]
|-
![[1972 United States House of Representatives elections|1972]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|192|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 12
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|41|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 2
![[1972 United States Senate elections|1972]]
|-
![[1974 United States House of Representatives elections|1974]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|144|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 48
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Gerald Ford]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|38|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 3
![[1974 United States Senate elections|1974]]
|-
![[1976 United States House of Representatives elections|1976]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|143|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 1
|rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Jimmy Carter]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|38|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 1
![[1976 United States Senate elections|1976]]
|-
![[1978 United States House of Representatives elections|1978]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|158|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 15
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|41|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 3
![[1978 United States Senate elections|1978]]
|-
![[1980 United States House of Representatives elections|1980]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|192|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 34
|rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Ronald Reagan]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|53|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 12
![[1980 United States Senate elections|1980]]
|-
![[1982 United States House of Representatives elections|1982]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|166|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 26
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|54|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{steady}} 0
![[1982 United States Senate elections|1982]]
|-
![[1984 United States House of Representatives elections|1984]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|182|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 16
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|53|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{decrease}} 2
![[1984 United States Senate elections|1984]]
|-
![[1986 United States House of Representatives elections|1986]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|177|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 5
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|45|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 8
![[1986 United States Senate elections|1986]]
|-
![[1988 United States House of Representatives elections|1988]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|175|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 2
|rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[George H. W. Bush]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|45|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 1
![[1988 United States Senate elections|1988]]
|-
![[1990 United States House of Representatives elections|1990]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|167|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 8
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|44|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 1
![[1990 United States Senate elections|1990]]
|-
![[1992 United States House of Representatives elections|1992]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|176|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 9
|rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Bill Clinton]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|43|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{steady}} 0
![[1992 United States Senate elections|1992]]
|-
![[1994 United States House of Representatives elections|1994]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|230|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 54
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|53|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 8
![[1994 United States Senate elections|1994]]
|-
![[1996 United States House of Representatives elections|1996]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|227|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{decrease}} 3
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|55|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 2
![[1996 United States Senate elections|1996]]
|-
![[1998 United States House of Representatives elections|1998]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|223|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{decrease}} 4
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|55|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{steady}} 0
![[1998 United States Senate elections|1998]]
|-
![[2000 United States House of Representatives elections|2000]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|221|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{decrease}} 2
|rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[George W. Bush]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|50|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{decrease}} 4
![[2000 United States Senate elections|2000]]{{efn|name=tie1|Republican Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] provided a [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States|tie-breaking vote]], initially giving Republicans a majority from [[First inauguration of George W. Bush|Inauguration Day]] until [[Jim Jeffords]] left the Republican Party to caucus with the Democrats on June 6, 2001.}}
|-
![[2002 United States House of Representatives elections|2002]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|229|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 8
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|51|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 2
![[2002 United States Senate elections|2002]]
|-
![[2004 United States House of Representatives elections|2004]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|232|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 3
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|55|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 4
![[2004 United States Senate elections|2004]]
|-
![[2006 United States House of Representatives elections|2006]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|202|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 30
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|49|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 6
![[2006 United States Senate elections|2006]]
|-
![[2008 United States House of Representatives elections|2008]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|178|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 21
|rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Barack Obama]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|41|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 8
![[2008 United States Senate elections|2008]]
|-
![[2010 United States House of Representatives elections|2010]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|242|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 63
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|47|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 6
![[2010 United States Senate elections|2010]]
|-
![[2012 United States House of Representatives elections|2012]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|234|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{decrease}} 8
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|45|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 2
![[2012 United States Senate elections|2012]]
|-
![[2014 United States House of Representatives elections|2014]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|247|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 13
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|54|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 9
![[2014 United States Senate elections|2014]]
|-
![[2016 United States House of Representatives elections|2016]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|241|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{decrease}} 6
|rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Donald Trump]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|52|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{decrease}} 2
![[2016 United States Senate elections|2016]]
|-
![[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|200|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 41
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|53|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 1
![[2018 United States Senate elections|2018]]
|-
![[2020 United States House of Representatives elections|2020]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|213|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{increase}} 13
|rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Joe Biden]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|50|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| {{decrease}} 3
![[2020 United States Senate elections|2020]]{{efn|name=tie2|Democratic Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] provided a [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States|tie-breaking vote]], giving Democrats a majority from [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|Inauguration Day]] until the end of the [[117th Congress]].}}
|-
![[2022 United States House of Representatives elections|2022]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|222|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 9
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{Composition bar|49|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}|{{decrease}} 1
![[2022 United States Senate elections|2022]]
|-
![[2024 United States House of Representatives elections|2024]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|220|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{decrease}} 2
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Donald Trump]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{Composition bar|53|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}}|{{increase}} 4
![[2024 United States Senate elections|2024]]
|}

=== In presidential elections: 1856–present ===
{{See also|List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets}}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Presidential ticket
!Votes
!Vote %
!Electoral votes
!+/–
!Result
|-
|align=center|[[1856 United States presidential election|1856]]
|[[John C. Frémont]] [[William L. Dayton]]
|align=center|1,342,345
|align=center|33.1
|align=left|{{Composition bar|114|296|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|''New party''
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1860 United States presidential election|1860]]
|[[Abraham Lincoln]] [[Hannibal Hamlin]]
|align=center|1,865,908
|align=center|39.8
|align=left|{{Composition bar|180|303|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}66
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1864 United States presidential election|1864]]
|[[Abraham Lincoln]] [[Andrew Johnson]]{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Lincoln and Johnson were nominated by the [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]], a [[American Civil War|wartime]] coalition of Republicans, [[War Democrat]]s, and [[Unconditional Union Party|Unconditional Unionists]].}}
|align=center|2,218,388
|align=center|55.0
|align=left|{{Composition bar|212|233|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}32
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1868 United States presidential election|1868]]
|[[Ulysses S. Grant]] [[Schuyler Colfax]]
|align=center|3,013,421
|align=center|52.7
|align=left|{{Composition bar|214|294|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}2
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1872 United States presidential election|1872]]
|[[Ulysses S. Grant]] [[Henry Wilson]]
|align=center|3,598,235
|align=center|55.6
|align=left|{{Composition bar|286|352|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}72
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1876 United States presidential election|1876]]
|[[Rutherford B. Hayes]] [[William A. Wheeler]]
|align=center|4,034,311
|align=center|47.9
|align=left|{{Composition bar|185|369|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}134
|{{won}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Hayes won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat [[Samuel J. Tilden]] won a majority of the popular vote.}}
|-
|align=center|[[1880 United States presidential election|1880]]
|[[James A. Garfield]] [[Chester A. Arthur]]
|align=center|4,446,158
|align=center|48.3
|align=left|{{Composition bar|214|369|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}29
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1884 United States presidential election|1884]]
|[[James G. Blaine]] [[John A. Logan]]
|align=center|4,856,905
|align=center|48.3
|align=left|{{Composition bar|182|401|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}32
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1888 United States presidential election|1888]]
|[[Benjamin Harrison]] [[Levi P. Morton]]
|align=center|5,443,892
|align=center|47.8
|align=left|{{Composition bar|233|401|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}51
|{{won}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Harrison won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat [[Grover Cleveland]] won a plurality of the popular vote.}}
|-
|align=center|[[1892 United States presidential election|1892]]
|[[Benjamin Harrison]] [[Whitelaw Reid]]
|align=center|5,176,108
|align=center|43.0
|align=left|{{Composition bar|145|444|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}88
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1896 United States presidential election|1896]]
|[[William McKinley]] [[Garret Hobart]]
|align=center|7,111,607
|align=center|51.0
|align=left|{{Composition bar|271|447|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}126
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1900 United States presidential election|1900]]
|[[William McKinley]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
|align=center|7,228,864
|align=center|51.6
|align=left|{{Composition bar|292|447|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}21
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1904 United States presidential election|1904]]
|[[Theodore Roosevelt]] [[Charles W. Fairbanks]]
|align=center|7,630,457
|align=center|56.4
|align=left|{{Composition bar|336|476|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}44
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1908 United States presidential election|1908]]
|[[William Howard Taft]] [[James S. Sherman]]
|align=center|7,678,395
|align=center|51.6
|align=left|{{Composition bar|321|483|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}15
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1912 United States presidential election|1912]]
|[[William Howard Taft]] [[Nicholas M. Butler]]{{efn|Incumbent vice-president [[James S. Sherman]] was re-nominated as Taft's running-mate, but died six days prior to the election. Butler was chosen to receive the Republican vice-presidential votes after the election.}}
|align=center|3,486,242
|align=center|23.2
|align=left|{{Composition bar|8|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}313
|{{lost}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Taft finished in third place in both the electoral and popular vote, behind [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]].}}
|-
|align=center|[[1916 United States presidential election|1916]]
|[[Charles Evans Hughes|Charles E. Hughes]] [[Charles W. Fairbanks]]
|align=center|8,548,728
|align=center|46.1
|align=left|{{Composition bar|254|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}246
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1920 United States presidential election|1920]]
|[[Warren G. Harding]] [[Calvin Coolidge]]
|align=center|16,144,093
|align=center|60.3
|align=left|{{Composition bar|404|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}150
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1924 United States presidential election|1924]]
|[[Calvin Coolidge]] [[Charles G. Dawes]]
|align=center|15,723,789
|align=center|54.0
|align=left|{{Composition bar|382|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}22
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1928 United States presidential election|1928]]
|[[Herbert Hoover]] [[Charles Curtis]]
|align=center|21,427,123
|align=center|58.2
|align=left|{{Composition bar|444|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}62
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1932 United States presidential election|1932]]
|[[Herbert Hoover]] [[Charles Curtis]]
|align=center|15,761,254
|align=center|39.7
|align=left|{{Composition bar|59|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}385
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1936 United States presidential election|1936]]
|[[Alf Landon]] [[Frank Knox]]
|align=center|16,679,543
|align=center|36.5
|align=left|{{Composition bar|8|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}51
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1940 United States presidential election|1940]]
|[[Wendell Willkie]] [[Charles L. McNary]]
|align=center|22,347,744
|align=center|44.8
|align=left|{{Composition bar|82|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}74
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1944 United States presidential election|1944]]
|[[Thomas E. Dewey]] [[John W. Bricker]]
|align=center|22,017,929
|align=center|45.9
|align=left|{{Composition bar|99|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}17
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1948 United States presidential election|1948]]
|[[Thomas E. Dewey]] [[Earl Warren]]
|align=center|21,991,292
|align=center|45.1
|align=left|{{Composition bar|189|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}90
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1952 United States presidential election|1952]]
|[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[Richard Nixon]]
|align=center|34,075,529
|align=center|55.2
|align=left|{{Composition bar|442|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}253
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1956 United States presidential election|1956]]
|[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[Richard Nixon]]
|align=center|35,579,180
|align=center|57.4
|align=left|{{Composition bar|457|531|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}15
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1960 United States presidential election|1960]]
|[[Richard Nixon]] [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]]
|align=center|34,108,157
|align=center|49.6
|align=left|{{Composition bar|219|537|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}238
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1964 United States presidential election|1964]]
|[[Barry Goldwater]] [[William E. Miller]]
|align=center|27,175,754
|align=center|38.5
|align=left|{{Composition bar|52|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}167
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1968 United States presidential election|1968]]
|[[Richard Nixon]] [[Spiro Agnew]]
|align=center|31,783,783
|align=center|43.4
|align=left|{{Composition bar|301|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}249
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1972 United States presidential election|1972]]
|[[Richard Nixon]] [[Spiro Agnew]]
|align=center|47,168,710
|align=center|60.7
|align=left|{{Composition bar|520|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}219
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1976 United States presidential election|1976]]
|[[Gerald Ford]] [[Bob Dole]]
|align=center|38,148,634
|align=center|48.0
|align=left|{{Composition bar|240|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}280
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1980 United States presidential election|1980]]
|[[Ronald Reagan]] [[George H. W. Bush]]
|align=center|43,903,230
|align=center|50.7
|align=left|{{Composition bar|489|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}249
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1984 United States presidential election|1984]]
|[[Ronald Reagan]] [[George H. W. Bush]]
|align=center|54,455,472
|align=center|58.8
|align=left|{{Composition bar|525|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}36
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1988 United States presidential election|1988]]
|[[George H. W. Bush]] [[Dan Quayle]]
|align=center|48,886,097
|align=center|53.4
|align=left|{{Composition bar|426|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}99
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[1992 United States presidential election|1992]]
|[[George H. W. Bush]] [[Dan Quayle]]
|align=center|39,104,550
|align=center|37.4
|align=left|{{Composition bar|168|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}258
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[1996 United States presidential election|1996]]
|[[Bob Dole]] [[Jack Kemp]]
|align=center|39,197,469
|align=center|40.7
|align=left|{{Composition bar|159|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}9
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[2000 United States presidential election|2000]]
|[[George W. Bush]] [[Dick Cheney]]
|align=center|50,456,002
|align=center|47.9
|align=left|{{Composition bar|271|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}112
|{{won}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Bush won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat [[Al Gore]] won a plurality of the popular vote.}}
|-
|align=center|[[2004 United States presidential election|2004]]
|[[George W. Bush]] [[Dick Cheney]]
|align=center|62,040,610
|align=center|50.7
|align=left|{{Composition bar|286|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}15
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[2008 United States presidential election|2008]]
|[[John McCain]] [[Sarah Palin]]
|align=center|59,948,323
|align=center|45.7
|align=left|{{Composition bar|173|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}113
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[2012 United States presidential election|2012]]
|[[Mitt Romney]] [[Paul Ryan]]
|align=center|60,933,504
|align=center|47.2
|align=left|{{Composition bar|206|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}33
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]
|[[Donald Trump]] [[Mike Pence]]
|align=center|62,984,828
|align=center|46.1
|align=left|{{Composition bar|304|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}98
|{{won}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Trump won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat [[Hillary Clinton]] won a plurality of the popular vote.}}
|-
|align=center|[[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]
|[[Donald Trump]] [[Mike Pence]]
|align=center|74,223,975
|align=center|46.8
|align=left|{{Composition bar|232|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{decrease}}72
|{{lost}}
|-
|align=center|[[2024 United States presidential election|2024]]
|[[Donald Trump]] [[JD Vance]]
|align=center|77,302,580
|align=center|49.8
|align=left|{{Composition bar|312|538|hex=#FF0000}}
|align=left|{{increase}}80
|{{won}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|Conservatism|United States}}
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* [[History of the Republican Party (United States)]]
* [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)]]
* [[List of African-American Republicans]]
* [[List of Hispanic and Latino Republicans]]
* [[List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)]]
* [[Political party strength in U.S. states]]
{{div col end}}

{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{notelist-ua}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Main|Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}
* ''The Almanac of American Politics 2022'' (2022) details on members of Congress, and the governors: their records and election results; also state and district politics; revised every two years since 1975. [https://www.amazon.com/Almanac-American-Politics-Richard-Cohen/dp/195237409X/ details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107175827/https://www.amazon.com/Almanac-American-Politics-Richard-Cohen/dp/195237409X |date=January 7, 2022 }}; see [[The Almanac of American Politics]]
* ''American National Biography'' (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and at [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/84/ Wikipedia Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030170202/https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/84/ |date=October 30, 2020 }}.
* Aberbach, Joel D., ed. and Peele, Gillian, ed. ''Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics after Bush'' (Oxford UP, 2011). 403pp
* Aistrup, Joseph A. ''The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South'' (1996).
* Bauman, Dan, and Brock Read. "A Brief History of GOP Attempts to Kill the Education Dept" ''Chronicle of Higher Education'' (June 21, 2018)
* Black, Earl and Merle Black. ''The Rise of Southern Republicans'' (2002).
* Bowen, Michael, ''The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party.'' (U of North Carolina Press, 2011). xii, 254pp.
* Brennan, Mary C. ''Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP'' (1995).
* Conger, Kimberly H. ''The Christian Right in Republican State Politics'' (2010) 202 pages; focuses on Arizona, Indiana, and Missouri.
* Crane, Michael. ''The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Books on Politics'' (2004) covers all the major issues explaining the parties' positions.
* Critchlow, Donald T. ''The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America'' (2nd ed. 2011).
* Ehrman, John, ''The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan'' (2005).
* Fauntroy, Michael K. ''Republicans and the Black vote'' (2007).
* {{cite book |last=Fried|first=J|title=Democrats and Republicans – Rhetoric and Reality|publisher=Algora Publishing|location=New York|year=2008}}
* Frank, Thomas. ''What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America'' (2005).
* [[David Frum|Frum, David.]] ''What's Right: The New Conservative Majority and the Remaking of America'' (1996).
* Gould, Lewis L. ''The Republicans : A History of the Grand Old Party'' (2nd ed, 2014); First edition 2003 was entitled: ''Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans'' [https://archive.org/details/republicanshisto0000goul online 2nd edition]' th standard scholarly history
* Hemmer, Nicole. ''Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s'' (2022)
* {{cite book|last=Jensen|first=Richard|title=Grass Roots Politics: Parties, Issues, and Voters, 1854–1983|date=1983|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|url=https://www.questia.com/library/2038656/grass-roots-politics-parties-issues-and-voters|isbn=083716382X|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-date=May 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519103011/https://www.questia.com/library/2038656/grass-roots-politics-parties-issues-and-voters|url-status=dead}}
* [[John Judis|Judis, John B.]] and [[Ruy Teixeira]]. ''The Emerging Democratic Majority'' (2004), two Democrats project social trends.
* Kabaservice, Geoffrey. ''Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party'' (2012) scholarly history {{ISBN|978-0199768400}}.
* Kleppner, Paul, et al. ''The Evolution of American Electoral Systems'' (1983), applies party systems model.
* Kurian, George Thomas ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the Republican Party'' (4 vol., 2002).
* Lamis, Alexander P. ed. ''Southern Politics in the 1990s'' (1999).
* Levendusky, Matthew. ''The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans'' (2009). Chicago Studies in American Politics.
* Mason, Robert. ''The Republican Party and American Politics from Hoover to Reagan'' (2011).
* Mason, Robert and Morgan, Iwan (eds.) ''Seeking a New Majority: The Republican Party and American Politics, 1960–1980.'' (2013) Nashville, TN. Vanderbilt University Press. 2013.
* Mayer, George H. ''The Republican Party, 1854–1966.'' 2d ed. (1967); a standard scholarly history; [https://archive.org/details/republicanparty100maye online]
* {{cite book|last=McPherson|first=James M.|title=Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford; New York|isbn=978-0195038637|title-link=Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era}}
* Oakes, James. ''The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution'' (W.W. Norton, 2021).
* Oakes, James. ''Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865'' (W. W. Norton, 2012)
* [[Rick Perlstein|Perlstein, Rick]]. ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus'' (2002), broad account of 1964.
* Perlstein, Rick. ''[[Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America]]'' (2009).
* Reinhard, David W. ''The Republican Right since 1945'' (1983).
* Rutland, Robert Allen. ''The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush'' (1996).
* [[Larry Sabato|Sabato, Larry J.]] ''Divided States of America: The Slash and Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election'' (2005).
* Sabato, Larry J. and Bruce Larson. ''The Party's Just Begun: Shaping Political Parties for America's Future'' (2001), textbook.
* [[Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.|Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr.]] ed. ''History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000'' (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). Essays on the most important election are reprinted in Schlesinger, ''The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history'' (1972). [https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%28%20History%20of%20American%20Presidential%20Elections%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28Schlesinger%29 online editions]
* Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000'' (2001), essays by specialists on each time period:
** includes: "To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs": 1820–1865 by [[Joel H. Silbey]]; "Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835–1885" by Michael F. Holt; "The Transformation of American Politics: 1865–1910" by Peter H. Argersinger; "Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885–1930" by Richard Jensen; "The Limits of Federal Power and Social Policy: 1910–1955" by Anthony J. Badger; "The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness: 1930–1980" by James T. Patterson; and "Economic Growth, Issue Evolution, and Divided Government: 1955–2000" by Byron E. Shafer.
* Shafer, Byron and Richard Johnston. ''The End of Southern Exceptionalism'' (2006), uses statistical election data and polls to argue GOP growth was primarily a response to economic change.
* Steely, Mel. ''The Gentleman from Georgia: The Biography of Newt Gingrich'' Mercer University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0865546711}}.
* Sundquist, James L. ''Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States'' (1983).
* Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. ''[[The Right Nation]]: Conservative Power in America'' (2004).
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Prone to spam|date=October 2022}}

{{#invoke:Sister project links|main|display=Republican Party|d=Q29468|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=Category:Republican Party (United States)|wikt=Republican|s=Category:Republican Party (United States)|b=Voter's Guide/United States/Republican Party|v=no}}
* {{official website}}
* {{Britannica|498842}}

{{Republican Party|state=expanded}}
{{Anti-slavery parties (US)}}
{{United States political parties}}
{{United States topics}}
{{#invoke:Authority control|authorityControl}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Republican Party}}
[[Category:Republican Party (United States)| ]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:American abolitionist organizations]]
[[Category:American Civil War political groups]]
[[Category:Anti-abortion organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in the United States]]
[[Category:International Democracy Union member parties]]
[[Category:Organizations that oppose transgender rights in the United States]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1854]]
[[Category:Political parties in the United States]]
[[Category:Politics of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Reconstruction Era]]
[[Category:Republicanism in the United States]]
[[Category:Right-wing parties in the United States]]
[[Category:Right-wing populist parties]]
[[Category:Socially conservative parties]]
[[Category:Trumpist political parties]]
[[Category:Federalist parties]]

Democratic Party (United States)

2025-08-04T18:18:00Z

Nico: Created page with "{{Short description|American political party}} {{for|the 1792–1824 party|Democratic-Republican Party}} {{pp-dispute|small=yes}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{pp-move}} {{Use American English|date=December 2014}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox political party | name = Democratic Party | logo = US Democratic Party 2025 logo (positive).svg | symbol = 100px | logo_alt = | logo_size..."

{{Short description|American political party}}
{{for|the 1792–1824 party|Democratic-Republican Party}}
{{pp-dispute|small=yes}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Democratic Party
| logo = US Democratic Party 2025 logo (positive).svg
| symbol = [[File:Democratic Disc.svg|100px]]
| logo_alt =
| logo_size = 250px
| colorcode = {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| chairperson = [[Ken Martin]]
| governing_body = [[Democratic National Committee]]<ref>{{cite news |title=About the Democratic Party |url=https://democrats.org/who-we-are/about-the-democratic-party/ |newspaper=Democrats|date=March 4, 2019|access-date=April 15, 2022 |quote=For 171 years, [the Democratic National Committee] has been responsible for governing the Democratic Party |archive-date=April 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406235005/https://democrats.org/who-we-are/about-the-democratic-party/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Democratic Party |title=The Charter & The Bylaws of the Democratic Party of the United States |url=https://democrats.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DNC-Charter-Bylaws-09.10.1022.pdf |access-date=March 24, 2025 |page=3 |date=September 10, 2022 |quote=The Democratic National Committee shall have general responsibility for the affairs of the Democratic Party between National Conventions |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122102947/https://democrats.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DNC-Charter-Bylaws-09.10.1022.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader2_title = [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Minority Leader]]
| leader2_name = [[Chuck Schumer]]
| leader3_title = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Minority Leader]]
| leader3_name = [[Hakeem Jeffries]]
| founders = {{plainlist|
* [[Andrew Jackson]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1828|1|8}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire, 1800–1851 |last=Cole |first=Donald B. |date=1970 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=69 |isbn=978-0-67-428368-8}}</ref> {{nowrap|[[Baltimore]], Maryland, U.S.}}
| predecessor = [[Democratic-Republican Party]]
| headquarters = 430 [[South Capitol Street|South Capitol St.]] SE, Washington, D.C., U.S.
| student_wing = {{ubl|[[High School Democrats of America]]|[[College Democrats of America]]}}
| youth_wing = [[Young Democrats of America]]
| womens_wing = [[National Federation of Democratic Women]]
| wing2_title = Overseas wing
| wing2 = [[Democrats Abroad]]
| ideology = 
{{unbulleted list|class=nowrap|
| [[Liberalism]] ([[Modern liberalism in the United States|US]])<ref name="sarnold" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Geismer |first=Lily |title=Don't blame us: suburban liberals and the transformation of the Democratic party |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15723-8 |series=Politics and society in twentieth-century America |location=Princeton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Mastery and drift: professional-class liberals since the 1960s |date=2025 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-83811-3 |editor-last=Cebul |editor-first=Brent |location=Chicago |editor-last2=Geismer |editor-first2=Lily}}</ref>
|'''[[Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)|Factions]]:'''
| [[Centrism]]{{refn|<ref name="Bacon">{{Cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-six-wings-of-the-democratic-party/|title=The Six Wings Of The Democratic Party|first=Perry Jr.|last=Bacon|work=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=March 11, 2019|access-date=October 21, 2021|archive-date=August 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815092648/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-six-wings-of-the-democratic-party/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Levitz |first=Eric |date=October 18, 2018 |title=America Already Has a Centrist Party. It's Called the Democrats. |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/tribalism-exhausted-majority-centrism-david-brooks-democratic-party.html |access-date=October 2, 2024 |website=Intelligencer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ball|first1=Molly|title=No, Liberals Don't Control the Democratic Party|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/02/no-liberals-dont-control-the-democratic-party/283653/|website=The Atlantic|date=February 7, 2014 |accessdate=March 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name="gaudiano">{{cite web|last1=Gaudiano|first1=Nicole|title=Liberals seek 'ideological shift' in the Democratic Party|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/2016/11/09/liberals-seek-ideological-shift-democratic-party/93548156/|website=USA Today|publisher=Gannett Satellite Information Network, LLC.|accessdate=March 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Alterman|first1=Eric|title=Why We're Liberals: A Political Handbook for Post-Bush America|date=2008|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780670018604|page=339|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhO41uVWOQIC&q=huge+swing+away+from+the+center&pg=PA339|accessdate=March 13, 2017|quote=Suffice to say that there has not been a huge swing away from the center since the 1970s.}}</ref>}}
| [[Progressivism]] ([[Progressivism in the United States|US]])<ref name="SteinCornwellTanfani2018">{{Cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Letita |last2=Cornwell |first2=Susan |last3 =Tanfani |first3 =Joseph |date=August 23, 2018 |title=Inside the progressive movement roiling the Democratic Party |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-progressives-specialrepo/inside-the-progressive-movement-roiling-the-democratic-party-idUSKCN1L81GI |access-date=June 13, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613163545/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-progressives-specialrepo/inside-the-progressive-movement-roiling-the-democratic-party-idUSKCN1L81GI|archive-date=June 13, 2022}}</ref>


}}
| position = [[Centre-left politics|Center-left]]{{refn|
<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rae |first1=Nicol C. |date=June 2007 |title=Be Careful What You Wish For: The Rise of Responsible Parties in American National Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=169–191 |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.071105.100750 |issn=1094-2939 |quote=What are we to make of American parties at the dawn of the twenty-first century? ... The impact of the 1960s civil rights revolution has been to create two more ideologically coherent parties: a generally liberal or center-left party and a conservative party.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cronin|first1=James E.|last2=Ross|first2=George W.|last3=Shoch|first3=James|date=August 24, 2011|title=What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9O15MzNKMuoC|chapter=Introduction: The New World of the Center-Left|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8223-5079-8|quote-pages=17, 22, 182|quote=Including the American Democratic Party in a comparative analysis of center-left parties is unorthodox, since unlike Europe, America has not produced a socialist movement tied to a strong union movement. Yet the Democrats may have become center-left before anyone else, obliged by their different historical trajectory to build complex alliances with social groups other than the working class and to deal with unusually powerful capitalists ... Taken together, the three chapters devoted to the United States show that the center-left in America faces much the same set of problems as elsewhere and, especially in light of the election results from 2008, that the Democratic Party's potential to win elections, despite its current slide in approval, may be at least equal to that of any center-left party in Europe ... Despite the setback in the 2010 midterms, together the foregoing trends have put the Democrats in a position to eventually build a dominant center-left majority in the United States.|access-date=August 7, 2024|archive-date=August 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820005545/https://books.google.com/books?id=9O15MzNKMuoC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2192&context=fac_artchop |last=Bruner |first=Christopher |title=Center-Left Politics and Corporate Governance: What Is the 'Progressive' Agenda? |journal=[[Brigham Young University Law Review]] |date=January 1, 2018|pages=267–338|quote=While these dynamics have remained have remained important to the Democratic Party's electoral strategy since the 1990s, the finance-driven coalition described above remains high controverisal and unstable, reflecting the fact that core intellectual and ideological tensions in the platform of the U.S. center-left persist.}}</ref><ref name="Bridging the Blue Divide">{{Cite journal |last1=Hacker |first1=Jacob S. |last2=Malpas |first2=Amelia |last3=Pierson |first3=Paul |last4=Zacher |first4=Sam |date=December 27, 2023 |title=Bridging the Blue Divide: The Democrats' New Metro Coalition and the Unexpected Prominence of Redistribution |journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |volume=22 |issue=3 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Political Science Association]] |language=en |doi=10.1017/S1537592723002931 |issn=1537-5927 |page=3|quote=We conclude by considering why Democrats have taken this course, why they are not perceived as having done so, and why, at this fraught juncture for American democratic capitalism, political scientists could learn much from closer examination of the rich world's largest center-left party.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Polarization of the Rich: The New Democratic Allegiance of Affluent Americans and the Politics of Redistribution">{{cite journal |last1=Zacher |first1=Sam |title=Polarization of the Rich: The New Democratic Allegiance of Affluent Americans and the Politics of Redistribution |journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |date=June 2024 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=338–356 |doi=10.1017/S1537592722003310 |quote=It is clear that the Democratic Party—the center-left United States political party—does enact some forms of a redistributive economic policy agenda.|doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}
| affiliation1_title = [[Congressional caucuses|Caucuses]]
| affiliation1 = [[Blue Dog Coalition]] [[New Democrat Coalition]] [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]]
| international = 
| colors = {{color box|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Blue]]
| seats1_title = [[United States Senate|Senate]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|45|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|ref={{Efn|There are 45 senators who are members of the party; however, two [[Independent Democrat|independent]] senators, [[Angus King]] and [[Bernie Sanders]], caucus with the Democrats.|name=|group=}}}}
| seats2_title = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|212|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
| seats3_title = [[List of current United States governors#State governors|State governors]]
| seats3 =  {{composition bar|23|50|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
| seats4_title = [[State legislature (United States)|State upper chambers]]
| seats4 =  {{composition bar|832|1973|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
| seats5_title = [[State legislature (United States)|State lower chambers]]
| seats5 =  {{composition bar|2385|5413|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
| seats6_title = [[List of current United States governors#Territory governors|Territorial governors]]
| seats6 =  {{composition bar|2|5|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
| seats7_title = Seats in [[Territories of the United States#Governments and legislatures|Territorial upper chambers]]
| seats7 =  {{composition bar|21|97|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
| seats8_title = Seats in [[Territories of the United States#Governments and legislatures|Territorial lower chambers]]
| seats8 =  {{composition bar|9|91|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
| country = the United States
}}

The '''Democratic Party''' is a [[Centre-left politics|center-left]] [[political parties in the United States|political party in the United States]]. One of the [[Major party|major parties]] of the U.S., it was founded in 1828, making it the world's oldest active political party. Its main rival since the 1850s has been the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], and the two have since dominated [[American politics]].

The Democratic Party was founded in 1828 from remnants of the [[Democratic-Republican Party]]. Senator [[Martin Van Buren]] played the central role in building the coalition of state organizations which formed the new party as a vehicle to help elect [[Andrew Jackson]] as president that year. It initially supported [[Jacksonian democracy]], [[agrarianism]], and [[Manifest destiny|geographical expansionism]], while opposing [[Bank War|a national bank]] and high [[tariff]]s. Democrats won six of the eight presidential elections from 1828 to 1856, losing twice to the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]]. In 1860, the party split into [[Northern Democrats|Northern]] and [[Southern Democrats|Southern]] factions over [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]]. The party remained dominated by agrarian interests, contrasting with Republican support for the [[big business]] of the [[Gilded Age]]. Democratic candidates won the presidency only twice{{efn|[[Grover Cleveland]] in 1884 and 1892}} between 1860 and 1908, though they [[List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|won the popular vote]] two more times in that period. During the [[Progressive Era]], some factions of the party supported [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] reforms, with [[Woodrow Wilson]] being elected president in 1912 and 1916.

In 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was elected president after campaigning on a strong response to the [[Great Depression]]. His [[New Deal]] programs created [[New Deal coalition|a broad Democratic coalition]] which united White southerners, Northern workers, [[Labor unions in the United States|labor unions]], [[African Americans]], [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholic]] and [[American Jews|Jewish communities]], progressives, and [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberals]]. From the late 1930s, [[Conservative coalition|a conservative minority]] in the party's Southern wing joined with Republicans to slow and stop further progressive domestic reforms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zeitz |first=Joshua |date=October 16, 2023 |title=The 'Unprecedented' House GOP Meltdown Isn't as Novel as You Think. And There Is a Way Out. |language=en |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/10/16/broken-congress-history-00121564 |access-date=October 16, 2023 |archive-date=October 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016094650/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/10/16/broken-congress-history-00121564 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[civil rights movement]] and [[Great Society]] era of progressive legislation under [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], who was often able to overcome the conservative coalition in the 1960s, many White southerners [[Southern strategy|switched to the Republican Party]] as the Northeastern states became more reliably Democratic.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 15, 2015 |title=How Medicare Was Made |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/medicare-made |access-date=August 23, 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |url-access=limited |last=Zelizer |first=Julian E. |archive-date=March 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304221801/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/medicare-made |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gallup2010">{{cite web |date=June 12, 2009 |title=Women More Likely to Be Democrats, Regardless of Age |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/120839/Women-Likely-Democrats-Regardless-Age.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614010429/http://www.gallup.com/poll/120839/Women-Likely-Democrats-Regardless-Age.aspx |archive-date=June 14, 2010 |access-date=June 17, 2010 |publisher=Gallup}}</ref> The party's labor union element has weakened since the 1970s amid [[deindustrialization]], and during the 1980s it lost many White working-class voters to the Republicans under [[Ronald Reagan]]. The election of [[Bill Clinton]] in 1992 marked a shift for the party toward [[centrism]] and the [[Third Way]], shifting its economic stance toward [[Neoliberalism|market-based policies]].<ref name="Hale-1995" /><ref name="Wills-1997" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Edsall |first=Thomas B. |date=June 28, 1998 |title=Clinton and Blair envision a 'Third Way' international movement |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/06/28/clinton-and-blair-envision-a-third-way-international-movement/0bc00486-bd6d-4da4-a970-5255d7aa25d8/ |access-date=November 1, 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127213150/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/06/28/clinton-and-blair-envision-a-third-way-international-movement/0bc00486-bd6d-4da4-a970-5255d7aa25d8/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Barack Obama]] oversaw the party's passage of the [[Affordable Care Act]] in 2010.

In the 21st century, the Democratic Party's strongest demographics are [[Urban–rural political divide|urban voters]], [[Educational attainment in the United States|college graduates]] (especially those with [[postgraduate education|graduate degrees]]), [[African Americans]], women, younger voters, irreligious voters, the unmarried and [[LGBTQ people in the United States|LGBTQ people]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=April 9, 2024 |title=Changing Partisan Coalitions in a Politically Divided Nation |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/04/09/changing-partisan-coalitions-in-a-politically-divided-nation/ |access-date=March 21, 2025 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> On social issues, it advocates for [[Abortion-rights movements|abortion rights]],<ref name="Traister-2023">{{Cite web |last=Traister |first=Rebecca |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Abortion Wins Elections |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/abortion-democratic-party-2024-elections.html |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=The Cut |language=en-us |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406181341/https://www.thecut.com/article/abortion-democratic-party-2024-elections.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[LGBTQ rights in the United States|LGBTQ rights]],<ref name="NPR-2012a">{{Cite news|last = Migdon|first = Brooke|date=June 21, 2023|title=Democrats reintroduce Equality Act amid Pride Month|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/4060836-democrats-reintroduce-equality-act-amid-pride-month/|access-date=May 12, 2025}}</ref> action on [[climate change]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Combating the Climate Crisis and Pursuing Environmental Justic |newspaper=Democrats |url=https://democrats.org/where-we-stand/party-platform/combating-the-climate-crisis-and-pursuing-environmental-justice/ |publisher=Democratic National Committee |access-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717200005/https://democrats.org/where-we-stand/party-platform/combating-the-climate-crisis-and-pursuing-environmental-justice/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|legalization of marijuana]]. On economic issues, the party favors [[Healthcare reform in the United States|healthcare reform]], [[paid sick leave]], [[paid family leave]] and [[Unionization|supporting unions]].<ref name="Miranda Ollstein-2022">{{Cite web |last=Miranda Ollstein |first=Alice |date=August 12, 2022 |title=A bittersweet health care win for Democrats |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/12/a-bittersweet-health-care-win-for-democrats-00051264 |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407081105/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/12/a-bittersweet-health-care-win-for-democrats-00051264 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Goodnough-2019">{{cite news |last1=Goodnough |first1=Abby |last2=Kaplan |first2=Thomas |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Democrat vs. Democrat: How Health Care Is Dividing the Party |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/health/democratic-debate-healthcare.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722004441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/health/democratic-debate-healthcare.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mueller |first1=Eleanor |last2=Olander |first2=Olivia |date=2023-11-27 |title=Paid leave support up ahead of '24 |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/weekly-shift/2023/11/27/support-for-paid-leave-hits-historic-high-00128648 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref name="jlevy">{{cite book |last=Levy |first=Jonah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC |title=The State after Statism: New State Activities in the Age of Liberalization |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780495501121 |page=198 |quote=In the corporate governance area, the center-left repositioned itself to press for reform. The Democratic Party in the United States used the postbubble scandals and the collapse of share prices to attack the Republican Party ... Corporate governance reform fit surprisingly well within the contours of the center-left ideology. The Democratic Party and the SPD have both been committed to the development of the regulatory state as a counterweight to managerial authority, corporate power, and market failure.}}</ref><ref name="U.S. Department of State">{{cite web |author=[[U.S. Department of State]] |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524222737/https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |archive-date=May 24, 2017 |publisher=Thoughtco.com}}</ref> In foreign policy, the party supports [[liberal internationalism]] as well as tough stances against [[China]] and [[Russia]].<ref name="Ikenberry 2020">{{Cite web |last=Ikenberry |first=John |date=2020 |title=America's Asia Policy after Trump |url=https://www.globalasia.org/v15no4/focus/americas-asia-policy-after-trump_g-john-ikenberry |website=Global Asia |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wong 2022">{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Edward |date=September 6, 2022 |title=Biden Puts Defense of Democracy at Center of Agenda, at Home and Abroad |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/06/us/politics/biden-democracy-threat.html |access-date=December 27, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="The World Trump Wants">{{Cite web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/world-trump-wants-michael-kimmage|title=The World Trump Wants: American Power in the New Age of Nationalism|date=February 25, 2025|access-date=March 18, 2025|website=Foreign Affairs|first1=Michael|last1=Kimmage|quote=In the two decades that followed the Cold War’s end, globalism gained ground over nationalism. Simultaneously, the rise of increasingly complex systems and networks—institutional, financial, and technological—overshadowed the role of the individual in politics. But in the early 2010s, a profound shift began. By learning to harness the tools of this century, a cadre of charismatic figures revived the archetypes of the previous one: the strong leader, the great nation, the proud civilization. ... They are self-styled strongmen who place little stock in rules-based systems, alliances, or multinational forums. They embrace the once and future glory of the countries they govern, asserting an almost mystical mandate for their rule. '''Although their programs can involve radical change, their political strategies rely on strains of conservatism, appealing over the heads of liberal, urban, cosmopolitan elites to constituencies animated by a hunger for tradition and a desire for belonging.'''}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|4}}

== History ==
{{main|History of the Democratic Party (United States)}}[[File:Political Parties Derivation in the United States.svg|thumb|300px|Political parties' derivation in the United States. A dotted line denotes an unofficial connection.|left]]Democratic Party officials often trace its origins to the [[Democratic-Republican Party]], founded by [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]] and other influential opponents of the conservative [[Federalist Party|Federalists]] in 1792.<ref name="US Congress-1991">The party has claimed a founding date of 1792 as noted in S.2047 which passed in the United States Senate in 1991. {{citation|title= S.2047 – A bill to establish a commission to commemorate the bicentennial of the establishment of the Democratic Party of the United States.|author= ((102nd Congress))|url= https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/senate-bill/2047/text?r=90&s=1|year= 1991|access-date= February 20, 2021|archive-date= February 22, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210222013940/https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/senate-bill/2047/text?r=90&s=1|url-status= live}} "[I]n 1992, the Democratic Party of the United States will celebrate the 200th anniversary of its establishment on May 13, 1792."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Larson |first=Edward |title=A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780743293167 |pages=21 |quote=The divisions between Adams and Jefferson were exasperated by the more extreme views expressed by some of their partisans, particularly the High Federalists led by Hamilton on what was becoming known as the political right, and the democratic wing of the Republican Party on the left, associated with New York Governor George Clinton and Pennsylvania legislator Albert Gallatin, among others. |author-link=Edward J. Larson}}</ref> That party died out before the modern Democratic Party was organized;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ericson|first=David F.|title=The Evolution of the Democratic Party|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=70|issue=1|year=1964|pages=22–43}}</ref> the Jeffersonian party also inspired the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] and modern Republicans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Banning|first=Lance|title=The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1978|page=208}}</ref> Historians argue that the modern Democratic Party was first organized in the late 1820s with the election of war hero [[Andrew Jackson]]<ref name="Kazin-2022">Michael Kazin, ''What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party'' (2022) pp 5, 12.</ref> of Tennessee, making it the world's oldest active political party.<ref name="Lucas-2014">M. Philip Lucas, "Martin Van Buren as Party Leader and at Andrew Jackson's Right Hand." in ''A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861'' (2014): 107–129.</ref><ref name="Janda-2010">"The Democratic Party, founded in 1828, is the world's oldest political party" states {{Cite book |last1=Janda |first1=Kenneth |url=https://archive.org/details/jandachallengeof00houg |title=The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in Global Politics |last2=Berry |first2=Jeffrey M. |last3=Goldman |first3=Jerry |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2010 |isbn=9780495906186 |page=276 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Kazin-2022" /> It was predominately built by [[Martin Van Buren]], who assembled a wide cadre of politicians in every state behind Jackson.<ref name="Lucas-2014" /><ref name="Kazin-2022" />

Since the nomination of [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] on economic issues. Democrats have been more liberal on civil rights since 1948, although conservative factions within the Democratic Party that opposed them persisted in the South until the 1960s. On foreign policy, both parties have changed positions several times.<ref>Arthur Paulson, ''Realignment and Party Revival: Understanding American Electoral Politics at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century'' (2000) pp. 46–72.</ref>

=== Background ===
[[File:Andrew jackson head.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Andrew Jackson]] was the seventh president (1829–1837) and the first Democratic president.]]
The Democratic Party evolved from the [[Jeffersonian Republican]] or [[Democratic-Republican Party]] organized by Jefferson and Madison in opposition to the Federalist Party.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berman|first=Jay|title=The Democratic Party: Evolution and America's Longing for a Lasting Majority|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2012|page=8}}</ref> The Democratic-Republican Party favored [[Republicanism in the United States|republicanism]], a weak [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]], [[states' rights]], agrarian interests (especially Southern planters), and strict adherence to the Constitution. The party opposed a national bank and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]].<ref>James Roger Sharp, ''American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis'' (1993).</ref> After the [[War of 1812]], the Federalists virtually disappeared and the only national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans, which was prone to splinter along regional lines.<ref>{{cite book|title=The American Republic Since 1877, Student Edition|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|year=2006|page=193}}</ref> The era of one-party rule in the United States, known as the [[Era of Good Feelings]], lasted from 1816 until 1828, when Andrew Jackson became president. Jackson and Martin Van Buren worked with allies in each state to form a new Democratic Party on a national basis. In the 1830s, the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] coalesced into the main rival to the Democrats.

When exactly the Democratic party formed is still debated among Historians, with many putting forth the 1828 date of the creation of a federal structure for the various Jacksonian movements as the foundation date, however, it could also be argued that the foundation of these Jacksonian groups could be the foundation date. In that case the Democratic Party would be formed on December 23, 1823 when the Greensburg Committee, the first verifiably "Jacksonian" organization, read the ''Greensburg Resolution'' outside the [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland County]] [[Westmoreland County Courthouse|courthouse]] in [[Greensburg, Pennsylvania|Greensburg]], [[Pennsylvania]]. The committee consisted of five of Greensburg's most prominent political figures, the brothers [[Jacob M. Wise]] (state senator), [[John H. Wise (Pennsylvania politician)|John H. Wise]] (state representative and brigadier general), and Frederick A. Wise (owner and editor of the ''[[Westmoreland Republican]]''), alongside [[David Marchand]] (state representative), and [[James Clarke (Pennsylvania politician)|James Clarke]] (state representative). The ''Greensburg Resolution'' was the first published call for Jackson to run for President with the committee being the first overtly "Jacksonian" organization, dubbed the 'origin' of the Jackson movement that turned into the Democratic party.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Kim T. |title=The Pennsylvania Origins of the Jackson Movement |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=1976 |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=489–508 |doi=10.2307/2148938 |jstor=2148938 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148938 |access-date=13 June 2025 |issn=0032-3195}}</ref>

The event that transformed the Jacksonians from just another faction of the Democratic-Republican party into a divergent political force would be the so-called "[[corrupt bargain]]" of 1824, where, despite winning the most popular and electoral votes, the House of Representatives did not confirm Jackson as the newly elected president, instead [[Henry Clay]], who was both a candidate and the speaker of the house, [[Whip (politics)|whipped]] his supporters in congress to vote for the runner-up, [[John Quincy Adams]], in exchange for Adams naming Clay the Secretary of State. Jackson and his followers began to more seriously coalesce into a structured party for the next election in 1828.

Before 1860, the Democratic Party supported [[Unitary executive theory|expansive presidential power]],<ref name="Holt-1992">{{Cite book |last=Holt |first=Michael F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEhYhbouR3QC&pg=PA27 |title=Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln |publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0807126097 |pages=27–28 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015907/https://books.google.com/books?id=VEhYhbouR3QC&pg=PA27 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Slave Power|the interests]] of [[Slave states and free states|slave states]],<ref name="Bates-2015">{{Cite book |last=Bates |first=Christopher |title=The Early Republic and Antebellum America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2015 |isbn=9781317457404 |pages=293 |quote=The expansion engineered by Polk rendered the Democratic Party increasingly beholden to Southern slave interests, which dominated the party from 1848 to the Civil War.}}</ref> [[agrarianism]],<ref name="EB-2023">{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=Jacksonian Democracy: The Democratization of Politics |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/Jacksonian-democracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712100142/https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/Jacksonian-democracy |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |access-date=October 6, 2022 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=By the 1840s, Whig and Democratic congressmen voted as rival blocs. Whigs supported and Democrats opposed a weak executive, a new Bank of the United States, a high tariff, distribution of land revenues to the states, relief legislation to mitigate the effects of the depression, and federal reapportionment of House seats. Whigs voted against and Democrats approved an independent treasury, an aggressive foreign policy, and expansionism. These were important issues, capable of dividing the electorate just as they divided the major parties in Congress.}}</ref> and [[expansionism]],<ref name="EB-2023" /> while opposing [[Bank War|a national bank]] and high [[tariff]]s.<ref name="EB-2023" />

=== 19th century ===
==== Jacksonian Era ====
{{Further|Second Party System|Third Party System}}
[[File:Martin Van Buren by Mathew Brady c1855-58.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Martin Van Buren]] was the eighth president (1837–1841).]]
The [[Democratic-Republican Party]] split over the choice of a successor to President [[James Monroe]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Banning|first=Lance|title=The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1978|page=253}}</ref> The faction that supported many of the old [[Jeffersonian democracy|Jeffersonian principles]], led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, became the modern Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Traub |first1=James |title=The Ugly Election That Birthed Modern American Politics |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/11-12/america-presidential-elections-1824-corrupt-bargain/ |magazine=National Geographic |access-date=July 6, 2018 |archive-date=July 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010137/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/11-12/america-presidential-elections-1824-corrupt-bargain/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Historian [[Mary Beth Norton]] explains the transformation in 1828: {{blockquote|Jacksonians believed the people's will had finally prevailed. Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president. The Democrats became the nation's first well-organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth-century American politics.<ref>Mary Beth Norton et al., ''A People and a Nation, Volume I: to 1877'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2007) p. 287.</ref>|sign=|source=}}

[[File:Polk crop.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[James K. Polk]] was the 11th president (1845–1849). He significantly extended the territory of the United States.]]
Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats: {{blockquote|The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society. They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty. The [[Corrupt bargain#Election of 1824|1824 "corrupt bargain"]] had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics. ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power. They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special-interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich. They sought to restore the independence of the individual—the artisan and the ordinary farmer—by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency, which they distrusted. Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative, and Jackson's political power was largely expressed in negative acts. He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined. ... Nor did Jackson share reformers' humanitarian concerns. He had no sympathy for American Indians, initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the [[Trail of Tears]].<ref>Mary Beth Norton et al., ''A People and a Nation, Volume I: to 1877'' (2007) pp. 287–288.</ref>|sign=|source=}}

Opposing factions led by [[Henry Clay]] helped form the Whig Party. The Democratic Party had a small yet decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery. In 1854, angry with the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]], anti-slavery Democrats left the party and joined Northern Whigs to form the [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican Party]].<ref>Galbraith Schlisinger, ''Of the People: The 200 Year History of the Democratic Party'' (1992) ch. 1–3.</ref><ref>Robert Allen Rutland, ''The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton'' (U. of Missouri Press, 1995) ch. 1–4.</ref> Martin van Buren also helped found the [[Free Soil Party]] to oppose the spread of slavery, running as its candidate in the [[1848 United States presidential election|1848 presidential election]], before returning to the Democratic Party and staying loyal to the Union.<ref>{{cite book |last= Ferrell |first=Claudine L. |date=2006 |title=The Abolitionist Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mG_MNzwawSAC&pg=PA88 |location=Westport|publisher=Greenwood Press |page=88 |isbn=978-0-313-33180-0}}</ref>

==== U.S. Civil War ====
[[File:Stephen A Douglas - headshot.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Stephen A. Douglas]] was a United States senator for Illinois.]]
The Democrats split over slavery, with Northern and Southern tickets in the [[1860 United States presidential election|election of 1860]], in which the Republican Party gained ascendancy.<ref>Jean H. Baker, ''Affairs of Party: Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-nineteenth Century'' (1983)</ref> The radical pro-slavery [[Fire-Eaters]] led walkouts at the two conventions when the delegates would not adopt a resolution supporting the extension of slavery into territories even if the voters of those territories did not want it. These [[1860 United States presidential election#Constitutional (Southern) Democratic|Southern Democrats]] nominated the pro-slavery incumbent vice president, [[John C. Breckinridge]] of Kentucky, for president and General [[Joseph Lane]], of Oregon, for vice president. The [[1860 United States presidential election#National (Northern) Democratic|Northern Democrats]] nominated Senator [[Stephen A. Douglas]] of Illinois for president and former Georgia Governor [[Herschel Vespasian Johnson|Herschel V. Johnson]] for vice president. This fracturing of the Democrats led to a Republican victory and [[Abraham Lincoln]] was elected the 16th president of the United States.<ref>David M. Potter. ''The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861'' (1976). ch. 16.</ref>

As the [[American Civil War]] broke out, Northern Democrats were divided into [[War Democrats]] and [[Copperheads (politics)|Peace Democrats]]. The [[Confederate States of America]] deliberately avoided organized political parties. Most War Democrats rallied to Republican President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans' [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]] in the [[1864 United States presidential election|election of 1864]], which featured [[Andrew Johnson]] on the Union ticket to attract fellow Democrats. Johnson replaced Lincoln in 1865, but he stayed independent of both parties.<ref>Mark E. Neely. ''Lincoln and the Democrats: The Politics of Opposition in the Civil War'' (2017).</ref>

==== Reconstruction and Redemption ====
The Democrats benefited from white Southerners' resentment of [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] after the war and consequent hostility to the Republican Party. After [[Redeemers]] ended Reconstruction in the 1870s and following the often extremely violent [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchisement]] of African Americans led by such [[White supremacy#Academic use of the term|white supremacist]] Democratic politicians as [[Benjamin Tillman]] of [[South Carolina]] in the 1880s and 1890s, the South, voting Democratic, became known as the "[[Solid South]]". Although Republicans won all but two presidential elections, the Democrats remained competitive. The party was dominated by pro-business [[Bourbon Democrat]]s led by [[Samuel J. Tilden]] and [[Grover Cleveland]], who represented mercantile, banking, and railroad interests; opposed [[imperialism]] and overseas expansion; fought for the [[gold standard]]; opposed [[bimetallism]]; and crusaded against corruption, high taxes and tariffs. Cleveland was elected to non-consecutive presidential terms in [[1884 United States presidential election|1884]] and [[1892 United States presidential election|1892]].<ref>Rutland, ''The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton'' (1995) ch. 5–6.</ref>

=== 20th century ===
{{Further|Fourth Party System|Fifth Party System|Sixth Party System}}

==== Progressive era ====
[[File:Breckinridgelong2.jpg|thumb|Leaders of the Democratic Party during the first half of the 20th century on in 1913: William Jennings Bryan, [[Josephus Daniels]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Breckinridge Long]], [[William Phillips (diplomat)|William Phillips]], and Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
Agrarian Democrats demanding [[free silver]], drawing on Populist ideas, overthrew the Bourbon Democrats in 1896 and nominated [[William Jennings Bryan]] for the presidency (a nomination repeated by Democrats in 1900 and 1908). Bryan waged a vigorous campaign attacking Eastern moneyed interests, but he lost to Republican [[William McKinley]].<ref>Robert W. Cherny, ''A Righteous Cause: The Life of William Jennings Bryan'' (1994)</ref>

The Democrats took control of the House in 1910, and [[Woodrow Wilson]] won election as president in 1912 (when the Republicans split) and 1916. Wilson effectively led Congress to put to rest the issues of tariffs, money, and antitrust, which had dominated politics for 40 years, with new progressive laws. He failed to secure Senate passage of the [[Versailles Treaty]] (ending the war with Germany and joining the League of Nations).<ref>H.W. Brands, ''Woodrow Wilson'' (2003).</ref> The weakened party was deeply divided by issues such as the KKK and prohibition in the 1920s. However, it did organize new ethnic voters in Northern cities.<ref>Douglas B. Craig, ''After Wilson: The Struggle for the Democratic Party, 1920–1934'' (1993)</ref>

After [[World War I]] ended and continuing through the [[Great Depression]], the Democratic and Republican Parties both largely believed in [[American exceptionalism]] over European monarchies and [[state socialism]] that existed elsewhere in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-008381-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=321, 341 |author-link=Kenneth C. Davis}}</ref>

==== 1930s–1960s and the rise of the New Deal coalition ====
[[File:RooseveltTruman1944poster.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, the 32nd and 33rd presidents (1933–1945; 1945–1953), featured on a campaign poster for the [[1944 United States presidential election|1944 presidential election]]; note the rooster logo of the Democratic Party (see [[#Name and symbols|Names and Symbols]] below)]]
The [[Great Depression]] in 1929 that began under Republican President [[Herbert Hoover]] and the Republican Congress set the stage for a more liberal government as the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives nearly uninterrupted from 1930 until 1994, the Senate for 44 of 48 years from 1930, and won most presidential elections until 1968. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], elected to the presidency in 1932, came forth with federal government programs called the [[New Deal]]. New Deal liberalism meant the regulation of business (especially finance and banking) and the promotion of labor unions as well as federal spending to aid the unemployed, help distressed farmers and undertake large-scale public works projects. It marked the start of the American welfare state.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ellen|last=Russell|title=New Deal Banking Reforms and Keynesian Welfare State Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzOUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|pages=3–4|isbn=9781135910655|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180941/https://books.google.com/books?id=qzOUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The opponents, who stressed opposition to unions, support for business and low taxes, started calling themselves "conservatives".<ref>Rutland, ''The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton'' (1995) ch. 7.</ref>

Until the 1980s, the Democratic Party was a coalition of two parties divided by the Mason–Dixon line: liberal Democrats in the North and culturally conservative voters in the South, who though benefitting from many of the New Deal public works projects, opposed increasing [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] initiatives advocated by northeastern liberals. The polarization grew stronger after Roosevelt died. Southern Democrats formed a key part of the bipartisan [[conservative coalition]] in an alliance with most of the Midwestern Republicans. The economically activist philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has strongly influenced [[Liberalism in the United States|American liberalism]], shaped much of the party's economic agenda after 1932.<ref>David M. Kennedy, ''Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945'' (2001).</ref> From the 1930s to the mid-1960s, the liberal [[New Deal coalition]] usually controlled the presidency while the conservative coalition usually controlled Congress.<ref>Paul Finkelman and Peter Wallenstein, eds. ''The Encyclopedia Of American Political History'' (CQ Press, 2001) pp. 124–126.</ref>

==== 1960s–1980s and the collapse of the New Deal coalition ====
{{see also|Civil Rights Movement}}
Issues facing parties and the United States after World War II included the [[Cold War]] and the [[civil rights movement]]. Republicans attracted conservatives and, after the 1960s, white Southerners from the Democratic coalition with their use of the [[Southern strategy]] and resistance to New Deal and [[Great Society]] liberalism. Until the 1950s, African Americans had traditionally supported the Republican Party because of its anti-slavery civil rights policies. Following the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], the Southern states became more reliably Republican in presidential politics, while Northeastern states became more reliably Democratic.<ref name="Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004">{{cite journal|last1=Bullock|first1=Charles S.|last2=Hoffman|first2=Donna R.|last3=Gaddie|first3=Ronald Keith|year=2006|title=Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004|journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=87|issue=3|pages=494–518|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00393.x|issn=0038-4941|quote=The events of 1964 laid open the divisions between the South and national Democrats and elicited distinctly different voter behavior in the two regions. The agitation for civil rights by southern blacks continued white violence toward the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson's aggressive leadership all facilitated passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. ... In the South, 1964 should be associated with GOP growth while in the Northeast this election contributed to the eradication of Republicans.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Stanley|first=Harold W.|year=1988|title=Southern Partisan Changes: Dealignment, Realignment or Both?|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=50|issue=1|pages=64–88|doi=10.2307/2131041|issn=0022-3816|quote=Events surrounding the presidential election of 1964 marked a watershed in terms of the parties and the South (Pomper, 1972). The Solid South was built around the identification of the Democratic party with the cause of white supremacy. Events before 1964 gave white southerners pause about the linkage between the Democratic Party and white supremacy, but the 1964 election, passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 altered in the minds of most the positions of the national parties on racial issues.|jstor=2131041|s2cid=154860857}}</ref><ref name=Black-2003>{{cite book|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674012486|title=The Rise of Southern Republicans |first1= Earl|last1= Black|first2= Merle |last2= Black|date=September 30, 2003 |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674012486 |access-date=June 9, 2018|quote=When the Republican party nominated Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater—one of the few senators who had opposed the Civil Rights Act—as their presidential candidate in 1964, the party attracted many southern whites but permanently alienated African-American voters. Beginning with the Goldwater-versus-Johnson campaign more southern whites voted Republican than Democratic, a pattern that has recurred in every subsequent presidential election. ... Before the 1964 presidential election the Republican party had not carried any Deep South state for eighty-eight years. Yet shortly after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, hundreds of Deep South counties gave Barry Goldwater landslide majorities.|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135934/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674012486|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Activists and Partisan Realignment">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Gary|last2=Schofield|first2=Norman|year=2003|title=Activists and Partisan Realignment in the United States|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=97|issue=2|pages=245–260|doi=10.1017/S0003055403000650|s2cid=12885628|issn=1537-5943|quote=By 2000, however, the New Deal party alignment no longer captured patterns of partisan voting. In the intervening 40 years, the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts had triggered an increasingly race-driven distinction between the parties. ... Goldwater won the electoral votes of five states of the Deep South in 1964, four of them states that had voted Democratic for 84 years (Califano 1991, 55). He forged a new identification of the Republican party with racial conservatism, reversing a century-long association of the GOP with racial liberalism. This in turn opened the door for Nixon's "Southern strategy" and the Reagan victories of the eighties.}}</ref> Studies show that Southern whites, which were a core constituency in the Democratic Party, shifted to the Republican Party due to [[White backlash|racial backlash]] and [[social conservatism]].<ref name="Issue Evolution">{{cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/4385.html|title=Issue Evolution|date=September 6, 1990|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691023311|access-date=June 9, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516081536/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/4385.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Valentino-2005>{{cite journal|last1=Valentino|first1=Nicholas A.|last2=Sears|first2=David O.|author-link2=David O. Sears|year=2005|title=Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South|journal=American Journal of Political Science|volume=49|issue=3|pages=672–88|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00136.x|issn=0092-5853|author-link1=Nicholas Valentino}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ilyana|last1=Kuziemko|first2=Ebonya|last2=Washington|title=Why Did the Democrats Lose the South? Bringing New Data to an Old Debate|journal=American Economic Review|year=2018|volume=108|issue=10|pages=2830–2867|doi=10.1257/aer.20161413|issn=0002-8282|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg
| caption1 = [[John F. Kennedy]], the 35th president (1961–1963)
| image2 = 37 Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg
| caption2 = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], the 36th president (1963–1969)
}}
The election of President [[John F. Kennedy]] from Massachusetts in 1960 partially reflected this shift. In the campaign, Kennedy attracted a new generation of younger voters. In his agenda dubbed the [[New Frontier]], Kennedy introduced a host of social programs and public works projects, along with enhanced support of the [[NASA|space program]], proposing a crewed spacecraft [[Apollo 11|trip to the moon]] by the end of the decade. He pushed for civil rights initiatives and proposed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], but with his [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination]] in November 1963, he was not able to see its passage.<ref>James T. Patterson, ''Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974'' (1997).</ref>

Kennedy's successor [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] was able to persuade the largely conservative Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and with a more progressive Congress in 1965 passed much of the [[Great Society]], including [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]], which consisted of an array of social programs designed to help the poor, sick, and elderly. Kennedy and Johnson's advocacy of civil rights further solidified black support for the Democrats but had the effect of alienating Southern whites who would eventually gravitate toward the Republican Party, particularly after the election of [[Ronald Reagan]] to the presidency in 1980. Many conservative [[Southern Democrats]] defected to the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], beginning with the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the general leftward shift of the party.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Gary|last2=Schofield|first2=Norman|year=2008|title=The Transformation of the Republican and Democratic Party Coalitions in the U.S.|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=6|issue=3|pages=433–450|doi=10.1017/S1537592708081218|s2cid=145321253|issn=1541-0986|quote=1964 was the last presidential election in which the Democrats earned more than 50 percent of the white vote in the United States.}}</ref><ref name=Black-2003/><ref name="Activists and Partisan Realignment"/><ref name=Valentino-2005/>

The United States' involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] in the 1960s was another divisive issue that further fractured the fault lines of the Democrats' coalition. After the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]] in 1964, President Johnson committed a large contingency of combat troops to Vietnam, but the escalation failed to drive the [[Viet Cong]] from South Vietnam, resulting in an increasing [[Quagmire theory|quagmire]], which by 1968 had become the subject of widespread anti-war protests in the United States and elsewhere. With increasing casualties and nightly news reports bringing home troubling images from Vietnam, the costly military engagement became increasingly unpopular, alienating many of the kinds of young voters that the Democrats had attracted in the early 1960s. The protests that year along with assassinations of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and Democratic presidential candidate Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] (younger brother of John F. Kennedy) climaxed in turbulence at the hotly-contested [[1968 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] that summer in Chicago (which amongst the ensuing turmoil inside and outside of the convention hall nominated Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]]) in a series of events that proved to mark a significant turning point in the decline of the Democratic Party's broad coalition.<ref>Patterson, ''Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974'' (1997).</ref>
[[File:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jimmy Carter]], the 39th president (1977–1981)]]
Republican presidential nominee [[Richard Nixon]] was able to capitalize on the confusion of the Democrats that year, and won the 1968 election to become the 37th president. He won re-election in a [[1972 United States presidential election|landslide]] in 1972 against Democratic nominee [[George McGovern]], who like Robert F. Kennedy, reached out to the younger anti-war and counterculture voters, but unlike Kennedy, was not able to appeal to the party's more traditional white working-class constituencies. During Nixon's second term, his presidency was rocked by the [[Watergate]] scandal, which forced him to resign in 1974. He was succeeded by vice president [[Gerald Ford]], who served a brief tenure.

Watergate offered the Democrats an opportunity to recoup, and their nominee [[Jimmy Carter]] won the 1976 presidential election. With the initial support of [[evangelical]] Christian voters in the South, Carter was temporarily able to reunite the disparate factions within the party, but inflation and the [[Iran Hostage Crisis]] of 1979–1980 took their toll, resulting in a [[1980 United States presidential election|landslide]] victory for Republican presidential nominee [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1980, which shifted the political landscape in favor of the Republicans for years to come. The influx of conservative Democrats into the Republican Party is often cited as a reason for the Republican Party's shift further to the right during the late 20th century as well as the shift of its base from the Northeast and Midwest to the South.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smyth |first1=David J. |last2=Taylor |first2=Susan Washburn |year=1992 |title=Why Do the Republicans Win the White House More Often than the Democrats? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550992 |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=481–491 |jstor=27550992 |issn=0360-4918 |access-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119034446/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550992 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jr |first=R. W. Apple |date=July 12, 1992 |title=Donkey's Years; Is There Room At the Top For Democrats? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/12/weekinreview/donkey-s-years-is-there-room-at-the-top-for-democrats.html |access-date=January 19, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119034446/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/12/weekinreview/donkey-s-years-is-there-room-at-the-top-for-democrats.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 1990s and Third Way centrism ====
[[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Bill Clinton]], the 42nd president (1993–2001)]]
With the ascendancy of the Republicans under Ronald Reagan, the Democrats searched for ways to respond yet were unable to succeed by running traditional candidates, such as former vice president and Democratic presidential nominee [[Walter Mondale]] and Massachusetts Governor [[Michael Dukakis]], who lost to Reagan and [[George H.W. Bush]] in the [[1984 United States presidential election|1984]] and [[1988 United States presidential election|1988 presidential elections]], respectively. Many Democrats attached their hopes to the future star of [[Gary Hart]], who had challenged Mondale in the [[1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1984 primaries]] running on a theme of "New Ideas"; and in the subsequent [[1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1988 primaries]] became the de facto front-runner and virtual "shoo-in" for the Democratic presidential nomination before a sex scandal ended his campaign. The party nevertheless began to seek out a younger generation of leaders, who like Hart had been inspired by the pragmatic idealism of John F. Kennedy.<ref>James T. Patterson, ''Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore'' (2011).</ref>

Arkansas governor [[Bill Clinton]] was one such figure, who was [[1992 United States presidential election|elected]] president in 1992 as the Democratic nominee. The [[Democratic Leadership Council]] was a campaign organization connected to Clinton that advocated a [[Political realignment|realignment]] and [[Triangulation (politics)|triangulation]] under the re-branded "[[New Democrats (United States)|New Democrat]]" label.<ref name="Geismer-2019">{{Cite web |last=Geismer |first=Lily |date=June 11, 2019 |title=Democrats and neoliberalism |url=https://www.vox.com/polyarchy/2019/6/11/18660240/democrats-neoliberalism |access-date=November 5, 2022 |website=Vox |language=en |quote=The version of neoliberalism embedded in these policies understood a distinct role for government to stimulate market-oriented solutions to address social ills such as unemployment and poverty. It thereby aimed not to eradicate the welfare state but rather to reformulate it. It extended the importance of poverty alleviation, which had long served as a benchmark of liberal policy, and had many similarities with the basic ideas of the war on poverty. |archive-date=November 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105045200/https://www.vox.com/polyarchy/2019/6/11/18660240/democrats-neoliberalism |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hale-1995">{{Cite journal |last=Hale |first=Jon F. |year=1995 |title=The Making of the New Democrats |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2152360 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=207–232 |doi=10.2307/2152360 |jstor=2152360 |issn=0032-3195 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212194604/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2152360 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Wills-1997">{{Cite news |last=Wills |first=Garry |date=January 19, 1997 |title=The Clinton Principle |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/19/magazine/the-clinton-principle.html |access-date=August 24, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824024151/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/19/magazine/the-clinton-principle.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The party adopted a synthesis of [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] [[economic policies]] with [[cultural liberalism]], with the voter base after Reagan having shifted considerably to the [[Right (politics)|right]].<ref name="Geismer-2019" /> In an effort to appeal both to liberals and to fiscal conservatives, Democrats began to advocate for a [[balanced budget]] and [[market economy]] tempered by [[Economic interventionism|government intervention]] ([[mixed economy]]), along with a continued emphasis on [[social justice]] and [[affirmative action]]. The economic policy adopted by the Democratic Party, including the former [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]], has been referred to as "[[Third Way]]".

The Democrats lost control of Congress in the [[Republican Revolution|1994 elections]] to the Republicans. However, in [[1996 United States Presidential Election|1996]], Clinton was re-elected; he wae the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win a second full term.<ref>Patterson. ''Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore'' (2011).</ref> Clinton's vice president [[Al Gore]] ran to succeed him as president, and won the [[List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|popular vote]], but after a controversial election dispute over a Florida recount settled by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] (which [[Bush v. Gore|ruled 5–4 in favor of Bush]]), he lost the [[2000 United States Presidential Election|2000 election]] to Republican opponent [[George W. Bush]] in the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]].<ref name="Cornell-BushvGore">{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html|title=George W. Bush, et al., Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr., et al., 531 U.S. 98 (2000)|access-date=June 26, 2010|author=Supreme Court of the US|date=December 12, 2000|publisher=[[Cornell Law School]]|archive-date=October 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015060335/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
[[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Barack Obama]], the 44th president (2009–2017)]]
In the wake of the 2001 [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] and [[the Pentagon]] as well as the growing concern over [[global warming]], some of the party's key issues in the early 21st century have included combating [[terrorism]] while preserving human rights, expanding access to health care, [[labor rights]], and environmental protection. Democrats regained majority control of both the House and the Senate in the [[United States general elections, 2006|2006 elections]]. [[Barack Obama]] won the Democratic Party's nomination and was elected as the first African American president in 2008. Under the Obama presidency, the party moved forward reforms including an [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|economic stimulus]] package, the [[Dodd-Frank Act|Dodd–Frank]] financial reform act and, in its biggest impact, reshaped the nation's healthcare with the [[Affordable Care Act]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lerer|first1=Lisa|title=No Congress Since 1960s Has Impact on Public as 111th|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-12-22/no-congress-since-1960s-makes-most-laws-for-americans-as-111th|access-date=April 20, 2016|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=December 22, 2010|archive-date=March 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329224729/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-12-22/no-congress-since-1960s-makes-most-laws-for-americans-as-111th|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dayen 2024">{{Cite web |last1=Dayen |first1=David |date=December 2, 2024 |title=What Is the Democratic Party? |url=https://prospect.org/politics/2024-12-02-what-is-democratic-party/ |website=The American Prospect |quote=The statistic that best defines our politics over the past 20 years is this: Nine of the past ten national elections have resulted in a change in power in at least one chamber of Congress or the White House. (The sole outlier is 2012.) Several of those elections were considered at the time to be realignments that would lead to a sustained majority for one of the major parties. ... After Republicans defeated John Kerry in 2004 and snatched five Senate seats across the South, commentators believed social issues like gay marriage would set an unwinnable trap for Democrats. Hugh Hewitt wrote a book called Painting the Map Red, imagining a permanent conservative majority. Democrats then took the House and Senate in the 2006 midterms. When Barack Obama crushed John McCain in post–financial crisis 2008, Democratic pundits decided they had an enduring majority. The Tea Party thrashed them in 2010. The conventional wisdom was that Obama was toast; he won in 2012. Donald Trump’s 2016 victory signaled a changed electorate, until Democrats won the House in 2018 and the presidency in 2020, only to lose both in 2022 and 2024.}}</ref>

==== 2000s–2010s and the Obama era ====
In the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], the Democratic Party lost control of the House as well as its majorities in several state legislatures and governorships. The 2010 elections also marked the end of the Democratic Party's electoral dominance in the [[Southern United States]].<ref name="The long goodbye"/>

In the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 elections]], President Obama was re-elected, but the party remained in the minority in the House of Representatives and lost control of the Senate in the [[2014 United States elections|2014 midterm elections]]. After the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 election]] of [[Donald Trump]], who lost the [[List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|popular vote]] to Democratic nominee [[Hillary Clinton]], the Democratic Party transitioned into the role of an opposition party and held neither the presidency nor Congress for two years.<ref name="Revolt of the Rust Belt">{{cite journal|title=The revolt of the Rust Belt: place and politics in the age of anger|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=68|issue=S1|pages=S120–S152|first=Michael|last=McQuarrie|date=November 8, 2017|doi=10.1111/1468-4446.12328|pmid=29114874|s2cid=26010609 |doi-access=free|quote=Today, the Democratic Party is a party of professionals, minorities and the New Economy.}}</ref> However, the party won back the House in the [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018 midterm elections]] under the leadership of [[Nancy Pelosi]].

Democrats were extremely critical of President Trump, particularly his policies on immigration, healthcare, and abortion, as well as his response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|last=York|first=David Smith Molly Redden in New|date=April 1, 2016|title=Donald Trump's abortion remarks provoke biggest crisis of his campaign|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/mar/31/donald-trump-abortion-remarks-biggest-campaign-crisis |access-date=June 29, 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729191734/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/mar/31/donald-trump-abortion-remarks-biggest-campaign-crisis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McCormick|first=Stephanie Armour and John|date=March 14, 2020|title=Democrats Sharpen Criticism of Trump's Health-Care Policy in Coronavirus Pandemic|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/democrats-sharpen-criticism-of-trumps-health-care-policy-in-coronavirus-pandemic-11584195089 |access-date=June 29, 2020|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729182405/https://www.wsj.com/articles/democrats-sharpen-criticism-of-trumps-health-care-policy-in-coronavirus-pandemic-11584195089|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trump WHO decision draws criticism from Democrats in US Congress|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-decision-draws-criticism-democrats-congress-200415184644345.html |access-date=June 29, 2020|publisher=Al Jazeera |archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729193902/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-decision-draws-criticism-democrats-congress-200415184644345.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, Democrats in the House of Representatives [[First impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached Trump]], although he was acquitted in the Republican-controlled Senate.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ewing |first1=Philip |date=February 5, 2020 |title='Not Guilty': Trump Acquitted On 2 Articles Of Impeachment As Historic Trial Closes |language=en |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/05/801429948/not-guilty-trump-acquitted-on-2-articles-of-impeachment-as-historic-trial-closes |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206152432/https://www.npr.org/2020/02/05/801429948/not-guilty-trump-acquitted-on-2-articles-of-impeachment-as-historic-trial-closes |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2020s and opposition to Trumpism ====
[[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Joe Biden]], the 46th president (2021–2025)]]
In November 2020, Democrat [[Joe Biden]] defeated Trump to win the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2020 |title=Biden defeats Trump for White House, says 'time to heal' |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-wins-white-house-ap-fd58df73aa677acb74fce2a69adb71f9 |access-date=November 7, 2020 |website=AP NEWS |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117190428/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-wins-white-house-ap-fd58df73aa677acb74fce2a69adb71f9 |url-status=live}}</ref> After Trump [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|attempted to challenge the election]], he began his term with extremely narrow Democratic majorities in the U.S. House and Senate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Jonathan |last2=Fausset |first2=Richard |last3=Epstein |first3=Reid J. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Georgia Highlights: Democrats Win the Senate as Ossoff Defeats Perdue |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/georgia-election-results |access-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107140603/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/georgia-election-results |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. House Election Results |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |date=November 3, 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-house.html |access-date=February 8, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220074106/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-house.html |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Biden presidency, the party had been characterized as adopting an increasingly [[Economic progressivism|progressive economic agenda]].<ref name="Bridging the Blue Divide" /> In 2022, Biden appointed [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]], the first [[Black women|Black woman]] on the [[demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]. However, she was replacing liberal justice [[Stephen Breyer]], thus she did not alter the court's 6–3 split between conservatives (the majority) and liberals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fritze |first=John |date=March 6, 2022 |title=Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson would add another Protestant voice to heavily Catholic Supreme Court |url=https://news.yahoo.com/judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-add-100016272.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |language=en-US |access-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630163930/https://news.yahoo.com/judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-add-100016272.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=de Vogue |first=Ariane |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Ketanji Brown Jackson to join a Supreme Court in turmoil |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/29/politics/ketanji-brown-jackson-fractured-supreme-court/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629222838/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/29/politics/ketanji-brown-jackson-fractured-supreme-court/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Watch Live: Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson sworn in as first Black woman on Supreme Court |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-sworn-in-as-first-black-woman-on-supreme-court |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-US |access-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630145216/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-sworn-in-as-first-black-woman-on-supreme-court |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ketanji Brown Jackson sworn in as first Black woman on US top court |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62003518.amp |website=BBC News |date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701024904/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62003518.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> After ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|Dobbs v. Jackson]]'' (decided June 24, 2022), which led to [[Abortion law in the United States by state|abortion bans in much of the country]], the Democratic Party rallied behind [[Abortion-rights movements|abortion rights]].<ref name="Traister-2023"/>

In the [[2022 United States elections|2022 midterm elections]], Democrats dramatically outperformed historical trends and a widely anticipated [[Wave elections in the United States|red wave]] did not materialize.<ref name="Tumulty 2022">{{cite news |last=Tumulty |first=Karen |date=November 9, 2022 |title=The expected red wave looks more like a puddle |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/11/09/no-red-wave-midterm-outcome-analysis/ |access-date=November 10, 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112060937/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/11/09/no-red-wave-midterm-outcome-analysis/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Blake 20222">{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=November 10, 2022 |title=How bad the 2022 election was for the GOP, historically speaking |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/10/republican-losses-2022-midterms/ |access-date=November 13, 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219205348/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/10/republican-losses-2022-midterms/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The party only narrowly lost its majority in the U.S. House and expanded its majority in the U.S. Senate,<ref name="Kinery 2022">{{cite web |last=Kinery |first=Emma |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Midterm results are looking increasingly sunny for Biden as he touts 'strong night' for Democrats |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/09/midterm-election-results-look-better-for-biden-as-democrats-avoid-red-wave.html |access-date=November 10, 2022 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109235327/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/09/midterm-election-results-look-better-for-biden-as-democrats-avoid-red-wave.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Enter 2022">{{cite news |last=Enten |first=Harry |date=November 13, 2022 |title=How Joe Biden and the Democratic Party defied midterm history |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/13/politics/democrats-biden-midterm-elections-senate-house/index.html |access-date=November 28, 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128185931/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/13/politics/democrats-biden-midterm-elections-senate-house/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crampton 2022">{{cite web |last=Crampton |first=Liz |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Democrats take legislatures in Michigan, Minnesota and eye Pennsylvania |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/11/09/democrats-take-legislatures-00065953 |access-date=November 10, 2022 |website=[[Politico]] |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105195034/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/11/09/democrats-take-legislatures-00065953 |url-status=live }}</ref> along with several gains at the state level.<ref name="composition_2023_05_23_ncsl_org">[https://www.ncsl.org/about-state-legislatures/state-partisan-composition "State Partisan Composition,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704082911/https://www.ncsl.org/about-state-legislatures/state-partisan-composition |date=July 4, 2023 }} May 23, 2023, [[National Conference of State Legislatures]]. Retrieved July 4, 2023</ref><ref name="statehouse_2023_01_18_nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/18/us/democrats-michigan-minnesota-maryland.html "Statehouse Democrats Embrace an Unfamiliar Reality: Full Power,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605070246/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/18/us/democrats-michigan-minnesota-maryland.html |date=June 5, 2023 }} January 18, 2023, ''[[New York Times]],'' retrieved July 4, 2023</ref><ref name="trifectas_2022_11_11_ap_foxnews">[[Associated Press]]: [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/midterm-election-trifectas-democrats-won-full-government-control-these-states "Midterm election trifectas: Democrats won full government control in these states,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704090351/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/midterm-election-trifectas-democrats-won-full-government-control-these-states |date=July 4, 2023 }} November 10, 2022, ''[[Fox News]],'' retrieved July 4, 2023</ref><ref name="states_2023_07_01_gazette">[[Thomas Cronin|Cronin, Tom]] and Bob Loevy: [https://gazette.com/news/american-federalism-states-veer-far-left-or-far-right-cronin-and-loevy/article_47b241d8-1604-11ee-a860-3383285a990d.html "American federalism: States veer far left or far right,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704082911/https://gazette.com/news/american-federalism-states-veer-far-left-or-far-right-cronin-and-loevy/article_47b241d8-1604-11ee-a860-3383285a990d.html |date=July 4, 2023 }}, July 1, 2023, updated July 2, 2023, ''[[Colorado Springs Gazette]],'' retrieved July 4, 2023</ref>

In July 2024, after a series of [[Age and health concerns about Joe Biden|age and health concerns]], Biden became the first incumbent president since [[Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election|Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968]] to [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|withdraw]] from running for reelection, the first since the 19th century to withdraw after serving only one term,{{efn|All three incumbents in the 20th century to withdraw or not seek reelection—Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson—had succeeded to the presidency when their predecessor died, then won a second term in their own right.<ref name="Klassen-2024"/> Three presidents in the 1800s made and kept pledges to serve only one term, most recently [[Rutherford B. Hayes]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gendler |first1=Alex |title=US presidents who did not seek reelection |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-presidents-who-did-not-seek-reelection/7709836.html |publisher=Voice of America |date=July 23, 2024 |language=en |access-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724054720/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-presidents-who-did-not-seek-reelection/7709836.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and the only one to ever withdraw after already winning [[Democratic Party presidential primaries|the primaries]].<ref name="Klassen-2024">{{cite news |last1=Klassen |first1=Thomas |title=Biden steps aside, setting in motion an unprecedented period in American politics |url=https://theconversation.com/biden-steps-aside-setting-in-motion-an-unprecedented-period-in-american-politics-235189 |access-date=July 24, 2024 |work=The Conversation |date=July 21, 2024 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722044605/https://theconversation.com/biden-steps-aside-setting-in-motion-an-unprecedented-period-in-american-politics-235189 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kenning |first1=Chris |last2=Samuelsohn |first2=Darren |title='It's unprecedented': Biden's exit is a history-making moment in the American presidency |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/22/biden-drops-out-presidential-history/74491426007/ |access-date=July 23, 2024 |work=USA Today |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725003155/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/22/biden-drops-out-presidential-history/74491426007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vice President [[Kamala Harris]]—who became Biden's replacement on the ballot after his withdrawal from the race—became the first [[black women|black woman]] to be nominated by a major party, but she was defeated in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 election]] by Donald Trump. Harris lost the [[United States electoral college|electoral college]] 312–226 (including all seven of the anticipated [[swing state]]s) as well as the popular vote, becoming the first Democratic candidate to do so since [[John Kerry]] in 2004, amid what was a global anti-incumbent backlash.<ref name="graveyard">{{cite news |last=Burn-Murdoch |first=John |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Democrats join 2024's graveyard of incumbents |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e8ac09ea-c300-4249-af7d-109003afb893 |access-date=November 8, 2024 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/538/democrats-incumbent-parties-lost-elections-world/story?id=115972068|title=Democrats aren't alone — incumbent parties have lost elections all around the world|website=ABC News|first1=Cooper|last1=Burton|date=November 18, 2024|access-date=November 20, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Global Politics">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/world/global-politics-conservative-right-shift-ea0e8d05|title=The Progressive Moment in Global Politics is Over|date=December 27, 2024|access-date=December 27, 2024|first1=Bertrand|last1=Benoit|first2=David|last2=Luhnow|first3=Vipal|last3=Monga|website=The Wall Street Journal|quote=Weak economic growth and record immigration are driving gains by the right, especially populists.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Burn-Murdoch |first1=John |title=Trump broke the Democrats' thermostat |url=https://www.ft.com/content/73a1836d-0faa-4c84-b973-554e2ca3a227 |website=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=November 15, 2024 |date=November 15, 2024}}</ref>

==== Current status ====
As of 2025, Democrats hold 23 [[List of United States governors|state governorships]], 17 [[List of United States state legislatures|state legislatures]], 15 state government [[Government trifecta|trifectas]], and the mayorships in the majority of the country's major cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldpress.org/article.cfm/mayors-of-the-30-largest-cities-in-the-united-states |title=Mayors of the 30 Largest Cities in the U.S. |access-date=July 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711234205/https://www.worldpress.org/article.cfm/mayors-of-the-30-largest-cities-in-the-united-states |url-status=live}}</ref> Three of the nine current [[U.S. Supreme Court]] justices were appointed by Democratic presidents. By registered members, the Democratic Party is the largest party in the U.S. and the [[List of largest political parties|fourth largest in the world]]. All totaled, 16 Democrats have served as president of the United States.<ref name="sarnold">{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=N. Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC |title=Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780495501121 |page=3 |quote=Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States. |access-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180929/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC&hl=en |archive-date=October 2, 2020}}</ref>

== Name and symbols ==
{{split portions|portions=mascots|talk=Talk:Political parties in the United States#Article on party mascots|date=August 2024}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 150
| image1 = Democraticjackass.jpg
| caption1 = "A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion" by Thomas Nast, ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's Weekly]]'', January 19, 1870
| image2 = DemocraticLogo.svg
| caption2 = The donkey party logo remains a well-known symbol for the Democratic Party despite not being the official logo of the party.
| image3 = US Democratic Party Logo.svg
| caption3 = In use since 2010, the letter "D" enclosed in a circle has been one of the Democratic Party's main symbols.
}}

The [[Democratic-Republican Party]] splintered in 1824 into the short-lived [[National Republican Party]] and the Jacksonian movement which in 1828 became the Democratic Party. During the Jacksonian era, the term "The Democracy" was in use by the party, but the name "Democratic Party" was eventually settled upon<ref>{{cite book|author=Appleby, Joyce|title=Thomas Jefferson|year=2003|page=4|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64841-7|author-link=Joyce Appleby|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rOu3WYEiiQC|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002180948/https://books.google.com/books?id=6rOu3WYEiiQC&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> and became the official name in 1844.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157244/Democratic-Party/308570/Slavery-and-the-emergence-of-the-bipartisan-system|title=Democratic Party|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=February 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217133844/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157244/Democratic-Party/308570/Slavery-and-the-emergence-of-the-bipartisan-system|url-status=live}}</ref> Members of the party are called "Democrats" or "Dems".

The most common mascot symbol for the party has been the donkey, or jackass.<ref>see [https://web.archive.org/web/20090307093800/https://www.democrats.org/a/2005/06/history_of_the.php "History of the Democratic Donkey"]</ref> [[Andrew Jackson]]'s enemies twisted his name to "jackass" as a term of ridicule regarding a stupid and stubborn animal. However, the Democrats liked the common-man implications and picked it up too, therefore the image persisted and evolved.<ref>{{cite book|author=John William Ward|title=Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age|url=https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonsym0000ward|url-access=registration|year=1962|publisher=Oxford Up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonsym0000ward/page/87 87]–88|isbn=9780199923205}}</ref> Its most lasting impression came from the cartoons of [[Thomas Nast]] from 1870 in ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's Weekly]]''. Cartoonists followed Nast and used the donkey to represent the Democrats and the elephant to represent the Republicans.

[[File:Alabama Democrats logo 1904-1996.jpg|thumb|In many states, the logo of the Democratic Party was a rooster, for instance, in Alabama: Logo of the [[Alabama Democratic Party]], 1904–1966 (left) and 1966–1996 (right)<ref name="Ingram">{{Cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/RacistDemocraticPartyLogo|title=Loyalist Faction Wins; 'White Supremacy' Goes|last=Ingram|first=Bob|date=January 21, 1966|work=Birmingham News|access-date=July 22, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bad symbol removed">{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MXw0AAAAIBAJ&pg=2082%2C1717940|title=Bad symbol removed|date=March 14, 1996|work=Times Daily|access-date=July 22, 2017|page=7B|archive-date=May 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531190400/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MXw0AAAAIBAJ&pg=2082%2C1717940|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In the early 20th century, the traditional symbol of the Democratic Party in Indiana, Kentucky, Oklahoma and Ohio was the rooster, as opposed to the Republican eagle.<ref name="Barbour County-2008">{{cite web|title=Barbour County, West Virginia General Election Ballot|date=November 4, 2008|url=http://www.wvsos.com/elections/ballots/barbourgen.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024032144/https://www.wvsos.com/elections/ballots/barbourgen.pdf|archive-date=October 24, 2008}}</ref> The rooster was also adopted as an official symbol of the national Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ithaca.edu/rhp/programs/cmd/blogs/posters_and_election_propaganda/the_rooster_as_the_symbol_of_the_u.s._democratic_p/|title=The Rooster as the Symbol of the U.S. Democratic Party|first=Steven|last= Seidman| publisher=Ithaca College|date=June 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024043133/http://www.ithaca.edu/rhp/programs/cmd/blogs/posters_and_election_propaganda/the_rooster_as_the_symbol_of_the_u.s._democratic_p/|
archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref> In 1904, the Alabama Democratic Party chose, as the logo to put on its ballots, a rooster with the motto "White supremacy – For the right."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.snopes.com/dem-party-logo-white-supremacy/|title=FACT CHECK: Did a State Democratic Party Logo Once Feature the Slogan 'White Supremacy'?|date=September 25, 2017|work=Snopes.com|access-date=December 9, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=September 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913230553/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/dem-party-logo-white-supremacy/|url-status=live}}</ref> The words "White supremacy" were replaced with "Democrats" in 1966.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19660123&id=63VPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3996,5100480|title=Alabama Democratic Party Strikes 'White Supremacy' From Its Motto|date=January 23, 1966|work=Ocala Star-Banner|access-date=July 22, 2017|agency=Associated Press|page=1|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128030021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19660123&id=63VPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3996,5100480|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ingram"/> In 1996, the Alabama Democratic Party dropped the rooster, citing racist and white supremacist connotations linked with the symbol.<ref name="Bad symbol removed"/> The rooster symbol still appears on Oklahoma, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia [[ballot]]s.<ref name="Barbour County-2008"/> In New York, the Democratic ballot symbol is a five-pointed star.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poor Ballot Design Hurts New York's Minor Parties{{nbsp}}... Again|publisher=[[Brennan Center for Justice]]|first=Tomas|last=Lopez|date=October 23, 2014|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/poor-ballot-design-hurts-new-yorks-minor-parties-again|access-date=February 6, 2017|archive-date=February 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031521/https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/poor-ballot-design-hurts-new-yorks-minor-parties-again|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Although both major political parties (and many minor ones) use the traditional American colors of red, white, and blue in their marketing and representations, since [[2000 United States presidential election|election night 2000]] blue has become the identifying color for the Democratic Party while red has become the identifying color for the Republican Party. That night, for the first time all major broadcast television networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: [[Red states and blue states|blue states]] for [[Al Gore]] (Democratic nominee) and red states for [[George W. Bush]] (Republican nominee). Since then, the color blue has been widely used by the media to represent the party. This is contrary to common practice outside of the United States where blue is the traditional color of the right and red the color of the left.<ref name="WP Nov 2004">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509144731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 9, 2008|title=Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue|last=Farhi|first=Paul|date=November 2, 2004|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C01|access-date=October 11, 2016}}</ref>

In 2025, a new logo was introduced, which incorporates a white donkey facing to the right instead of the left, with three blue stars in the center instead of four, on a blue background. The modified donkey design has been characterized by some as resembling a [[piñata]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Foley |first1=Joe |title=People are mocking the Democrat's new logo, but a rebrand was needed |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/people-bashing-democrats-logo-rebrand-080716192.html |agency=Yahoo! News |date=March 16, 2025}}</ref>

[[Jefferson-Jackson Day]] is the annual fundraising event (dinner) held by Democratic Party organizations across the United States.<ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Trotter|title=Obama sets sights on November battle|newspaper=[[Bangor Daily News]]|date=February 11, 2008|url=http://www.bangornews.com/news/t/city.aspx?articleid=160039&zoneid=176|access-date=February 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228050855/http://www.bangornews.com/news/t/city.aspx?articleid=160039&zoneid=176|archive-date=February 28, 2008}}</ref> It is named after Presidents [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Andrew Jackson]], whom the party regards as its distinguished early leaders.

The song "[[Happy Days Are Here Again]]" is the unofficial song of the Democratic Party. It was used prominently when [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was nominated for president at the [[1932 Democratic National Convention]] and remains a sentimental favorite for Democrats. For example, [[Paul Shaffer]] played the theme on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'' after the Democrats won Congress in 2006. "[[Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)|Don't Stop]]" by [[Fleetwood Mac]] was adopted by [[Bill Clinton]]'s presidential campaign in 1992 and has endured as a popular Democratic song. The emotionally similar song "[[Beautiful Day]]" by the band [[U2]] has also become a favorite theme song for Democratic candidates. [[John Kerry]] used the song during his 2004 presidential campaign and several Democratic congressional candidates used it as a celebratory tune in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Gruss|title=Local roast becomes political pep rally for Democrats|newspaper=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|date=November 21, 2006|url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/185421|access-date=April 15, 2007|archive-date=February 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225035614/http://hamptonroads.com/node/185421|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Scherer|title=The Democrats are ready to lead|work=[[Salon.com]]|date=November 8, 2006|url=https://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/11/08/pelosi/|access-date=March 18, 2007|archive-date=August 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811050908/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/11/08/pelosi/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a traditional anthem for its presidential nominating convention, [[Aaron Copland]]'s "[[Fanfare for the Common Man]]" is traditionally performed at the beginning of the Democratic National Convention.

== Structure ==
[[File:Democratic National Headquarters (53832041544).jpg|thumb|Democratic National Headquarters (2024)]]

=== National committee ===
The [[Democratic National Committee]] (DNC) is responsible for promoting Democratic campaign activities. While the DNC is responsible for overseeing the process of writing the Democratic Platform, the DNC is more focused on campaign and organizational strategy than [[public policy]]. In presidential elections, it supervises the [[Democratic National Convention]]. The national convention is subject to the charter of the party and the ultimate authority within the Democratic Party when it is in session, with the DNC running the party's organization at other times. Since {{Date|Feb 1, 2025|MDY}}, the DNC has been chaired by [[Ken Martin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamisar |first=Ben |date=2025-02-01 |title=Ken Martin wins election as the next chair of the Democratic National Committee |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/ken-martin-wins-election-chair-democratic-national-committee-rcna190018 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== State parties ===
{{main|List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)}}

Each state also has a state committee, made up of elected committee members as well as ex officio committee members (usually elected officials and representatives of major constituencies), which in turn elects a chair. County, town, city, and ward committees generally are composed of individuals elected at the local level. State and local committees often coordinate campaign activities within their jurisdiction, oversee local conventions, and in some cases primaries or caucuses, and may have a role in nominating candidates for elected office under state law. Rarely do they have much direct funding, but in 2005 DNC Chairman Dean began a program (called the "50 State Strategy") of using DNC national funds to assist all state parties and pay for full-time professional staffers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gilgoff|first=Dan|title=Dean's List|date=July 16, 2006|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060716/24dems.htm|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709100930/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060716/24dems.htm|archive-date=July 9, 2012|access-date=April 26, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In addition, state-level party committees operate in the territories of [[American Samoa Democratic Party|American Samoa]], [[Democratic Party of Guam|Guam]], and [[Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], the commonwealths of [[Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)|Northern Mariana Islands]] and [[Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|Puerto Rico]], and the [[District of Columbia Democratic State Committee|District of Columbia]], with all but Puerto Rico being active in nominating candidates for both presidential and territorial contests, while Puerto Rico's Democratic Party is organized only to nominate presidential candidates. The [[Democrats Abroad]] committee is organized by American voters who reside outside of U.S. territory to nominate presidential candidates. All such party committees are accorded recognition as state parties and are allowed to elect both members to the National Committee as well as delegates to the National Convention.

=== Major party committees and groups ===
[[File:Barack Obama Speaks to College Democrats.jpg|thumb|right|Then-Senator Obama speaking to College Democrats of America in 2007]]
The [[Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee]] (DCCC) assists party candidates in House races and is chaired by Representative [[Suzan DelBene]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. Similarly, the [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]] (DSCC), chaired by Senator [[Gary Peters]] of Michigan, raises funds for Senate races. The [[Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee]] (DLCC), chaired by [[Majority Leader of the New York State Senate]] [[Andrea Stewart-Cousins]], is a smaller organization that focuses on state legislative races. The [[Democratic Governors Association]] (DGA) is an organization supporting the candidacies of Democratic gubernatorial nominees and incumbents. Likewise, the mayors of the largest cities and urban centers convene as the [[National Conference of Democratic Mayors]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.democraticmayors.org/ |website=National Conference of Democratic Mayors |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002181004/https://www.democraticmayors.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The DNC sponsors the [[College Democrats of America]] (CDA), a student-outreach organization with the goal of training and engaging a new generation of Democratic activists. [[Democrats Abroad]] is the organization for Americans living outside the United States. They work to advance the party's goals and encourage Americans living abroad to support the Democrats. The [[Young Democrats of America]] (YDA) and the [[High School Democrats of America]] (HSDA) are young adult and youth-led organizations respectively that attempt to draw in and mobilize young people for Democratic candidates but operates outside of the DNC.

== Political positions ==
{{main|Political positions of the Democratic Party (United States)}}
[[File:US real median household income 1967 - 2011.PNG|thumb|300px|This graph shows the real median [[Household income in the United States|US household income]] by race: 1967 to 2011, in 2011 dollars.<ref name="Income by Race">{{cite book|first1=Carmen|last1=DeNavas-Walt|first2=Bernadette D.|last2=Proctor|first3=Jessica C.|last3=Smith|date=September 2012|chapter=Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2010|page=8|title=Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011|chapter-url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>]]
The 21st century Democratic Party differs from other [[Centre-left politics|center-left parties]] around the world in its ideological orientation, in part due to its [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|heterogenous]] demographic composition. In particular, the Democratic Party's ideology derives from being supported by both racial minorities, particularly [[African Americans]], as well as White voters with high [[educational attainment in the United States|educational attainment]].<ref name="Harry Enten"/><ref name="Nate Silver"/>

This makes the Democratic Party different, because it is a [[Big tent|big tent party]], neither a [[Classical liberalism|classically liberal]] nor a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] party ideologically. Its voting demographics are heavily educationally and racially-polarized, but not income polarized.<ref name="culture trumps economic class"/> The Democratic Party is weakest among White voters without college degrees in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Cohn|first1=Nate|date=June 11, 2012|title=Obama's Problem With White, Non-College Educated Voters is Getting Worse|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/103969/obamas-problem-white-non-college-educated-voters-getting-worse|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=February 13, 2017}}</ref> Higher educational attainment is strongly correlated with higher income and wealth, and also strongly correlated with increased ideological support for the Democratic Party's positions among White voters.<ref name="Abramowitz 2021">{{Cite web|url=https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/can-democrats-win-back-the-white-working-class/|title=Can Democrats Win Back the White Working Class?|website=Sabato's Crystal Ball|first1=Alan I.|last1=Abramowitz|date=September 23, 2021|access-date=February 7, 2022|quote=The data in Table 3 show that ideology had a powerful influence on vote choice in the 2020 presidential election. Almost all white voters located to the left of center on the ideology scale, regardless of education, voted for Biden, while almost all white voters located to the right of center, regardless of education, voted for Trump. Those in the center, just over one-fifth of white voters, favored Biden overall by a margin of 57% to 43%. However, there is little evidence that economic insecurity had any impact on the candidate preferences of even this group. Finally, it is worth noting that after controlling for ideology, there is almost no remaining difference between the candidate preferences of college and non-college whites. The class divide in candidate preference among white voters in 2020 is almost entirely explained by the fact that non-college white voters are now far more conservative across the board than are white college graduates.}}</ref>

This derives in part from unique regional characteristics of the United States, particularly the [[Southern United States]]. Racial polarization is extremely high in the Southern United States, with [[Black Southerners]] almost entirely voting for the Democratic Party, and [[White Southerners]] almost entirely voting for the Republican Party.<ref name="Cohn-2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/24/upshot/southern-whites-loyalty-to-gop-nearing-that-of-blacks-to-democrats.html|title=Southern Whites' Loyalty to GOP Nearing that of Blacks to Democrats|first1=Nate|last1=Cohn|website=The New York Times|date=April 23, 2014|quote=President Obama’s landslide victory in 2008 was supposed to herald the beginning of a new Democratic era. And yet, six years later, there is not even a clear Democratic majority in the country, let alone one poised for 30 years of dominance. It’s not because Mr. Obama’s so-called new coalition of young and nonwhite voters failed to live up to its potential. They again turned out in record numbers in 2012. The Democratic majority has failed to materialize because the Republicans made large, countervailing and unappreciated gains of their own among white Southerners.}}</ref><ref name="Dogs"/> Also, White Southerners with college degrees are strongly Republican, unlike in most of the rest of the country.<ref name="White Vote and Educational Polarization">{{Cite web|url=https://split-ticket.org/2022/01/03/the-white-vote-and-educational-polarization/|title=The White Vote and Educational Polarization|first1=Lakshya|last1=Jain|date=January 3, 2022|access-date=January 4, 2025|website=Split Ticket|quote=Before proceeding, it is worth pointing out that educational attainment, while highly informative, is by no means definitive. As David Shor and Ezra Klein have both said, the metric really serves as a proxy for class polarization, but while it is increasingly predictive, it is not the sole determining factor in a person’s vote.}}</ref> [[African Americans]] continue to have the lowest incomes of any racial group in the United States.<ref name="Income by Race"/>

The Democratic Party's contemporary liberalism has its origins in the [[Puritans]] of [[New England]], with their emphasis on education and science dating back to the colonial era and the [[Scientific Revolution]]. This liberalism is older than the [[classical liberalism]] or [[social democracy]] of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBLst8a8uYYC|title=The Bible, Protestantism, and the Rise of Natural Science|last=Harrison|first=Peter|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521000963|access-date=September 5, 2016|archive-date=April 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404154022/https://books.google.com/books?id=eBLst8a8uYYC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Democratic party's social positions derive from those of the [[New Left]], that is [[cultural liberalism]]. These include [[feminism]], LGBT rights, [[Drug liberalization|drug policy reforms]], and [[environmentalism]].<ref name="Carmines and Layman">{{cite book |last1=Carmines |first1=Edward G. |author1-link=Edward Carmines |last2=Layman |first2=Geoffrey C. |date=1997 |chapter=Issue Evolution in Postwar American Politics |editor-last=Shafer |editor-first=Byron |title=Present Discontents |location=NJ |publisher=Chatham House Publishers |isbn=978-1-56643-050-0 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/presentdisconten0000shaf/page/89/mode/2up |pages=92–93}}</ref><ref name= "Kaufman">{{cite book |first=Cynthia |last=Kaufman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nJUwFqRLTwC&pg=PA275 |title=Ideas for Action: Relevant Theory for Radical Change |isbn=978-0-89608-693-7 |year=2003 |publisher=[[South End Press]] |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gitlin |first1=Todd |author1-link=Todd Gitlin |chapter=The Left's Lost Universalism |editor1-last=Melzer |editor1-first=Arthur M. |editor2-last=Weinberger |editor2-first=Jerry |editor3-last=Zinman |editor3-first=M. Richard |title=Politics at the Turn of the Century |pages=3–26 |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |date=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Grant |last=Farred |author-link=Grant Farred |year=2000 |title=Endgame Identity? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics |journal=[[New Literary History]] |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=627–48 |jstor=20057628 |doi=10.1353/nlh.2000.0045 |s2cid=144650061}}</ref> The party's platform favors a generous [[welfare state]] and a greater measure of social and economic equality.<ref name="Larry E. Sullivan 2009 p 291">Larry E. Sullivan. ''The SAGE glossary of the social and behavioral sciences'' (2009). p. 291: "This liberalism favors a generous welfare state and a greater measure of social and economic equality. Liberty thus exists when all citizens have access to basic necessities such as education, healthcare, and economic opportunities."</ref> On social issues, it advocates for [[Abortion-rights movements|the continued legality of abortion]],<ref name="Traister-2023" /> the [[Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|legalization of marijuana]],<ref name="Gurley-2020">{{Cite web |last=Gurley |first=Gabrielle |date=November 23, 2020 |title=Biden at the Cannabis Crossroads |url=https://prospect.org/api/content/1ee9a272-2b7f-11eb-b7ea-1244d5f7c7c6/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826123917/https://prospect.org/day-one-agenda/biden-at-the-cannabis-crossroads/ |archive-date=August 26, 2022 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |website=[[The American Prospect]] |language=en-us}}</ref> and [[LGBT rights]].<ref name="NPR-2012a"/>

=== Economic issues ===
The [[social safety net]] and strong [[Labor unions in the United States|labor unions]] have been at the heart of Democratic economic policy since the [[New Deal]] in the 1930s.<ref name="Larry E. Sullivan 2009 p 291" /> The Democratic Party's economic policy positions, as measured by votes in Congress, tend to align with those of the middle class.<ref name=Grossmann-2021>{{Cite journal |last1=Grossmann |first1=Matt |last2=Mahmood |first2=Zuhaib |last3=Isaac |first3=William |date=October 1, 2021 |title=Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Unequal Class Influence in American Policy |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/711900 |journal=The Journal of Politics |language=en |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=1706–1720 |doi=10.1086/711900 |s2cid=224851520 |issn=0022-3816 |access-date=October 12, 2021 |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170940/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/711900 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bartels|first=Larry M.|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/64558|title=Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age – Second Edition|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8336-3|access-date=November 5, 2021|archive-date=November 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105222439/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/64558|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rhodes|first1=Jesse H.|last2=Schaffner|first2=Brian F.|year=2017|title=Testing Models of Unequal Representation: Democratic Populists and Republican Oligarchs?|url=http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/QJPS-16077|journal=Quarterly Journal of Political Science|volume=12|issue=2|pages=185–204|doi=10.1561/100.00016077|access-date=November 5, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029183431/https://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/QJPS-16077|url-status=live | issn = 1554-0626 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lax|first1=Jeffrey R.|last2=Phillips|first2=Justin H.|last3=Zelizer|first3=Adam|year=2019|title=The Party or the Purse? Unequal Representation in the US Senate|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/party-or-the-purse-unequal-representation-in-the-us-senate/286BFEAA039374759DE14D782A0BB8DD|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=113|issue=4|pages=917–940|doi=10.1017/S0003055419000315|s2cid=21669533|issn=0003-0554|access-date=November 5, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029000457/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/party-or-the-purse-unequal-representation-in-the-us-senate/286BFEAA039374759DE14D782A0BB8DD|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hacker|first1=Jacob S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqu6DwAAQBAJ|title=Let them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality|last2=Pierson|first2=Paul|date=2020|publisher=Liveright Publishing|isbn=978-1-63149-685-1|language=en}}</ref> Democrats support a [[progressive tax]] system, higher [[Minimum wage in the United States|minimum wages]], [[equal opportunity employment]], [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]], [[universal health care]], [[Education in the United States|public education]], and [[Subsidized housing in the United States|subsidized housing]].<ref name="Larry E. Sullivan 2009 p 291" /> They also support [[Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act|infrastructure development]] and clean energy investments to achieve economic development and job creation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/issues/economy_and_job_creation|title=Jobs and the Economy|work=Democrats.org|access-date=July 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320195530/http://www.democrats.org/issues/economy_and_job_creation|archive-date=March 20, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, the party has at times supported [[Centrism|centrist]] economic reforms that cut the size of government and reduced market regulations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/19/wall-street-deregulation-clinton-advisers-obama|title=Wall Street deregulation pushed by Clinton advisers, documents reveal|first=Dan|last=Roberts|newspaper=The Guardian |date=April 19, 2014|access-date=December 14, 2016|archive-date=January 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106185232/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/19/wall-street-deregulation-clinton-advisers-obama|url-status=live}}</ref> The party has generally rejected both [[Laissez-faire|''laissez-faire'' economics]] and [[market socialism]], instead favoring [[Keynesian economics]] within a capitalist market-based system.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mudge |first1=Stephanie |title=Leftism Reinvented: Western Parties from Socialism to Neoliberalism |date=2018 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=167–213}}</ref>

==== Fiscal policy ====
Democrats support a more [[progressive tax]] structure to provide more services and reduce [[economic inequality]] by making sure that the wealthiest Americans pay more in taxes.<ref name="how-high">{{cite web |url=http://economics.about.com/od/monetaryandfiscalpolicy/a/high_taxes.htm |title=How High Should Taxes Be? |publisher=Economics.about.com |date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=June 17, 2010 |archive-date=April 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414204158/http://economics.about.com/od/monetaryandfiscalpolicy/a/high_taxes.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
Democrats and Republicans traditionally take differing stances on eradicating poverty. Brady said "Our poverty level is the direct consequence of our weak social policies, which are a direct consequence of weak political actors".<ref>{{cite news |last1=CARBONARO |first1=GIULIA |title=Poverty Is Killing Nearly 200,000 Americans a Year |url=https://www.newsweek.com/poverty-killing-nearly-200000-americans-year-1806002 |work=Newsweek |year=2023 |access-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629052853/https://www.newsweek.com/poverty-killing-nearly-200000-americans-year-1806002 |url-status=live }}</ref>
They oppose the cutting of social services, such as [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]], [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], and [[Medicaid]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/infousa/government/social/ch9.htm|title=The Social Safety Net|publisher=usinfo.state.gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410221216/http://usinfo.state.gov/infousa/government/social/ch9.htm|archive-date=April 10, 2008}}</ref> believing it to be harmful to efficiency and [[social justice]]. Democrats believe the benefits of social services in monetary and non-monetary terms are a more [[Productive and unproductive labour|productive labor]] force and cultured population and believe that the benefits of this are greater than any benefits that could be derived from lower taxes, especially on top earners, or cuts to social services. Furthermore, Democrats see social services as essential toward providing [[Positive liberty|positive freedom]], freedom derived from economic opportunity. The Democratic-led House of Representatives reinstated the [[PAYGO]] (pay-as-you-go) budget rule at the start of the [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Day Two: House passes new budget rules|date=January 5, 2007|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16487187|agency=Associated Press|access-date=January 5, 2007|archive-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204034031/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16487187|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Minimum wage ====
{{see also|Minimum wage in the United States}}
The Democratic Party favors raising the [[minimum wage]]. The [[Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007]] was an early component of the Democrats' agenda during the [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]]. In 2006, the Democrats supported six state-ballot initiatives to increase the minimum wage and all six initiatives passed.<ref name="democrats.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/democratic-national-platform |title=The Democratic Party Platform |publisher=Democrats.org |access-date=March 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315234633/http://www.democrats.org/democratic-national-platform |archive-date=March 15, 2014}}</ref>

In 2017, Senate Democrats introduced the Raise the Wage Act which would raise the minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2024.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kulwin|first=Noah|date=May 25, 2017|title=Democrats just united on a $15-an-hour minimum wage|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/democrats-just-united-on-a-15-an-hour-minimum-wage/|work=Vice|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-date=May 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526052042/https://news.vice.com/story/democrats-just-united-on-a-15-an-hour-minimum-wage|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Democratic president [[Joe Biden]] proposed increasing the minimum wage to $15 by 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freking |first1=Kevin |title=Biden, Democrats hit gas on push for $15 minimum wage |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-business-rashida-tlaib-coronavirus-pandemic-minimum-wage-ee0e8cc7c96a30d9581723b2c6bb4189 |work=Associated Press News |date=January 30, 2021 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219102902/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-business-rashida-tlaib-coronavirus-pandemic-minimum-wage-ee0e8cc7c96a30d9581723b2c6bb4189 |url-status=live }}</ref> In many states controlled by Democrats, the state minimum wage has been increased to a rate above the federal minimum wage.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marr |first1=Chris |title=Blue State Minimum Wages Inch Upward, Widening Gap With South |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/blue-state-minimum-wages-inch-upward-widening-gap-with-south |website=Bloomberg Law |access-date=July 24, 2022 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525224046/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/blue-state-minimum-wages-inch-upward-widening-gap-with-south |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Health care ====
[[File:Obama signing health care-20100323.jpg|thumb|President Obama signing the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] into law in 2010]]
Democrats call for "affordable and quality health care" and favor moving toward [[universal health care]] in a variety of forms to address rising healthcare costs. Progressive Democrats politicians favor a [[single-payer health care|single-payer program]] or [[Medicare for All]], while liberals prefer creating a [[public health insurance option]].<ref name="Goodnough-2019"/>

The [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], signed into law by President [[Barack Obama]] on March 23, 2010, has been one of the most significant pushes for universal health care. As of December 2019, more than 20 million Americans have gained health insurance under the Affordable Care Act.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nova |first1=Annie |title=How the Affordable Care Act transformed our health-care system |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/29/how-the-affordable-care-act-transformed-the-us-health-care-system.html |publisher=CNBC |date=December 29, 2019 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727041849/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/29/how-the-affordable-care-act-transformed-the-us-health-care-system.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Education ====
Democrats favor improving [[public education]] by raising school standards and reforming the [[Head Start (program)|Head Start program]]. They also support [[universal preschool]], expanding access to primary education, including through [[charter schools]], and are generally opposed to [[school voucher]] programs. They call for addressing [[student loan]] debt and reforms to reduce college tuition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/papers_pdf/101962.pdf |title=Moving America Forward 2012 Democratic National Platform |publisher=presidency.ucsb.edu |date=September 14, 2012 |access-date=January 13, 2018 |archive-date=August 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819093203/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/papers_pdf/101962.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Other proposals have included tuition-free public universities and reform of [[standardized testing]]. Democrats have the long-term aim of having publicly funded college education with low tuition fees (like in much of Europe and Canada), which would be available to every eligible American student. Alternatively, they encourage expanding access to post-secondary education by increasing state funding for student financial aid such as [[Pell Grants]] and [[college tuition]] [[tax deductions]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Clinton Joins Key Senate Democrats to Release Report on 'The College Cost Crunch'|date=June 28, 2006|url=http://clinton.senate.gov/news/statements/details.cfm?id=258005|work=clinton.senate.gov|access-date=November 25, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025234254/http://www.clinton.senate.gov/news/statements/details.cfm?id=258005|archive-date=October 25, 2006}}</ref>

==== Environment ====
{{main|Environmental policy of the United States}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 450
| image1 = 2009- Pew survey - is climate change a major threat, by political party.svg
| caption1 = Democrats and Republicans have diverged on the seriousness of the threat posed by climate change, with Democrats' assessment rising significantly in the mid-2010s.<ref name=PewClimateChange_20230418>● {{cite web |title=54% of Americans view climate change as a major threat, but the partisan divide has grown |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/18/for-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy/sr_2023-04-18_climate_5/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422182323/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/18/for-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy/sr_2023-04-18_climate_5/ |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |date=April 18, 2023 |url-status=live }} ● Broader discussion by {{cite web |last1=Tyson |first1=Alec |last2=Funk |first2=Cary |last3=Kennedy |first3=Brian |title=What the data says about Americans' views of climate change |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/18/for-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512193458/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/18/for-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy/ |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |date=April 18, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| image2 = 2021 Survey on existence of global warming and responsibility for climate change - bar chart.svg
| caption2 = The sharp divide over the existence of and responsibility for global warming and climate change falls largely along political lines. Overall, 60% of those surveyed said oil and gas companies were "completely or mostly responsible" for climate change.<ref name=Guardian_20211026>{{cite news |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |title=Revealed: 60% of Americans say oil firms are to blame for the climate crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/26/climate-change-poll-oil-gas-companies-environment |work=The Guardian |date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026122356/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/26/climate-change-poll-oil-gas-companies-environment |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Guardian/Vice/CCN/YouGov poll. Note: ±4% margin of error.}}</ref>
}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 450
| image3 = 20220301 Opinions by political party - Climate change causation - Action for carbon neutral 2050 - Pew Research.svg
| caption3 = Opinion about human causation of climate change increased substantially with education among Democrats, but not among Republicans.<ref name=Pew_20220301/> Conversely, opinions favoring becoming carbon neutral declined substantially with age among Republicans, but not among Democrats.<ref name=Pew_20220301>{{cite web |last1=Tyson |first1=Alec |last2=Funk |first2=Cary |last3=Kennedy |first3=Brian |title=Americans Largely Favor U.S. Taking Steps To Become Carbon Neutral by 2050 / Appendix (Detailed charts and tables) |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/03/01/carbon-neutral-2050-appendix/ |website=Pew Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418220503/https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/03/01/carbon-neutral-2050-appendix/ |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |date=March 1, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image4 = 20220411 Support for policies to combat climate change, by political party - Gallup poll.svg
| caption4 = A broad range of policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has been proposed. Democrats' support for such policies consistently exceeds that of Republicans.<ref name=Gallup_20220411>{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Jeffrey M. |title=Climate Change Proposals Favored by Solid Majorities in U.S. / Support for Policies Designed to Limit Greenhouse Gases, by Political Party |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/391679/climate-change-proposals-favored-solid-majorities.aspx |website=Gallup |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001132301/https://news.gallup.com/poll/391679/climate-change-proposals-favored-solid-majorities.aspx |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |date=April 11, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

[[File:202307 Survey - comfortable with solar wind nuclear in my community.svg|thumb|Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among Republicans (red).<ref name="WashPost_20231003">{{cite news |last1=Chiu |first1=Allyson |last2=Guskin |first2=Emily |last3=Clement |first3=Scott |title=Americans don't hate living near solar and wind farms as much as you might think |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2023/10/03/solar-panels-wind-turbines-nimby/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003211732/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2023/10/03/solar-panels-wind-turbines-nimby/ |archive-date=October 3, 2023 | url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Democrats believe that the government should protect the environment and have a history of environmentalism. In more recent years, this stance has emphasized [[renewable energy]] generation as the basis for an improved economy, greater [[national security]], and general environmental benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/a/national/clean_environment/ |title=Agenda — Environment |access-date=March 18, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315113030/http://www.democrats.org/a/national/clean_environment/ |archive-date=March 15, 2007}}</ref> The Democratic Party is substantially more likely than the Republican Party to support environmental regulation and policies that are supportive of renewable energy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Coley|first1=Jonathan S.|last2=Hess|first2=David J.|year=2012|title=Green energy laws and Republican legislators in the United States|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512004752|journal=Energy Policy|language=en|volume=48|pages=576–583|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.062|bibcode=2012EnPol..48..576C |issn=0301-4215|access-date=November 7, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618224202/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512004752|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bergquist|first1=Parrish|last2=Warshaw|first2=Christopher|year=2020|title=Elections and parties in environmental politics|url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788972833/9781788972833.00017.xml|journal=Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy|pages=126–141|language=en-US|doi=10.4337/9781788972840.00017|isbn=9781788972840|s2cid=219077951|access-date=November 7, 2021|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107233114/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788972833/9781788972833.00017.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The Democratic Party also favors expansion of conservation lands and encourages open space and rail travel to relieve highway and airport congestion and improve air quality and the economy as it "believe[s] that communities, environmental interests, and the government should work together to protect resources while ensuring the vitality of local economies. Once Americans were led to believe they had to make a choice between the economy and the environment. They now know this is a false choice".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Democratic_Party_Environment.htm|title=Democratic Party on Environment|access-date=October 24, 2007|archive-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703223850/http://ontheissues.org/Celeb/Democratic_Party_Environment.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The foremost environmental concern of the Democratic Party is [[climate change]]. Democrats, most notably former Vice President [[Al Gore]], have pressed for stern regulation of [[greenhouse gas]]es. On October 15, 2007, Gore won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his efforts to build greater knowledge about man-made climate change and laying the foundations for the measures needed to counteract it.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=John|last=Nicols|title=Al Gore Wins Nobel Peace Prize|magazine=The Nation|date=October 12, 2007}}</ref>

==== Renewable energy and fossil fuels ====
Democrats have supported increased domestic [[renewable energy]] development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution. The party's platform calls for an "all of the above" energy policy including clean energy, natural gas and domestic oil, with the desire of becoming energy independent.<ref name="democrats.org" /> The party has supported higher taxes on [[oil companies]] and increased regulations on [[coal power plant]]s, favoring a policy of reducing long-term reliance on [[fossil fuels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/issues/energy_independence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920002824/http://www.democrats.org/issues/energy_independence|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 20, 2010|title=Energy Independence|work=Democrats.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/06/02/coal-state-democrats-to-obama-curb-emissions-um-no-thanks/|title=Coal state Democrats to Obama: Curb emissions? Um, no thanks.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Sean|last=Sullivan|date=June 2, 2014|access-date=August 22, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513225106/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/06/02/coal-state-democrats-to-obama-curb-emissions-um-no-thanks/|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the party supports stricter [[fuel emissions standard]]s to prevent air pollution.

During his presidency, Joe Biden enacted the [[Inflation Reduction Act of 2022]], which is the largest allocation of funds for [[Climate change mitigation|addressing climate change]] in the history of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wells |first=Joey Garrison and Dylan |title=Sen. Kyrsten Sinema backs Inflation Reduction Act, giving Biden the votes for Senate passage |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/08/04/krysten-sinema-inflation-reduction-act-senator-democrats-vote/10234906002/ |access-date=August 24, 2022 |website=USA Today |language=en-US |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824023439/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/08/04/krysten-sinema-inflation-reduction-act-senator-democrats-vote/10234906002/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What The Climate Package Means For A Warming Planet : Consider This from NPR |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/11/1117017336/what-the-climate-package-means-for-a-warming-planet |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824100551/https://www.npr.org/2022/08/11/1117017336/what-the-climate-package-means-for-a-warming-planet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nilsen |first1=Ella |title=Clean energy package would be biggest legislative climate investment in US history |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/28/politics/climate-deal-joe-manchin/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=July 31, 2022 |date=July 28, 2022 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202005446/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/28/politics/climate-deal-joe-manchin/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Trade ====
Like the Republican Party, the Democratic Party has taken widely varying views on [[international trade]] throughout its history. The Democratic Party has usually been more supportive of [[free trade]] than the Republican Party.

The Democrats dominated the [[Second Party System]] and set low tariffs designed to pay for the government but not protect industry. Their opponents the Whigs wanted high protective tariffs but usually were outvoted in Congress. Tariffs soon became a major political issue as the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] (1832–1852) and (after 1854) the Republicans wanted to protect their mostly northern industries and constituents by voting for higher tariffs and the [[Southern Democrats]], which had very little industry but imported many goods voted for lower tariffs. After the Second Party System ended in 1854 the Democrats lost control and the new Republican Party had its opportunity to raise rates.<ref>Taussig, ''Tariff History'' pp. 109–24</ref>

During the [[Third Party System]], Democratic president [[Grover Cleveland]] made low tariffs the centerpiece of Democratic Party policies, arguing that high tariffs were an unnecessary and unfair tax on consumers. The South and [[Western United States|West]] generally supported low tariffs, while the industrial [[Northern United States|North]] high tariffs.<ref>Joanne R. Reitano, ''The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888'' (Penn State Press, 1994)</ref> During the [[Fourth Party System]], Democratic president [[Woodrow Wilson]] made a drastic lowering of tariff rates a major priority for his presidency. The 1913 [[Underwood Tariff]] cut rates, and the new revenues generated by the [[federal income tax]] made tariffs much less important in terms of economic impact and political rhetoric.<ref>Woodrow Wilson: "Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Banking System," June 23, 1913. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65369 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012012358/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65369 |date=October 12, 2018 }}.</ref>

During the [[Fifth Party System]], the [[Reciprocal Tariff Act]] of 1934 was enacted during [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|FDR's]] administration, marking a sharp departure from the era of [[protectionism in the United States]]. American duties on foreign products declined from an average of 46% in 1934 to 12% by 1962.<ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Michael A.|author2=Goldstein, Weingast |title=The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy|journal=World Politics|date=April 1997|volume=49|issue=3|pages=309–38|doi=10.1353/wp.1997.0007|s2cid=154711958 }}</ref> After World War II, the U.S. promoted the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) established in 1947 during the [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman administration]], to minimize tariffs liberalize trade among all capitalist countries.<ref name=barton>John H. Barton, [[Judith L. Goldstein]], Timothy E. Josling, and Richard H. Steinberg, ''The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO'' (2008)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McClenahan |first1=William |title=The Growth of Voluntary Export Restraints and American Foreign Economic Policy, 1956–1969 |journal=Business and Economic History |year=1991 |volume=20 |pages=180–190 |jstor=23702815 }}</ref>

In the 1990s, the Clinton administration and a number of prominent Democrats pushed through a number of agreements such as the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://democrats.org/where-we-stand/party-platform/building-a-stronger-fairer-economy/|title=Building A Stronger, Fairer Economy|newspaper=Democrats|access-date=August 10, 2021|archive-date=August 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818204036/https://democrats.org/where-we-stand/party-platform/building-a-stronger-fairer-economy/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Barack Obama]] signed several free trade agreements during his presidency while [[Joe Biden]] did not sign any free trade agreements during his presidency and increased some tariffs on China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenroberts/2024/04/26/biden-could-be-1st-president-since-carter-to-not-negotiate-sign-fta/|title=Biden Could Be 1st President Since Carter To Not Negotiate, Sign FTA|website=Forbes|first1=Ken|last1=Roberts|date=April 26, 2024|access-date=April 27, 2024|archive-date=April 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427230502/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenroberts/2024/04/26/biden-could-be-1st-president-since-carter-to-not-negotiate-sign-fta/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |last2=Holman |first2=Jordyn |date=2024-09-13 |title=Biden Administration Ratchets Up Tariffs on Chinese Goods |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/13/us/politics/biden-tariffs-chinese-goods-clothing.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

During Republican Donald Trump's two terms as president, the Democratic Party has been more in favor of free trade than the Republican Party. The Democratic Party remains supportive of the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]] free trade agreement with Mexico and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/17/us/politics/trump-tariffs-auto-industry-corporate-executives.html|title=Trump's Unwelcome News to Auto Chiefs: Buckle Up for What's to Come|quote=President Trump’s approach to tariffs has unsettled many corporate leaders who believed he would use the levies as a negotiating tool. As it turns out, he sees them as an end in themselves.|date=March 17, 2025|first1=Jonathan|last1=Swan|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|first3=Ana|last3=Swanson|website=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2025/03/06/trump-tariffs-poll-republicans-china-mexico-canada|title=Republicans favor Trump tariffs despite anticipated price hikes: poll|date=March 6, 2025}}</ref>

=== Social issues ===
[[File:Shirley Chisholm.jpg|thumb|[[Shirley Chisholm]] was the first major-party African American candidate to run nationwide primary campaigns.]]
The modern Democratic Party emphasizes [[social equality]] and [[equal opportunity]]. Democrats support [[Voting rights in the United States|voting rights]] and [[minority rights]], including [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]]. Democratic president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], which outlawed racial segregation. Carmines and Stimson wrote "the Democratic Party appropriated racial liberalism and assumed federal responsibility for ending racial discrimination."<ref>Carmines, Edward G.; Stimson, James A. "Racial Issues and The Structure of Mass Belief Systems," ''Journal of Politics'' (1982) 44#1 pp 2–20 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2130281 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731011758/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2130281 |date=July 31, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Talmadge|last1=Anderson|author2=James Benjamin Stewart|name-list-style=amp|title=Introduction to African American Studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49tXR1Ok6poC&pg=PA205|year=2007|publisher=Black Classic Press|page=205|isbn=9781580730396|access-date=October 16, 2015|archive-date=September 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913230625/https://books.google.com/books?id=49tXR1Ok6poC&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Jeffrey M.|last=Stonecash|title=New Directions in American Political Parties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNuOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|page=131|isbn=9781135282059|access-date=October 16, 2015|archive-date=September 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913230554/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNuOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ideological social elements in the party include [[cultural liberalism]], [[civil libertarianism]], and [[feminism]]. Some Democratic social policies are immigration reform, [[electoral reform]], and women's [[reproductive rights]].

==== Equal opportunity ====
The Democratic Party is a staunch supporter of [[equal opportunity]] for all Americans regardless of sex, age, race, ethnicity, [[sexual orientation]], [[gender identity]], religion, creed, or national origin. The Democratic Party has broad appeal across most socioeconomic and ethnic demographics, as seen in recent exit polls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/06/30/behind-bidens-2020-victory/|title=Behind Biden's 2020 Victory|date=June 30, 2021|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-date=August 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819144304/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/06/30/behind-bidens-2020-victory/|url-status=live}}</ref> Democrats also strongly support the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|Americans with Disabilities Act]] to prohibit discrimination against people based on physical or mental disability. As such, the Democrats pushed as well the [[ADA Amendments Act of 2008]], a disability rights expansion that became law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/issues/civil_rights|title=Civil Rights|work=Democrats.org|access-date=February 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209053820/http://www.democrats.org/issues/civil_rights|archive-date=February 9, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Most Democrats support [[affirmative action]] to further equal opportunity. However, in 2020 [[2020 California Proposition 16|57% voters in California]] voted to keep their state constitution's ban on affirmative action, despite Biden [[2020 United States presidential election in California|winning 63% of the vote in California]] in the same election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2020-general/sov/complete-sov.pdf|title=STATEMENT OF VOTE|first1=Alex|last1=Padilla|date=November 3, 2020|access-date=March 15, 2024|archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214232555/https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2020-general/sov/complete-sov.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Voting rights ====
The party is very supportive of improving "voting rights" as well as election accuracy and accessibility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usliberals.about.com/od/electionreform/a/VotingAgenda.htm|title=Liberalism 101: Democratic Party Agenda on Electoral Reform|first=Deborah|last=White|work=About|access-date=April 17, 2014|archive-date=March 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310140253/http://usliberals.about.com/od/electionreform/a/VotingAgenda.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> They support extensions of voting time, including making election day a holiday. They support reforming the electoral system to eliminate [[gerrymandering]], abolishing the [[United States Electoral College|electoral college]], as well as passing comprehensive [[Campaign finance reform in the United States|campaign finance reform]].<ref name="ontheissues.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/celeb/Democratic_Party_Government_Reform.htm|title=Democratic Party on Government Reform|publisher=Ontheissues.org|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=April 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430084041/http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Democratic_Party_Government_Reform.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Abortion and reproductive rights ====
{{see also|Abortion in the United States}}
The Democratic position on abortion has changed significantly over time.<ref name="Williams-2015">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Daniel K. |date=June 2015 |title=The Partisan Trajectory of the American Pro-Life Movement: How a Liberal Catholic Campaign Became a Conservative Evangelical Cause |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=451–475 |doi=10.3390/rel6020451 |issn=2077-1444 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Williams-2022b">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel K. |date=May 9, 2022 |title=This Really Is a Different Pro-Life Movement |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/south-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics/629779/ |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |quote=This was not merely a geographic shift, trading one region for another, but a more fundamental transformation of the anti-abortion movement's political ideology. In 1973 many of the most vocal opponents of abortion were northern Democrats who believed in an expanded social-welfare state and who wanted to reduce abortion rates through prenatal insurance and federally funded day care. In 2022, most anti-abortion politicians are conservative Republicans who are skeptical of such measures. What happened was a seismic religious and political shift in opposition to abortion that has not occurred in any other Western country. |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510043840/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/south-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics/629779/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Republicans generally favored legalized abortion more than Democrats,<ref name="Halpern-2018">{{Cite news |last=Halpern |first=Sue |date=November 8, 2018 |title=How Republicans Became Anti-Choice |language=en |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2018/11/08/how-republicans-became-anti-choice/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |issn=0028-7504 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204085532/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2018/11/08/how-republicans-became-anti-choice/ |url-status=live }}</ref> although significant heterogeneity could be found within both parties.<ref name="Taylor-2018">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Justin |date=May 9, 2018 |title=How the Christian Right Became Prolife on Abortion and Transformed the Culture Wars |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/evangelical-history/christian-right-discovered-abortion-rights-transformed-culture-wars/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[The Gospel Coalition]] |language=en-US |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204085533/https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/evangelical-history/christian-right-discovered-abortion-rights-transformed-culture-wars/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time, opposition to abortion tended to be concentrated within the political left in the United States. Liberal Protestants and Catholics (many of whom were Democratic voters) opposed abortion, while most conservative Protestants supported legal access to abortion services.<ref name="Williams-2015" />{{clarify|date=April 2024}}

In its national platforms from 1992 to 2004, the Democratic Party has called for abortion to be "safe, legal and rare"—namely, keeping it legal by rejecting laws that allow governmental interference in abortion decisions and reducing the number of abortions by promoting both knowledge of reproduction and contraception and incentives for adoption. When Congress voted on the [[Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act]] in 2003, congressional Democrats were split, with a minority (including former [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]] [[Harry Reid]]) supporting the ban and the majority of Democrats opposing the legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/HouseVote/Party_2003-530.htm|title=House Votes on 2003-530|publisher=Ontheissues.org|date=October 2, 2003|access-date=March 18, 2014|archive-date=February 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228171204/http://www.ontheissues.org/HouseVote/Party_2003-530.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the 2020 Democratic Party platform, "Democrats believe every woman should be able to access high-quality reproductive health care services, including safe and legal abortion."<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Democratic Party Platform |url=https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-07-31-Democratic-Party-Platform-For-Distribution.pdf |website=2020 Democratic National Convention |access-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216091833/https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-07-31-Democratic-Party-Platform-For-Distribution.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' (1973) was overturned in ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]'' (2022), Democratic-controlled states and ballot initiatives were able to ensure access to abortion. The number of abortions in the United States increased after ''Dobbs'', due to the [[Freedom of movement under United States law|right to travel]] between states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/22/upshot/abortions-rising-state-bans.html|title=Abortions Have Increased, Even for Women in States With Rigid Bans, Study Says|date=October 22, 2024|website=The New York Times|first1=Claire Cain|last1=Miller|first2=Margot|last2=Sanger-Katz|first3=Josh|last3=Katz|access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=After Dobbs: How the Supreme Court Ended Roe but Not Abortion|date=2025|first1=David S.|last1=Cohen|first2=Carole|last2=Joffe|publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0807017661 |quote=When the Supreme Court overturned ''Roe v. Wade'' in June 2022, many feared it meant the end of abortion access in the United States. Yet the courageous work of people on the ground has allowed abortion to survive post-Dobbs in ways that no one predicted. ... Taking place across three intervals throughout 2022—pre-Dobbs in early 2022, right after Dobbs, and then six months later—these interviews showcase how nimble thinking on the part of providers, growth and new delivery models of abortion pills, and the never-ending work of those who help with abortion travel and funding have ensured most people who want them are still getting abortions, even without Roe.}}</ref>

==== Immigration ====
{{see also|Immigration to the United States|Illegal immigration to the United States}}
[[File:2000- Border apprehensions at southwest border.svg|250px|right|thumb|Apprehensions at the southwest border since 2000]]
Like the Republican Party, the Democratic Party has taken widely varying views on immigration throughout its history. Since the 1990s, the Democratic Party has been more supportive overall of immigration than the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11040.html|title=Trading Barriers|last=Peters|first=Margaret|date=2017|pages=154–155|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691174471|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303043905/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11040.html|archive-date=March 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Many Democratic politicians have called for systematic reform of the immigration system such that residents that have [[Illegal immigration to the United States|come into the United States illegally]] have a pathway to legal citizenship. President Obama remarked in November 2013 that he felt it was "long past time to fix our broken immigration system," particularly to allow "incredibly bright young people" that came over as students to become full citizens.<ref name="long-past">{{cite news |last=Frumin |first=Aliyah |title=Obama: 'Long past time' for immigration reform |date=November 25, 2013 |url=https://msnbc.com/hardball/obama-long-past-time-reform |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |access-date=January 26, 2014 |archive-date=January 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121145422/http://www.msnbc.com/hardball/obama-long-past-time-reform |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, Democrats in the Senate passed [[Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013|S. 744]], which would reform immigration policy to allow citizenship for illegal immigrants in the United States. The law failed to pass in the House and was never re-introduced after the [[113th Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/senate-border-vote-immigration-policies-trump-19977804?mod=hp_lead_pos1|title=Why Both Parties Have Shifted Right on Immigration—and Still Can't Agree|website=The Wall Street Journal|first1=Michelle|last1=Hackman|first2=Aaron|last2=Zitner|date=February 2, 2024}}</ref>

Opposition to immigration has increased in the 2020s, with a majority of Democrats supporting increasing border security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/647123/sharply-americans-curb-immigration.aspx|title=Sharply More Americans Want to Curb Immigration to U.S.|date=July 12, 2024|first1=Jeffrey M.|last1=Jones|quote=55% want immigration levels reduced, highest since 2001|website=Gallup|access-date=August 4, 2024|archive-date=July 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720215320/https://news.gallup.com/poll/647123/sharply-americans-curb-immigration.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-democrats-lost-their-way-on-immigration|title=How Democrats Lost Their Way on Immigration|first1=Isaac|last1=Chotiner|magazine=The New Yorker|date=March 3, 2025|access-date=March 3, 2025}}</ref> In the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]], Trump increased his vote share in counties along the [[Mexico–United States border]], including in [[List of majority-Hispanic or Latino counties in the United States|majority-Hispanic counties]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/12/democrats-latino-vote-immigration/680945/|title=Why Democrats Got the Politics of Immigration So Wrong for So Long|date=December 10, 2024|website=The Atlantic|first1=Rogé|last1=Karma|access-date=December 10, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/24/magazine/denmark-immigration-policy-progressives.html|title=In an Age of Right-Wing Populism, Why Are Denmark's Liberals Winning?|quote=Around the world, progressive parties have come to see tight immigration restrictions as unnecessary, even cruel. What if they’re actually the only way for progressivism to flourish?|date=February 24, 2025|access-date=February 24, 2025|website=The New York Times|first1=David|last1=Leonhardt}}</ref>

==== LGBT rights ====
{{see also|LGBT rights in the United States}}
The Democratic position on [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]] has changed significantly over time.<ref name="Igielnik-2022">{{Cite web |last=Igielnik |first=Ruth |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Backdrop for Vote on Same-Sex Marriage Rights: A Big Shift in Public Opinion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/16/us/politics/same-sex-marriage-public-opinion.html |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116235133/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/16/us/politics/same-sex-marriage-public-opinion.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lindberg-2022">{{Cite web |last=Lindberg |first=Tim |date=August 2, 2022 |title=Congress is considering making same-sex marriage federal law – a political scientist explains how this issue became less polarized over time |url=https://theconversation.com/congress-is-considering-making-same-sex-marriage-federal-law-a-political-scientist-explains-how-this-issue-became-less-polarized-over-time-187509 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Kansas Reflector |language=en-US |archive-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823203344/http://theconversation.com/congress-is-considering-making-same-sex-marriage-federal-law-a-political-scientist-explains-how-this-issue-became-less-polarized-over-time-187509 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the 2000s, like the Republicans, the Democratic Party often took positions hostile to LGBT rights. As of the 2020s, both voters and elected representatives within the Democratic Party are overwhelmingly supportive of [[LGBT]] rights.<ref name="Igielnik-2022" />

Support for same-sex marriage has steadily increased among the general public, including voters in both major parties, since the start of the 21st century. An April 2009 ABC News/''Washington Post'' public opinion poll put support among Democrats at 62%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/images/PollingUnit/1089a6HotButtonIssues.pdf|title=Changing Views on Social Issues|date=April 30, 2009|access-date=May 14, 2009|archive-date=November 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110130400/http://abcnews.go.com/images/PollingUnit/1089a6HotButtonIssues.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2006 [[Pew Research Center]] poll of Democrats found that 55% supported gays adopting children with 40% opposed while 70% support [[Sexual orientation and military service|gays in the military]], with only 23% opposed.<ref>[http://people-press.org/report/273/less-opposition-to-gay-marriage-adoption-and-military-service Less Opposition to Gay Marriage, Adoption and Military Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310052909/http://people-press.org/report/273/less-opposition-to-gay-marriage-adoption-and-military-service |date=March 10, 2011}}. [[Pew Research Center]]. March 22, 2006.</ref> Gallup polling from May 2009 stated that 82% of Democrats support open enlistment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/120764/conservatives-shift-favor-openly-gay-service-members.aspx|title=Conservatives Shift in Favor of Openly Gay Service Members|publisher=[[The Gallup Organization|Gallup.com]]|date=June 5, 2009|first=Lymari|last=Morales|access-date=August 25, 2010|archive-date=May 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501214245/http://www.gallup.com/poll/120764/Conservatives-Shift-Favor-Openly-Gay-Service-Members.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2023 Gallup public opinion poll found 84% of Democrats support same-sex marriage, compared to 71% support by the general public and 49% support by Republicans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/506636/sex-marriage-support-holds-high.aspx|date=June 5, 2023|title=U.S. Same-Sex Marriage Support Holds at 71% High|first1=Justin|last1=McCarthy|access-date=June 5, 2023|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605083325/https://news.gallup.com/poll/506636/sex-marriage-support-holds-high.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2004 Democratic National Platform stated that marriage should be defined at the state level and it repudiated the [[Federal Marriage Amendment]].<ref name="platform">{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org/pdfs/2004platform.pdf |title=The 2004 Democratic National Platform for America|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013001521/http://www.democrats.org/pdfs/2004platform.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2004 }} {{small|(111 KB)}}</ref> [[John Kerry]], the Democratic presidential nominee in 2004, did not support same-sex marriage in [[John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign|his campaign.]] While not stating support of same-sex marriage, the 2008 platform called for repeal of the [[Defense of Marriage Act]], which banned federal recognition of same-sex marriage and removed the need for interstate recognition, supported antidiscrimination laws and the extension of hate crime laws to LGBT people and opposed "don't ask, don't tell".<ref name="UCLA press">{{cite web |date=November 26, 2008 |title=Gay Support for Obama Similar to Dems in Past Elections |url=http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/press/GaySupportForObamaSimilarToDemsInPastElections.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209021908/http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/press/GaySupportForObamaSimilarToDemsInPastElections.html |archive-date=December 9, 2009 |access-date=June 17, 2010 |publisher=Law.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Garcia |first=Michelle |url=http://www.advocate.com/print-issue/advance/2012/04/22/year-democrats-embrace-marriage-equality |title=Is This the Year Democrats Embrace Marriage Equality? |publisher=Advocate.com |date=April 22, 2012 |access-date=October 2, 2013 |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234045/http://www.advocate.com/print-issue/advance/2012/04/22/year-democrats-embrace-marriage-equality |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2012 platform included support for same-sex marriage and for the repeal of DOMA.<ref name="NPR-2012a"/>

On May 9, 2012, [[Barack Obama]] became the first sitting president to say he supports same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/|title=Obama backs same-sex marriage|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=May 9, 2012|access-date=May 9, 2012|archive-date=May 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510010911/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57431122-503544/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Huffington Post">{{cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html|title=Obama Backs Gay Marriage|first=Sam|last=Stein|date=May 9, 2012|work=HuffPost|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=September 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920002222/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> Previously, he had opposed restrictions on same-sex marriage such as the [[Defense of Marriage Act]], which he promised to repeal,<ref name="LGBT">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/issues/issues.samesexmarriage.html|title=Same-sex Marriage – Issues – Election Center 2008 |publisher=CNN |access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=April 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428162155/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/issues/issues.samesexmarriage.html|url-status=live}}</ref> California's [[Prop 8]],<ref>[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/07/02/obama_opposes_gay_marriage_ban.html Obama Opposes Gay Marriage Ban] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926223051/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/07/02/obama_opposes_gay_marriage_ban.html |date=September 26, 2011}}. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. By Perry Bacon Jr. July 2, 2008.</ref> and a [[constitutional amendment]] to ban same-sex marriage (which he opposed saying that "decisions about marriage should be left to the states as they always have been"),<ref>[http://obama.senate.gov/press/060607-obama_statement_26/index.php Obama Statement on Vote Against Constitutional Amendment to Ban Gay Marriage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208020010/http://obama.senate.gov/press/060607-obama_statement_26/index.php |date=December 8, 2008}}. [[United States Senate]] [http://senate.gov/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228084718/http://www.senate.gov/ |date=December 28, 2016}}. June 7, 2006.</ref> but also stated that he personally believed marriage to be between a man and a woman and that he favored civil unions that would "give same-sex couples equal legal rights and privileges as married couples".<ref name="LGBT" /> Earlier, when running for the Illinois Senate in 1996 he said, "I favor legalizing same-sex marriages, and would fight efforts to prohibit such marriages".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/13/obama-once-supported-same_n_157656.html |title=Obama Once Supported Same-Sex Marriage 'Unequivocally' |work=HuffPost |date=January 13, 2009 |access-date=June 17, 2010 |first=Jason |last=Linkins |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512012736/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/13/obama-once-supported-same_n_157656.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Former presidents [[Bill Clinton]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2009/09/25/video-clinton-shifts-on-gay-marriage/ |publisher=CNN |title=Video: Clinton shifts on gay marriage |access-date=May 1, 2010 |date=September 25, 2009 |archive-date=December 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226140541/http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2009/09/25/video-clinton-shifts-on-gay-marriage/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Jimmy Carter]]<ref>{{cite news|date=March 19, 2012|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/19/president-jimmy-carter-bible-book_n_1349570.html|title=President Jimmy Carter Authors New Bible Book, Answers Hard Biblical Questions|work=HuffPost|access-date=June 26, 2012|first=Paul|last=Raushenbush|archive-date=June 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625134951/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/19/president-jimmy-carter-bible-book_n_1349570.html|url-status=live}}</ref> along with former Democratic presidential nominees [[Al Gore]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://current.com/items/88817757_gay-men-and-women-should-have-the-same-rights.htm |title=Gay men and women should have the same rights // Current |publisher=Current.com |date=January 17, 2008 |access-date=June 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129220957/http://current.com/items/88817757_gay-men-and-women-should-have-the-same-rights.htm |archive-date=November 29, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Michael Dukakis]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Israel|first=Josh|title=Mondale and Dukakis Back Marriage Equality|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|date=May 16, 2013|url=https://thinkprogress.org/mondale-dukakis-back-marriage-equality-joining-every-living-democratic-presidential-nominee-56a1d402991d/|access-date=November 4, 2019|archive-date=November 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104164913/https://thinkprogress.org/mondale-dukakis-back-marriage-equality-joining-every-living-democratic-presidential-nominee-56a1d402991d/|url-status=live}}</ref> support same-sex marriage. President [[Joe Biden]] has supported [[same-sex marriage]] since 2012, when he became the highest-ranking government official to support it. In 2022, Biden signed the [[Respect for Marriage Act]]; the law repealed the Defense of Marriage Act, which Biden had voted for during his Senate tenure.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cournoyer |first1=Caroline |title=Joe Biden Endorses Gay Marriage |url=https://www.governing.com/archive/Joseph-Biden-Endorses-Gay-Marriage.html |website=Governing |date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=February 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222013528/https://www.governing.com/archive/Joseph-Biden-Endorses-Gay-Marriage.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Status of Puerto Rico and D.C. ====
The 2016 Democratic Party platform declares, regarding the status of Puerto Rico: "We are committed to addressing the extraordinary challenges faced by our fellow citizens in Puerto Rico. Many stem from the fundamental question of Puerto Rico's political status. Democrats believe that the people of Puerto Rico should determine their ultimate political status from permanent options that do not conflict with the Constitution, laws, and policies of the United States. Democrats are committed to promoting economic opportunity and good-paying jobs for the hardworking people of Puerto Rico. We also believe that Puerto Ricans must be treated equally by Medicare, Medicaid, and other programs that benefit families. Puerto Ricans should be able to vote for the people who make their laws, just as they should be treated equally. All American citizens, no matter where they reside, should have the right to vote for the president of the United States. Finally, we believe that federal officials must respect Puerto Rico's local self-government as laws are implemented and Puerto Rico's budget and debt are restructured so that it can get on a path towards stability and prosperity".<ref name="2016platform">{{cite web|url=https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Democratic-Party-Platform-7.21.16-no-lines.pdf|title=Democratic Party Platform 2016|access-date=November 11, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110225904/https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Democratic-Party-Platform-7.21.16-no-lines.pdf|archive-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref>

Also, it declares that regarding the status of the [[District of Columbia]]: "Restoring our democracy also means finally passing statehood for the District of Columbia, so that the American citizens who reside in the nation's capital have full and equal congressional rights as well as the right to have the laws and budget of their local government respected without Congressional interference."<ref name="2016platform" />

=== Legal issues ===

==== Gun control ====
[[File:20210420 Gun control survey by political party - Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| U.S. opinion on gun control issues is deeply divided along political lines, as shown in this 2021 survey.<ref name="Pew_20210420">{{cite web |title=Amid a Series of Mass Shootings in the U.S., Gun Policy Remains Deeply Divisive |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/04/20/amid-a-series-of-mass-shootings-in-the-u-s-gun-policy-remains-deeply-divisive/ |website=PewResearch.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530202009/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/04/20/amid-a-series-of-mass-shootings-in-the-u-s-gun-policy-remains-deeply-divisive/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |date=April 20, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

With a stated goal of reducing crime and homicide, the Democratic Party has introduced various [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] measures, most notably the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]], the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act|Brady Bill]] of 1993 and the [[Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act]] (1994). In its national platform for 2008, the only statement explicitly favoring gun control was a plan calling for renewal of the 1994 [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban|Assault Weapons Ban]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queerty.com/wp/docs/2008/08/2008-democratic-platform-080808.pdf|title=The Draft 2008 Democratic National Platform: Renewing America's Promise|access-date=February 4, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512191810/http://www.queerty.com/wp/docs/2008/08/2008-democratic-platform-080808.pdf|archive-date=May 12, 2012}}</ref> In 2022, Democratic president [[Joe Biden]] signed the [[Bipartisan Safer Communities Act]], which among other things expanded background checks and provided incentives for states to pass [[red flag laws]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clyde |first1=Don |last2=Miranda |first2=Shauneen |title=Biden signs gun safety bill into law |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/25/1107626030/biden-signs-gun-safety-law |publisher=NPR |date=June 25, 2022 |access-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-date=September 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924024307/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/25/1107626030/biden-signs-gun-safety-law |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Democratic Party does not oppose gun ownership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/us-news/liberal-gun-ownership-growth-2a20af81|title=The Most Surprising New Gun Owners Are U.S. Liberals|date=September 20, 2024|website=The Wall Street Journal|first1=Cameron|last1=McWhirter|first2=Zusha|last2=Elinson|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref> According to a 2023 Pew Research Center poll, 20% of Democrats owned firearms, compared to 32% of the general public and 45% of Republicans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/09/13/key-facts-about-americans-and-guns/|access-date=September 19, 2023|date=September 13, 2023|title=Key facts about Americans and guns|website=Pew Research Center|first1=Katherine|last1=Schaeffer}}</ref>

==== Death penalty ====
{{See also|Capital punishment in the United States}}

The Democratic position on capital punishment has shifted multiple times over the decades. In 1968, Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]], representing the [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson Administration]], asked Congress to abolish the [[Capital punishment by the United States federal government|federal death penalty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement by Attorney General Ramsey Clark before the Subcommittee on Criminal Laws and Procedures of the Senate Judiciary Committee |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2011/08/23/07-02-1968.pdf |website=Department of Justice |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref> In 1972, the Democratic Party platform called for the abolition of capital punishment.<ref name="1972-Platform">{{cite web |title=1972 Democratic Party Platform |via=American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/1972-democratic-party-platform|date=July 11, 1972|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408133915/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/1972-democratic-party-platform|archive-date=April 8, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1988, Democratic Presidential nominee [[Michael Dukakis]]'s statement in the [[1988 United States presidential debates]] that he would oppose the death penalty even if his wife were raped and murdered was seen by many viewers as callous and emotionless and was widely viewed as having contributed to his loss to [[George H.W. Bush]] in the general election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simon |first1=Roger |title=Questions that kill candidates' careers |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2007/04/questions-that-kill-candidates-careers-003617 |access-date=25 June 2025 |agency=Politico |date=April 20, 2007}}</ref>

During his [[Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]], [[Bill Clinton]] sought to distance himself from his party's left flank through his strong support for the death penalty, including by personally supervising the execution of [[Ricky Ray Rector]], a lobotomized African-American man convicted of killing a police officer.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hitchens |first1=Christopher |title=A Hard Dog to Keep on the Porch |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v18/n11/christopher-hitchens/a-hard-dog-to-keep-on-the-porch |website=London Review of Books |date=June 6, 1996 |volume=18 |issue=11 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Edsall |first1=Thomas B. |title=Death Penalty Opposition Seen as Impolitic in '92; Strong Public Backing Frustrates Liberal Foes |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/307529579 |access-date=2 July 2025 |agency=The Washington Post |date=22 April 1992|id={{ProQuest|307529579}} }}</ref> During [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton's presidency]], Democrats led the expansion of the federal death penalty. These efforts were manifested in the 1994 [[Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act]], which expanded the federal death penalty to around 60 offenses, and the [[Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996]], which heavily limited appeals in death penalty cases.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Death Penalty |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/resources/high-school/about-the-death-penalty/history-of-the-death-penalty |website=Death Penalty Information Center |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref> The Democratic Party platforms of 1996 and 2000 supported capital punishment outright, while the Democratic Party platforms of 2008 and 2012 warned against arbitrary application and the execution of innocents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Political Party Platforms and the Death Penalty |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/policy-issues/policy/public-opinion-polls/political-party-platforms-and-the-death-penalty |website=Death Penalty Information Center |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

In June 2016, the Democratic Platform Drafting Committee unanimously adopted an amendment to abolish the death penalty.<ref>{{cite web|title=Democratic Platform Drafting Meeting Concludes|url=https://demconvention.com/news/democratic-platform-drafting-meeting-concludes/|date=June 25, 2016|access-date=June 29, 2016|publisher=DNCC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160802094026/https://demconvention.com/news/democratic-platform-drafting-meeting-concludes/|archive-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref> The 2020 Democratic Party platform reiterated the Party's opposition to capital punishment.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Democratic Party Platform |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2020-democratic-party-platform |website=American Presidency Project |publisher=UC Santa Barbara |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
The 2024 platform is the first since the [[2004 Democratic National Convention|2004 platform]] that does not mention the death penalty, and the first since 2016 not to call for abolition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/democrats-scrub-death-penalty-campaign-platform_n_66c67a0de4b0b9c7b360296b#|title=Democrats Scrubbed An Issue From Their Party Platform — And It's Going Under The Radar|date=August 22, 2024|website=HuffPost}}</ref> However, on December 23, 2024, President Biden commuted the sentences of 37 out of 40 [[List of death row inmates in the United States#Federal|federal death row inmates]] to life in prison without parole.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/12/23/biden-death-penalty-commutation/|title=Biden commutes most federal death sentences before Trump takes office|access-date=December 23, 2024|date=December 23, 2024|first1=Mark|last1=Berman|first2=Matt|last2=Viser|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

==== Torture ====
Many Democrats are opposed to the [[Torture and the United States|use of torture]] against individuals apprehended and held prisoner by the [[United States armed forces|United States military]], and hold that categorizing such prisoners as [[unlawful combatant]]s does not release the United States from its obligations under the [[Geneva Conventions]]. Democrats contend that torture is inhumane, damages the United States' moral standing in the world, and produces questionable results. Democrats are largely against [[waterboarding]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tyson |first1=Alec |title=Americans divided in views of use of torture in U.S. anti-terror efforts |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/26/americans-divided-in-views-of-use-of-torture-in-u-s-anti-terror-efforts/ |access-date=March 21, 2020 |date=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321214249/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/26/americans-divided-in-views-of-use-of-torture-in-u-s-anti-terror-efforts/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Torture became a divisive issue in the party after Barack Obama was elected president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/obama/articles/2009/05/22/obama-and-democrats-torture-problem|title=Obama and Democrats' Torture Problem|first=Kenneth T.|last=Walsh|work=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=July 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706211938/https://www.usnews.com/news/obama/articles/2009/05/22/obama-and-democrats-torture-problem|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Privacy ====
The Democratic Party believes that individuals should have a [[privacy law|right to privacy]]. For example, many Democrats have opposed the [[NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)|NSA warrantless surveillance of American citizens]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=1&vote=00313 |title=Senate roll call on passage of the PATRIOT Act |publisher=Senate.gov |date=April 25, 2017 |access-date=January 13, 2018 |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205074052/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=1&vote=00313 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=House approves Patriot Act renewal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/07/patriot.act/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321220837/https://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/07/patriot.act/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some Democratic officeholders have championed [[consumer protection]] laws that limit the sharing of consumer data between corporations. Democrats have opposed [[Sodomy laws in the United States|sodomy laws]] since the 1972 platform which stated that "Americans should be free to make their own choice of life-styles and private habits without being subject to discrimination or prosecution",<ref name="1972-Platform"/> and believe that government should not regulate [[consensual]] noncommercial sexual conduct among adults as a matter of personal privacy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ashtari|first=Shadee|title=Here's The Medieval-Sounding Sodomy Law That Helped Ken Cuccinelli Lose In Virginia|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/06/ken-cuccinelli-sodomy_n_4226708.html|work=HuffPost|date=November 6, 2013|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=March 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324035215/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/06/ken-cuccinelli-sodomy_n_4226708.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy issues ===
In foreign policy, the party supports [[liberal internationalism]] as well as tough stances against [[China]] and [[Russia]].<ref name="Ikenberry 2020"/><ref name="Wong 2022"/><ref name="The World Trump Wants"/>

The foreign policy of the voters of the two major parties has largely overlapped since the 1990s. A Gallup poll in early 2013 showed broad agreement on the top issues, albeit with some divergence regarding human rights and international cooperation through agencies such as the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/160649/republicans-democrats-agree-top-foreign-policy-goals.aspx|title=Republicans, Democrats Agree on Top Foreign Policy Goals|work=Gallup.com|date=February 20, 2013|access-date=April 16, 2017|archive-date=March 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310130915/http://www.gallup.com/poll/160649/republicans-democrats-agree-top-foreign-policy-goals.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2014, the Quinnipiac Poll asked Americans which foreign policy they preferred:

{{blockquote|A) The United States is doing too much in other countries around the world, and it is time to do less around the world and focus more on our own problems here at home.

B) The United States must continue to push forward to promote democracy and freedom in other countries worldwide because these efforts make our own country more secure.}}

Democrats chose A over B by 65% to 32%; Republicans chose A over B by 56% to 39%; and independents chose A over B by 67% to 29%.<ref>See "July 3, 2014 – Iraq – Getting In Was Wrong; Getting Out Was Right, U.S. Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll" [http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2057 Quinnipiac University Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190652/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2057 |date=April 2, 2016}} item #51</ref>

==== Iran sanctions ====
{{see also|United States sanctions against Iran}}
The Democratic Party has been critical of Iran's nuclear weapon program and supported economic sanctions against the Iranian government. In 2013, the Democratic-led administration worked to reach a diplomatic agreement with the government of Iran to halt the Iranian nuclear weapon program in exchange for [[Sanctions against Iran|international economic sanction]] relief.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/world/middleeast/talks-with-iran-on-nuclear-deal-hang-in-balance.html |work=The New York Times |first=Michael R. |last=Gordon |title=Accord Reached With Iran to Halt Nuclear Program |date=November 23, 2013 |access-date=February 21, 2017 |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326212426/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/world/middleeast/talks-with-iran-on-nuclear-deal-hang-in-balance.html | url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2014}}, negotiations had been successful and the party called for more cooperation with Iran in the future.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.577070|title=Jewish Democratic donors urge Congress: Back off Iran sanctions|date=February 28, 2014|work=Haaretz|access-date=March 26, 2014|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160604/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.577070|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, the Obama administration agreed to the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]], which provides sanction relief in exchange for international oversight of the [[Iranian nuclear program]]. In February 2019, the Democratic National Committee passed a resolution calling on the United States to re-enter the JCPOA, which President Trump withdrew from in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/democratic-party-passes-resolution-calling-for-us-to-re-enter-iran-nuke-deal/|title=Democratic Party passes resolution calling for US to re-enter Iran nuke deal|last=Cortellessa|first=Eric|website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |access-date=February 21, 2019|archive-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221022455/https://www.timesofisrael.com/democratic-party-passes-resolution-calling-for-us-to-re-enter-iran-nuke-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Invasion of Afghanistan ====
{{see also|Afghanistan–United States relations|International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan}}
Democrats in the House of Representatives and in the Senate near-unanimously voted for the [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists]] against "those responsible for the [[September 11 attacks|recent attacks launched against the United States]]" in [[Afghanistan]] in 2001, supporting the [[NATO]] coalition [[Operation Enduring Freedom|invasion of the nation]]. Most elected Democrats continued to support the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan conflict]] during George W. Bush's presidency.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/07/democrats_say_m_1.html "Democrats say McCain forgot Afghanistan"]. ''[[Boston Globe]]''. July 24, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820113620/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/07/democrats_say_m_1.html |date=August 20, 2008}}</ref><ref name="daily">[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2008/07/15/2008-07-15_john_mccain__barack_obama_urge_afghanist.html "John McCain & Barack Obama urge Afghanistan surge"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113131424/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2008/07/15/2008-07-15_john_mccain__barack_obama_urge_afghanist.html |date=November 13, 2009}}. ''[[New York Daily News]]''. July 15, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.</ref> During the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 Presidential Election]], then-candidate [[Barack Obama]] called for a "surge" of troops into Afghanistan.<ref name="daily" /> After winning the presidency, Obama followed through, sending additional troops to Afghanistan. Troop levels were 94,000 in December 2011 and kept falling, with a target of 68,000 by fall 2012.<ref>"U.S. plans major shift to advisory role in Afghanistan", [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/12/us-plans-major-shift-to-advisory-role-in-afghanistan.html ''Los Angeles Times'', December 13, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819153404/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/12/us-plans-major-shift-to-advisory-role-in-afghanistan.html |date=August 19, 2016}}</ref>

Support for the war among the American people diminished over time. Many Democrats changed their opinion over the course of the war, coming to oppose continuation of the conflict.<ref name="holland" /><ref name="edge" /> In July 2008, [[Gallup poll|Gallup]] found that 41% of Democrats called the invasion a "mistake" while a 55% majority disagreed.<ref name="edge">[http://www.gallup.com/poll/109150/Afghan-War-Edges-Iraq-Most-Important-US.aspx "Afghan War Edges Out Iraq as Most Important for U.S."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224202906/http://www.gallup.com/poll/109150/Afghan-War-Edges-Iraq-Most-Important-US.aspx |date=December 24, 2016}} by Frank Newport. [[Gallup poll|Gallup]]. July 30, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2009.</ref> A [[CNN]] survey in August 2009 stated that a majority of Democrats opposed the war. CNN polling director Keating Holland said: "Nearly two thirds of Republicans support the war in Afghanistan. Three quarters of Democrats oppose the war".<ref name="holland">[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25895398-12335,00.html Most Americans oppose Afghanistan war: poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810102232/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25895398-12335,00.html |date=August 10, 2009}}. ''[[The Australian]]''. August 7, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.</ref>

During the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 Presidential Election]], then-candidate [[Joe Biden]] promised to "end the forever wars in Afghanistan and the Middle East."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Biden: I Promise To 'End The Forever Wars In Afghanistan And Middle East' As President |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/joe-biden-i-promise-to-end-the-forever-wars-in-afghanistan-and-middle-east-as-president/ |access-date=November 19, 2022 |publisher=CBS News |date=July 11, 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119224140/https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/joe-biden-i-promise-to-end-the-forever-wars-in-afghanistan-and-middle-east-as-president/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Biden went on to win the election, and in April 2021, he announced he would withdraw all US troops from Afghanistan by September 11 of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biden to pull US troops from Afghanistan, end 'forever war' |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-troop-withdrawal-afghanistan-september-11-d2c7426736f9f530e0e62f2295a44d28 |access-date=November 19, 2022 |website=AP NEWS |date=April 14, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=November 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119224139/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-troop-withdrawal-afghanistan-september-11-d2c7426736f9f530e0e62f2295a44d28 |url-status=live }}</ref> The last troops left in August, bringing America's 20-year-long military campaign in the country to a close.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Nicole |last1=Gaouette |first2=Jennifer |last2=Hansler |first3=Barbara |last3=Starr |first4=Oren|last4=Liebermann|date=August 30, 2021 |title=The last US military planes have left Afghanistan, marking the end of the United States' longest war {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/30/politics/us-military-withdraws-afghanistan/index.html |access-date=November 19, 2022 |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911182417/https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/30/politics/us-military-withdraws-afghanistan/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a 2023 AP-NORC poll, a majority of Democrats believed that the War in Afghanistan was not worth it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-911-terrorism-taliban-women-rights-268ebebb40beea7be3b1528ed6ae5808|title=Republicans and Democrats agree that the Afghanistan war wasn't worth it, an AP-NORC poll shows|date=October 18, 2023|website=AP News|access-date=October 19, 2023|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018190501/https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-911-terrorism-taliban-women-rights-268ebebb40beea7be3b1528ed6ae5808|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Israel ====
{{see also|Israel–United States relations}}
[[File:Shimon Peres observes Binyamin Nitanyahu greeting Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] meeting with President Obama in 2013]]
Democrats have historically been a stronger supporter of Israel than Republicans.<ref name="Cavari-2020">{{Cite book |last1=Cavari |first1=Amnon |title=American Public Opinion Toward Israel: From Consensus to Divide |last2=Freedman |first2=Guy |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2020 |pages=145}}</ref> During the 1940s, the party advocated for the cause of an independent Jewish state over the objections of many [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]] in the [[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]], who strongly opposed it.<ref name="Cavari-2020" /> In 1948, Democratic President [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] became the first world leader to recognize an independent state of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tenorio |first=Rich |date=November 3, 2020 |title=How a nascent Israel was a key issue in Truman's stunning 1948 election upset |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-a-nascent-israel-was-a-key-issue-in-trumans-stunning-1948-election-upset/ |access-date=November 1, 2023 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118203848/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-a-nascent-israel-was-a-key-issue-in-trumans-stunning-1948-election-upset/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2020 Democratic Party platform acknowledges a "commitment to Israel's security, its qualitative military edge, its right to defend itself, and the 2016 Memorandum of Understanding is ironclad" and that "we oppose any effort to unfairly single out and delegitimize Israel, including at the United Nations or through the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions|Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://democrats.org/where-we-stand/party-platform/ |title=PARTY PLATFORM |newspaper=Democrats |publisher=Democrats.org |access-date=June 17, 2022 |archive-date=March 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315234633/http://www.democrats.org/democratic-national-platform |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[Gaza war]], the party requested a large-scale military aid package to Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shear |first=Michael D. |date=October 19, 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas War: Biden Urges U.S. to Remain 'Beacon to the World' in Aiding Allies at War |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/19/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |access-date=October 20, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020160855/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/19/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |url-status=live }}</ref> Biden also announced [[United States support for Israel in the Gaza war|military support for Israel]], condemned the actions of [[Hamas]] and other Palestinian militants as terrorism,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=October 10, 2023 |title=In Unforgiving Terms, Biden Condemns 'Evil' and 'Abhorrent' Attack on Israel |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/us/politics/biden-israel-hamas.html |access-date=October 12, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012001950/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/us/politics/biden-israel-hamas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ordered the US military to build a port to facilitate the arrival of [[Humanitarian aid during the Gaza war|humanitarian aid to Palestinian civilians in Gaza]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/biden-orders-us-military-to-build-port-in-gaza-to-facilitate-aid/7518026.html | title=Biden Ordering US Military to Build Port in Gaza to Facilitate Aid | date=March 7, 2024 | access-date=March 23, 2024 | archive-date=March 19, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319213922/https://www.voanews.com/a/biden-orders-us-military-to-build-port-in-gaza-to-facilitate-aid/7518026.html | url-status=live }}</ref> However, parts of the Democratic base also became more skeptical of the Israel government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berg |first=Matt |date=April 14, 2024 |title=Voters think Biden should be tougher on Israel, new poll finds |newspaper=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/14/democrats-sympathetic-palestinians-israelis-poll-00152117 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528005432/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/14/democrats-sympathetic-palestinians-israelis-poll-00152117 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The number of Democrats (and Americans in general) who oppose sending arms to Israel has grown month by month as [[Gaza war|Israel's war on Gaza]] continues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Valdez |first1=Jonah |title=Most Americans Want to Stop Arming Israel. Politicians Don't Care. |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/09/10/polls-arms-embargo-israel-weapons-gaza/ |agency=The Intercept |date=September 10, 2024}}</ref> Experts say support for Israel could have a negative impact on Democrats in several key states, including Michigan and Pennsylvania, in the 2024 presidential election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stepansky |first1=Joseph |title='Uncommitted' delegates bring Gaza-war message to Democratic convention |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/17/uncommitted-delegates-bring-gaza-war-message-to-democratic-convention |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=August 17, 2024 |access-date=August 18, 2024 |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913230626/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/17/uncommitted-delegates-bring-gaza-war-message-to-democratic-convention |url-status=live }}</ref>

Late in 2024, twenty Democrats requested support for US legislation that would ban the arms trade with countries that hinder humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite news |title=US lawmakers urge Biden administration to halt offensive weapons to Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/18/us-lawmakers-urge-biden-administration-to-halt-offensive-weapons-to-israel |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
According to Pew research conducted in March 2025, 69% of Democrats now have an unfavorable view of Israel, compared to 53% in 2022, before the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Americans view Israel and the Israel-Hamas war at the start of Trump's second term |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/04/08/how-americans-view-israel-and-the-israel-hamas-war-at-the-start-of-trumps-second-term/}}</ref>

==== Europe, Russia, and Ukraine ====
The 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] was politically and economically opposed by the Biden Administration, who promptly began an increased arming of Ukraine.<ref name="against_2022_05_19_thehill">[https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/3495060-here-are-the-11-republican-senators-who-voted-against-the-ukraine-aid-bill/ "Here are the 11 GOP senators who voted against the Ukraine aid bill,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815033416/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/3495060-here-are-the-11-republican-senators-who-voted-against-the-ukraine-aid-bill/ |date=August 15, 2023 }} May 19, 2022, ''[[The Hill (magazine)]]'' retrieved July 4, 2023</ref><ref name="loud_2023_05_19_nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/19/us/politics/ukraine-republican-skeptics.html "A Loud Republican Minority Opposes More Ukraine Military Aid,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704132352/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/19/us/politics/ukraine-republican-skeptics.html |date=July 4, 2023 }} May 19, 2023, ''[[New York Times]]'' retrieved July 4, 2023</ref> In October 2023, the Biden administration requested an additional $61.4 billion in aid for Ukraine for the year ahead,<ref>{{cite news |title=The White House is asking for almost $106 billion for Israel, Ukraine and the border |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/20/1206301577/biden-ukraine-israel-congress-funding-request |publisher=NPR |date=October 26, 2023 |first=Deepa |last=Shivaram |access-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-date=August 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821110201/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/20/1206301577/biden-ukraine-israel-congress-funding-request |url-status=live }}</ref> but delays in the passage of further aid by the Republican-controlled [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] inhibited progress, with the additional $61 billion in aid to Ukraine added in April 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zengerle |first1=Patricia |last2=Cowan |first2=Richard | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/long-awaited-aid-ukraine-israel-taiwan-poised-pass-us-congress-2024-04-23/ | title=US Congress passes Ukraine aid after months of delay | work=[[Reuters]] | date=April 23, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Michael |last2=Saenz |first2=Arlette |last3=Liptak |first3=Kevin |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/24/politics/biden-signs-foreign-aid-bill/index.html |title=Biden signs foreign aid bill providing crucial military assistance to Ukraine |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=April 30, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |archive-date=April 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424162758/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/24/politics/biden-signs-foreign-aid-bill/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Myre | first=Greg | url=https://www.npr.org/2024/04/24/1246839045/biden-signs-95-billion-military-aid-package-for-ukraine-israel-and-taiwan | title=Biden signs $95 billion military aid package for Ukraine, Israel and Taiwan | publisher=[[NPR]] | date=April 24, 2024 | access-date=June 2, 2024 | archive-date=June 2, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602111217/https://www.npr.org/2024/04/24/1246839045/biden-signs-95-billion-military-aid-package-for-ukraine-israel-and-taiwan | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of the Democratic Party (United States)}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 300
| image1 = 2020 Presidential Election by County.svg
| alt1 = [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by county
| image2 = 2020 Census - Majority-Black Counties in the United States.png
| alt2 = Majority-Black Counties in the U.S. as of the [[2020 United States Census]]
| footer = {{center|'''Top to bottom:'''}} [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by county; Majority-Black Counties in the U.S. as of the [[2020 United States Census]]
}}
In the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]], the party performed best among voters who were [[Affluence in the United States|upper income]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Suss |first1=Joel |last2=Xiao |first2=Eva |last3=Burn-Murdoch |first3=John |last4=Murray |first4=Clara |last5=Vincent |first5=Jonathan |date=November 9, 2024 |title=Poorer voters flocked to Trump — and other data points from the election |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6de668c7-64e9-4196-b2c5-9ceca966fe3f |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=Financial Times |quote=In contrast to 2020, the majority of lower-income households or those earning less than $50,000 a year voted for Trump this election. Conversely, those making more than $100,000 voted for Harris, according to exit polls.}}</ref><ref name="Lost Their"/><ref name="Too Rich">{{Cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/09/is-america-too-rich-for-class-politics.html|title=Is America Too Rich for Class Politics?|access-date=December 2, 2024|website=New York|date=September 29, 2021|first1=Eric|last1=Levitz}}</ref> lived in [[Urban–rural political divide|urban areas]],<ref name="McGreal">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/nov/10/democrats-iowa-kansas-rural-votes-scholten-king|title=Can Democrats ever win back white, rural America?|first=Chris|last=McGreal|date=November 11, 2018|access-date=March 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080818/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/nov/10/democrats-iowa-kansas-rural-votes-scholten-king|archive-date=March 8, 2019|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="cities">{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Derek |title=How Democrats Conquered the City |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/brief-history-how-democrats-conquered-city/597955/ |website=The Atlantic |date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=March 13, 2020 |archive-date=March 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307075726/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/brief-history-how-democrats-conquered-city/597955/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[educational attainment in the United States|college graduates]],<ref name="Polarization by education" /><ref name="Polarized by Degrees">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/american-government-politics-and-policy/polarized-degrees-how-diploma-divide-and-culture-war-transformed-american-politics#contentsTabAnchor|title=Polarized by Degrees: How the Diploma Divide and the Culture War Transformed American Politics|first1=Matt|last1=Grossmann|first2=David A.|last2=Hopkins|website=Cambridge University Press|quote=Democrats have become the home of highly-educated citizens with progressive social views who prefer credentialed experts to make policy decisions, while Republicans have become the populist champions of white voters without college degrees who increasingly distrust teachers, scientists, journalists, universities, non-profit organizations, and even corporations.|access-date=May 23, 2024}}</ref><ref name="nymag.com">{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html|title=How the Diploma Divide Is Remaking American Politics|first1=Eric|last1=Levitz|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York Intelligencer]]|date=October 19, 2022|access-date=April 24, 2023|archive-date=October 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020215535/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/17/opinion/education-american-politics.html|title=The 'Diploma Divide' Is the New Fault Line in American Politics|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 17, 2023|access-date=April 24, 2023|first1=Doug|last1=Sosnik|archive-date=April 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424073901/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/17/opinion/education-american-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fallen Behind">{{Cite web |last1=Badger |first1=Emily |last2=Gebeloff |first2=Robert |last3=Bhatia |first3=Aatish |date=October 26, 2024 |title=They Used to Be Ahead in the American Economy. Now They've Fallen Behind. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/26/upshot/census-relative-income.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027193004/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/26/upshot/census-relative-income.html |archive-date=October 27, 2024 |access-date=October 26, 2024 |website=The New York Times |quote=In the data, men working without a college degree of every racial group have fallen well below the average full-time worker (women without a degree have long been at the bottom in income, and college-educated men have consistently been at the top). Workers in coastal states have seen the highest growth, while steep declines have been concentrated in parts of the Midwest that are also likely to decide the election this November.}}</ref> identified as [[Atheism|Atheist]], [[Agnosticism|Agnostic]], or [[American Jews|Jewish]]; [[African Americans]],<ref name="Blacks and the Democratic Party">{{cite web |last=Jackson |first=Brooks |date=April 18, 2008 |title=Blacks and the Democratic Party |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2008/04/blacks-and-the-democratic-party/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103050026/http://www.factcheck.org/2008/04/blacks%2Dand%2Dthe%2Ddemocratic%2Dparty/ |archive-date=November 3, 2011 |access-date=October 30, 2011 |publisher=FactCheck.org}}</ref><ref name="Bositis">{{Cite web |last=Bositis |first=David |title=Blacks and the 2012 Democratic National Convention; page 9, table 1: black votes in presidential elections, 1936 – 2008 |url=https://jointcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Blacks-and-the-2012-Democratic-National-Convention.pdf |website=Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies |access-date=March 23, 2024 |archive-date=February 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222063250/https://jointcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Blacks-and-the-2012-Democratic-National-Convention.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[LGBT|LGBT+]], and [[Marital status|unmarried]].<ref name="Activists and Partisan Realignment" /><ref name="Grossmann-2021" /><ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/04/09/partisanship-by-race-ethnicity-and-education/|date=April 9, 2024|title=Partisanship by race, ethnicity and education|access-date=April 26, 2024|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> In particular, [[Kamala Harris]]' two strongest demographic groups in the 2024 presidential election were African Americans (86–13%) and LGBT voters (86–12%).<ref name="2024 Exit poll"/>

Support for the [[civil rights movement]] in the 1960s by Democratic presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] helped increase the Democrats' support within the African American community. African Americans have consistently voted between 85% and 95% Democratic since the 1960s, making African Americans one of the largest of the party's constituencies.<ref name="Blacks and the Democratic Party"/><ref name="Bositis"/>

According to the [[Pew Research Center]], 78.4% of Democrats in the 116th United States Congress were Christian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2019 |title=Faith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 116th Congress |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2019/01/03/faith-on-the-hill-116/ |access-date=May 18, 2020 |work=Pew Research Center |archive-date=February 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218040423/https://www.pewforum.org/2019/01/03/faith-on-the-hill-116/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the vast majority of white evangelical and [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Latter-day Saint]] Christians favor the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 3, 2020|title=National Exit Polls: How Different Groups Voted|language=en-US|last1=Andre|first1=Michael|display-authors=et al|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/exit-polls-president.html|access-date=December 5, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 10, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201110220846/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/exit-polls-president.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The party also receives strong support from [[Irreligion|non-religious]] voters.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 22, 2009 |title=An inaugural first: Obama acknowledges 'non-believers' |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-01-20-obama-non-believers_N.htm |access-date=August 22, 2017 |archive-date=April 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401094239/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-01-20-obama-non-believers_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/04/09/party-identification-among-religious-groups-and-religiously-unaffiliated-voters/|title=Party identification among religious groups and religiously unaffiliated voters|date=April 9, 2024|access-date=May 27, 2024|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>

=== Age ===
Younger Americans have tended to vote mainly for Democratic candidates in recent years, particularly those under the age of 30.<ref name="trends">{{cite web|date=April 9, 2024|title=4. Age, generational cohorts and party identification|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/04/09/age-generational-cohorts-and-party-identification/|publisher=Pew Research Center|language=en-US|access-date=August 3, 2024|archive-date=August 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803141125/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/04/09/age-generational-cohorts-and-party-identification/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 2024 presidential election, Harris won voters aged 18–29 (54-43%) and 30–39 (51-45%), tied among those aged 40–49 (49-49%), lost those aged 50–64 (43–56%), and narrowly lost those aged 65 and older (49–50%). The median voter is in their 50s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slowboring.com/p/the-median-voter-is-a-50-something|quote=Long story short, if you’re going to blow off the median voter, you ought to do it purposefully and with a plan — don’t just act like the views of under-40 college grads are typical. ... And I don’t think there’s a mass delusion where people have come to believe that left-wing cultural politics and student debt relief are the top priorities for 50-something working-class people living outside the top 50 metro areas.|title=The median voter is a 50-something white person who didn't go to college|first1=Matthew|last1=Yglesias|website=Slow Boring|date=September 22, 2021|access-date=April 9, 2024}}</ref>

One of the main reasons that 18–29 year old voters strongly support Democrats is that they are much less likely to be married. Harris tied with White voters aged 18–29 (49-49%) and won White women aged 18–29 (54-44%).<ref name="Single Women"/>

=== Race ===
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 300
| image1 = White voters.jpg
| alt1 = White vote in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by state
| image2 = White Vote by County in 2020.jpg
| alt2 = White vote in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by county
| footer = {{center|'''Top to bottom:'''}} White vote in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] by state and county.<ref name="White Voters"/><ref name="Cohn-2014"/>
}}
Referring to the state map of the White vote, Kamala Harris in [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]] won every state where Joe Biden won the White vote in [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]. Republican Donald Trump won every state where Joe Biden lost the White vote except for [[Virginia]].<ref name="White Voters"/> Virginia is both 20% African American and its White voters are much less Republican than those of other Southern states, because [[Northern Virginia]] in the [[Washington metropolitan area]] is a Democratic stronghold.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Without Northern Virginia, Trump would have won the state|work=Inside Nova|url=https://www.insidenova.com/headlines/without-northern-virginia-trump-would-have-won-the-state/article_c937d4de-2516-11eb-9178-bbdf2f2c7b16.html|access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref>

Referring to the county map of the White vote, Democrats do win White voters in most of [[New England]] and the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]. Democrats also do well in regions with high [[Nordic and Scandinavian Americans|Nordic and Scandinavian ancestry]]. For example, this keeps White voters in Minnesota and Wisconsin much less Republican than in other Midwestern states.<ref>Bergman, Klas. ''Scandinavians in the State House: How Nordic Immigrants Shaped Minnesota Politics'' ([[Minnesota Historical Society Press]], 2017) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07352166.2017.1416224?journalCode=ujua20 online review].</ref><ref>Brøndal, Jørn. ''Ethnic Leadership and Midwestern Politics: Scandinavian Americans and the Progressive Movement in Wisconsin, 1890–1914'' ([[University of Illinois Press]], 2004).</ref>

Democrats are also relatively competitive among or win White voters in parts of the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]], [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], and [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]]. Democrats do particularly poorly among [[White Southerners]], as racial polarization is extremely high in the Southern United States.<ref name="White Voters"/>

In the 2024 presidential election, African Americans supported Kamala Harris 86-13%, while White Southerners supported Donald Trump 67-32%. Even in many urban counties in the Southern United States, Democrats do not win a majority of White voters. Trump won both White Southerners with college degrees (57-41%) and without college degrees (75-24%).<ref name="White Voters">{{Cite web|url=https://split-ticket.org/2023/03/24/where-do-democrats-win-white-voters/|title=Where Do Democrats Win White Voters?|date=March 24, 2023|access-date=January 13, 2025|website=Split Ticket|first1=Lakshya|last1=Jain|first2=Harrison|last2=Lavelle|first3=Armin|last3=Thomas|quote=Educational polarization and urbanization are not the only two lenses through which to analyze the white vote. For all that educational polarization has done to explain shifts in partisanship (as shown by Atlanta and Dallas rocketing left), it cannot fully explain the differences in baseline partisanship nearly as well. To better understand this, it becomes necessary to consider a more comprehensive picture. ... Religious affiliation (i.e. denomination) and religiosity levels, among other factors, explained wide differences in how both non-college whites and college-educated whites voted across regions. Throughout New England and the Pacific Coast, widespread secularism makes both college and non-college whites significantly bluer than the national average. Elsewhere in the Northeast, a comparatively large Catholic population has raised the Democratic floor among whites across the educational attainment spectrum. ... This likely has a good deal to do with southern cultural conservatism, which is elevated relative to the nation thanks in part to marked Protestant religiosity, particularly among white Baptists. For this reason, support for abortion is exceptionally high in the Midwest, but extremely low in the South. '''This regional mix of religiosity and racial polarization results in something quite striking: whites in virtually every southern county are significantly more Republican than their northern counterparts.'''}}</ref>
* In the swing states of Georgia and North Carolina, which Harris lost by 2.2% and 3.2%, Whites supported Trump 71-28% and 62-37%. Trump won White voters with college degrees in Georgia 57-43%, and lost White voters with college degrees in North Carolina 47–51%.
*White evangelicals supported Trump in Georgia (91-9%) and North Carolina (87-12%), on par with African American support for Harris in Georgia (88-11%) and North Carolina (86-12%).<ref name="2024 Exit poll"/>

[[New Mexico]] is [[Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico|half-Hispanic]] (49.3%), as the most heavily-Hispanic state in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: New Mexico|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/NM|access-date=September 9, 2021|website=census.gov|language=en}}</ref> Of the 19 states and the District of Columbia won by Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election, all except New Mexico had above-average educational attainment.<ref name = "CensusData">{{cite web |title=EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=S1501&g=0100000US%240400000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1501&moe=false&tp=false |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=September 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919003628/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=S1501&g=0100000US%240400000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1501&moe=false&tp=false |archive-date=September 19, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> New Mexico also had the lowest [[List of states and territories of the United States by population density|population density]] and the highest [[List of U.S. states and territories by poverty rate|poverty rate]] of any state carried by Harris.

=== Gender and sexual minorities ===
[[File:Total Fertility Rate by U.S. state.svg|thumb|right|300px|Total Fertility Rate by U.S. state in 2021]]
Since 1980, a "gender gap" has seen stronger support for the Democratic Party among women than among men. Unmarried and divorced women are more likely to vote for Democrats.<ref name=wvwv2004>[http://www.wvwv.org/docs/WVWV_2004_post-election_memo.pdf "Unmarried Women in the 2004 Presidential Election"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101195440/http://www.wvwv.org/docs/WVWV_2004_post-election_memo.pdf|date=January 1, 2016}} ([[PDF]]). Report by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, January 2005. p. 3: "The marriage gap is one of the most important cleavages in electoral politics. Unmarried women voted for Kerry by a 25-point margin (62 to 37 percent), while married women voted for President Bush by an 11-point margin (55 percent to 44 percent). Indeed, the 25-point margin Kerry posted among unmarried women represented one of the high water marks for the Senator among all demographic groups."</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21591624-republicans-should-worry-unmarried-women-shun-them-marriage-gap?fsrc=scn/tw/te/pe/themarriagegap|title=Republicans should worry that unmarried women shun them|date=December 14, 2013|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=September 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185951/https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21591624-republicans-should-worry-unmarried-women-shun-them-marriage-gap?fsrc=scn%2Ftw%2Fte%2Fpe%2Fthemarriagegap|archive-date=January 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Although women supported Obama over [[Mitt Romney]] by a margin of 55–44% in 2012, Romney prevailed amongst married women, 53–46%.<ref name="Marriage Gap">{{cite news|date=December 3, 2012|title=The Marriage Gap in the Women's Vote|first=Meg T.|last=McDonnell|url=http://www.crisismagazine.com/2012/the-marriage-gap-in-the-womens-vote|work=Crisis Magazine|access-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031034237/http://www.crisismagazine.com/2012/the-marriage-gap-in-the-womens-vote|archive-date=October 31, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Obama won unmarried women 67–31%.<ref>{{cite news|first=Suzanne|last=Goldenberg|date=November 9, 2012|title=Single women voted overwhelmingly in favour of Obama, researchers find|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/09/single-women-voted-favour-obama|access-date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231035001/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/09/single-women-voted-favour-obama|archive-date=December 31, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a December 2019 study, "White women are the only group of female voters who support Republican Party candidates for president. They have done so by a majority in all but 2 of the last 18 elections".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Junn|first1=Jane|author-link1=Jane Junn|last2=Masuoka|first2=Natalie|year=2020|title=The Gender Gap Is a Race Gap: Women Voters in US Presidential Elections|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=18|issue=4|pages=1135–1145|doi=10.1017/S1537592719003876|issn=1537-5927|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/white-women-support-gop/507617/|title=White Female Voters Continue to Support the Republican Party|website=[[The Atlantic]]|date=November 14, 2016|access-date=January 30, 2021|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215024943/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/white-women-support-gop/507617/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 2024 presidential election, LGBT voters supported Harris 86-12%, on par with African Americans. Harris lost married men (38–60%) and married women (47–52%), tied among unmarried men (48-48%), and won unmarried women (61-38%).<ref name="Single Women">{{Cite web|url=https://split-ticket.org/2022/11/22/struggling-to-attract-single-women-so-are-republicans/|title=Struggling to Attract Single Women? So are Republicans|date=November 22, 2022|first1=Clare|last1=Considine|website=Split Ticket|quote=It’s true—marriage has a conservatizing effect on the political attitudes of women. Married women are associated with lower levels of gender-linked fate, which is itself is associated with ideology, partisanship, and even positional attitudes such as support for abortion. Research tells us that marriage plays a distinct role in structuring legal abortion attitudes for women, particularly among white women. We know that the Dobbs decision created an inflection point in support for Democrats, and it’s not an unreasonable to understand why the issue would have outsized salience among unmarried women (86 percent of abortion seekers in the US are unmarried).}}</ref>

White women with college degrees do support Democrats somewhat strongly, with Harris winning them 58-41%, likely the best ever modern performance with this demographic. They were one of the few demographic groups that shifted towards Democrats from 2020 to 2024.<ref name="gap within the gender gap">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/steve-kornacki-white-men-white-women-gap-gender-gap-rcna196791|title=Steve Kornacki: White men, white women, and the gap within the gender gap|quote=New NBC News polling data illustrates the cultural and political gulf separating white men without college degrees and white women with college degrees.|first1=Steve|last1=Kornacki|publisher=NBC News|date=March 18, 2025|access-date=March 19, 2025}}</ref>

[[List of U.S. states and territories by fertility rate|Total fertility rate]] is strongly negatively correlated with support for the Democratic Party. Specifically, as total fertility increased in states, Democratic vote share decreased.<ref name="Single Women"/>

=== Region ===
{{See also|Solid South}}
[[File:Hispanic and Latino Americans by state.svg|thumb|300px|Proportion of Americans who are Hispanic or Latino in each U.S. state, [[District of Columbia|DC]], and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census]]
Geographically, the party is strongest in the [[Northeastern United States]], parts of the [[Great Lakes region]] and [[Southwestern United States]], and the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]. The party is also very strong in [[List of United States cities by population|major cities]], regardless of region.<ref name="cities"/>

The Democratic Party gradually lost its power in the [[Southern United States]] since [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]]. Although [[Richard Nixon]] carried 49 states in [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]], including every Southern state, the Republican Party remained quite weak at the local and state levels across the entire South for decades. Republicans first won a majority of U.S. House seats in the South in the [[1994 United States elections|1994]] "[[Republican Revolution]]", and only began to dominate the South after the [[2010 United States elections|2010 elections]].<ref name="The long goodbye">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2010/11/11/the-long-goodbye|date=November 11, 2010|newspaper=The Economist|title=The long goodbye|quote=In 1981 Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time since 1953, but most Southern elected officials remained white Democrats. When Republicans took control of the House in 1995, white Democrats still comprised one-third of the South's tally. ... white Southern Democrats have met their Appomattox: they will account for just 24 of the South's 155 senators and congressmen in the 112th United States Congress.|access-date=February 20, 2023}}</ref> Since the 2010s, [[White Southerners]] are the Republican Party's strongest racial demographic, in some [[Deep South]] states voting nearly as Republican as African Americans vote Democratic.<ref name="Cohn-2014"/> This is partially attributable to religiosity, with White [[evangelical Christianity|evangelical Christians]] in the [[Bible Belt]], which covers most of the South, being the Republican Party's strongest religious demographic.

The Democratic Party is particularly strong in the West Coast and Northeastern United States. In particular, the Democratic Party receives its strongest support from White voters in these two regions. This is attributable to the two regions having the highest educational attainment in the country and being part of the "[[Unchurched Belt]]," with the lowest rates of religiosity in the country.<ref name="White Voters"/>

The Democratic Party's support in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] are more mixed, with varying levels of support from White voters in both regions. In the Midwest, the Democratic Party receives varying levels of support, with some states safely Democratic, some [[swing states]], and some safely Republican. In the Southwest, the Democratic Party also relies on [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] voters.<ref name="The New West">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-06-16/columnist-mark-z-barabak-the-new-west|title=A series on political shifts in the West|first1=Mark Z.|website=Los Angeles Times|last1=Barabak|date=November 2023 |access-date=June 4, 2024}}</ref>

The Democratic Party is particularly weak in the [[Great Plains]] and some [[Mountain states]]. In particular, the states of [[Idaho]], [[Utah]], [[Wyoming]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Nebraska]],{{efn|Three Democrats ([[Barack Obama]] in 2008, [[Joe Biden]] in 2020, and [[Kamala Harris]] in 2024) have since won an electoral vote from [[Nebraska's 2nd congressional district]], but Johnson remains the last Democrat to carry the state as a whole.}} [[Kansas]], and [[Oklahoma]] have not voted for the Democratic Party since the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 presidential election]]. [[Montana]] has not voted for the Democratic Party since the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 presidential election]].<ref name="how">Sullivan, Robert David; [http://www.americamagazine.org/content/unconventional-wisdom/how-red-and-blue-map-evolved-over-past-century ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’]; ''America Magazine'' in ''The National Catholic Review''; June 29, 2016</ref>

White voters have considerable regional variations. In 2024 presidential election, Kamala Harris lost Southern White voters 32–67% and Midwestern White voters 40–59%. Harris tied among White voters in the Northeastern United States 49-49%, and won White voters in the Western United States 52-45%. Harris lost White voters in the country as a whole to Trump 42–57%.<ref name="2024 Exit poll"/>

=== Population density ===
{{Main|Urban-rural political divide|List of states and territories of the United States by population density}}
The Democratic Party's support is strongly positively correlated with increased population density, consistent with the [[urban-rural divide]] observed globally.<ref name="Rachman 2018">{{cite news |last=Rachman |first=Gideon |date=July 30, 2018 |title=Urban-rural splits have become the great global divider |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e05cde76-93d6-11e8-b747-fb1e803ee64e |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226190159/https://www.ft.com/content/e05cde76-93d6-11e8-b747-fb1e803ee64e |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2024 |work=Financial Times |issn=0307-1766}}</ref><ref name="cities"/> Notably, in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]], the swings against Kamala Harris were inversely correlated to population density, shrinking the urban-rural divide slightly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/how-the-other-half-votes-the-big-counties-versus-the-rest-of-the-country-in-2024/|title=How the Other Half Votes: The Big Counties Versus the Rest of the Country in 2024|first1=Kyle|last1=Kondik|website=Sabato's Crystal Ball|date=January 9, 2025|access-date=February 8, 2024}}</ref> Harris still received higher support as population density increased. But relative to 2020, urban areas had the largest swings against Harris, suburban areas had lesser swings against Harris, and rural areas had the smallest swings against Harris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://split-ticket.org/2025/02/08/americas-demographic-revolution/|title=America's Demographic Revolution|first1=Harrison|last1=Lavelle|first2=Max|last2=McCall|date=February 8, 2025|access-date=February 8, 2025|website=Split Ticket}}</ref>

Specifically, Harris won voters in urban areas (60-38%), narrowly lost voters in suburban areas (47–51%), and lost voters in rural areas (34–64%). The urban-rural divide holds after controlling for race.<ref name="2024 Exit poll"/>
*Harris won White voters in urban areas (53-45%), lost them in suburban areas (41–57%), and lost them in rural areas (31–68%).
*Harris won Hispanic voters in urban areas (57-39%) and suburban areas (51-48%), and lost them in rural areas (33–66%).
*Harris won African American voters in urban areas (89-10%), suburban areas (86-12%), and rural areas (71-27%).

The only state of the ten least densely populated that Harris won was [[New Mexico]], which is half-Hispanic (49.3%).

In the [[Southern United States]], racial polarization is often stronger than the urban-rural divide. In particular, Democrats lose White voters in many Southern urban areas, while doing extremely well in rural [[List of majority-Black counties in the United States|majority-Black counties]].<ref name="White Voters"/>

=== Income and wealth ===
[[File:2021 Median household wealth, by highest educational attainment - US.svg|thumb|right|300px|Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with higher median household wealth.<ref name=WealthEducation_2021>{{cite web |title=The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183 |url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf |last1=Sullivan |first1=Brianna |last2=Hays |first2=Donald |last3=Bennett |first3=Neil |page=5 (Figure 2) |publisher=United States Census Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |date=June 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_(3).png|thumb|300px|Median U.S. household income per County in 2021, showing the distribution of income geographically in the United States]]
[[File:Poverty in the U.S. by county.png|thumb|upright=2|300px|Proportion of Americans living below the poverty line in each county of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico]]

Until the 2016 victory of Republican [[Donald Trump]], lower income was strongly correlated to voting for the Democratic Party among the general electorate.<ref name="Nate Silver">{{Cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/education-not-income-predicted-who-would-vote-for-trump/|title=Education, Not Income, Predicted Who Would Vote For Trump|date=November 22, 2016|website=FiveThirtyEight|first1=Nate|last1=Silver}}</ref> However, in all three of Trump's elections in 2016, 2020, and 2024, the previous correlation between lower incomes and voting for the Democratic Party was eliminated.<ref name="Where Have All The Democrats Gone?">{{Cite web|url=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2024-election-swings/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204231156/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2024-election-swings/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2025|title=Where Have All The Democrats Gone?|first1=G. Elliott|last1=Morris|first2=Amina|last2=Brown|first3=Katie|last3=Marriner|website=FiveThirtyEight|quote=This all raises questions about Democrats’ messaging about the economy, or maybe suggests that the type of people they hypothesize would be helped most by their policies — such as wealth redistribution from progressive and corporate taxation and federal subsidies for companies that invest in underdeveloped areas, especially when it comes to manufacturing — are not as responsive as the party hoped to the type of so-called policy “deliverism” that the Obama and Biden administrations pursued. In a more dire framing for Democrats: If a party that tells itself it stands for working-class voters is systematically losing support with those people, something has gone terribly wrong for them.}}</ref> For White voters, instead higher educational attainment was strongly correlated with higher support for the Democratic Party.<ref name="Harry Enten"/>

In the 2024 presidential election, Democratic nominee [[Kamala Harris]] did better among higher-income voters than lower-income voters for the first time ever in modern American political history.<ref name="Lost Their"/><ref name="Too Rich"/> High-income voters, including high-income White voters and White men with college degrees, are no longer Republican demographic strongholds and voted in line with the national popular vote in 2024.<ref name="Cliffe 2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2023/02/strange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism|title=The strange death of the centre right|quote=The traditional centre right of the postwar decades could do so by “bundling” moderate social conservatism (moderate by the standards of its day, at least) with the pro-business economic conservatism favoured by higher earners. But today those two elements are coming apart: richer folk are more likely to have gone to university and be socially liberal, while social conservatism is more associated with poorer groups. That puts centre-right politics in zugzwang: forced to move, but with no good options. It can emphasize its social conservatism and lose pro-business graduates to the centre, or play it down, shore up its support among those voters and lose social conservatives to the radical right.|first1=Jeremy|last1=Cliffe|date=February 15, 2023|access-date=February 5, 2025|website=New Statesman|archive-date=February 11, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211103019/https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2023/02/strange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism|url-status=live}}</ref> Harris only narrowly lost White voters making $100,000 to $199,999 (49–50%), over $200,000 (48–51%), and White men with college degrees (48–50%), all on par with Harris losing the popular vote 48–50%. White men with college degrees are the highest-income demographic group.<ref name=":0"/>

[[Nate Silver]] argues that the [[urban-rural political divide|urban-rural divide]], educational polarization, and racial polarization have rendered income irrelevant to voters in the Trump era.<ref name="culture trumps economic class">{{Cite web |title=How culture trumps economic class as the new political fault line|date=March 28, 2024|website=Silver Bulletin|access-date=January 13, 2025|first1=Nate|last1=Silver|url=https://www.natesilver.net/p/how-culture-trumps-economic-class}}</ref>

[[African Americans]] continue to be the lowest-income demographic in the United States.<ref name="dropouts"/> According to 2024 exit polls, 45% of Black voters made less than $50,000 a year, compared to 27% of the electorate.<ref name="2024 Exit poll"/> Harris still won most of the [[List of lowest-income counties in the United States|lowest-income counties]], which are mainly majority-Black counties in the [[Black Belt in the American South|Southern Black Belt]].<ref name="Fallen Behind"/>

Higher educational attainment is strongly correlated to higher income and wealth, and the [[2021-2023 inflation surge]] resulted in lower-income voters losing [[purchasing power]] while higher-income voters gained from [[financial asset|asset prices]] increasing due to inflation, including [[stock]]s and [[real estate]].<ref name="Economy Sucks">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b0a60325-4c93-49a0-8dc6-817f0d8281fc|title=This was an election on the US economy. And for many Americans, the economy sucks|date=November 8, 2024|website=Financial Times|access-date=November 8, 2024|first1=Tej|last1=Parikh}}</ref>
*Among White voters in 2024, income was negatively correlated with support for Kamala Harris. Specifically, Harris lost White voters making less than $30,000 (34–63%), those making between $30,000 to $49,999 (37–62%), and those making $50,000 to $99,999 (42–56%). Harris only narrowly lost White voters making $100,000 to $199,999 (49–50%) and those making more than $200,000 (48–51%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/politics/390108/working-class-definition-voters-2024|title=What does 'working class' even mean?|quote=The criticism that Democrats left America’s working class behind surged after the 2024 election. Here’s why the term is so hard to define — and why that maters.|website=Vox|date=December 9, 2024|access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref>
*Among the electorate as a whole, Harris won those making less than $30,000 (50–46%), lost those making between $30,000 and $99,999 (46–52%), won those making between $100,000 and $199,999 (51–48%), and won those making over $200,000 (52–46%). Harris' strongest income demographic were voters making over $200,000 a year.<ref name="2024 Exit poll"/><ref name = "Charting">{{cite news |date=January 19, 2025 |title=Charting the Biden economy: Despite all the growth and jobs, a deeply unpopular president |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/01/19/charting-the-biden-economy-deeply-unpopular-despite-growth-and-jobs.html|quote=Joe Biden leaves the presidency with what appears to be a sterling economic record. There's just one problem, and it is one that will forever taint the 46th president's legacy. Inflation and its onerous burden on households, particularly at the lower end of the income spectrum, dwarfed all the other good that happened on Biden's watch.}}</ref>

After controlling for education, there was little difference in White voter support for Harris by annual income. Note than 54% of White voters did not have degrees, and 46% of White voters did have college degrees.<ref name="2024 Exit poll"/>
*Harris lost White voters without college degrees making less than $50,000 (30–68%), making between $50,000 and $99,999 (32–67%), and making over $100,000 (33–66%). Among White voters without college degrees, 36% made less than $50,000, 35% made between $50,000 and $99,999, and 30% over $100,000.
*Harris won White voters with college degrees making less than $50,000 (54–44%), making between $50,000 and $99,999 (54–45%), and making over $100,000 (53–46%). Among White voters with college degrees, 11% made less than $50,000, 27% made between $50,000 and $99,999, and 62% made over $100,000.

According to a 2022 Gallup poll, roughly equal proportions of Democrats (64-35%) and Republicans (66-34%) had money invested in the [[stock market]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/266807/percentage-americans-owns-stock.aspx |first1=Lydia |last1=Saad |first2=Jeffrey M. |last2=Jones |title=What Percentage of Americans Own Stock? |date=May 12, 2022 |website= |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]] |access-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512001808/https://news.gallup.com/poll/266807/percentage-americans-owns-stock.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Education ===
In the 2020 presidential election, college-educated White voters in all 50 states voted more Democratic than non-college White voters, as displayed in the two maps.<ref name="nymag.com"/><ref name="nytimes.com"/> As of 2022, over 90% of American adults over the age of 25 have completed high school. However, only 35% have a Bachelor's degree and 17% have a graduate degree.<ref name = "CensusData"/> Higher educational attainment among White voters corresponds to increased ideological support for the Democratic Party.<ref name="Abramowitz 2021"/>

Educational attainment is not the only factor that affects ideology among White voters.<ref name="White Voters"/> After controlling for education, there still remain huge variations by state and region.<ref name="2024 Exit poll"/> Educational polarization is weaker than racial polarization in the South.<ref name="White Vote and Educational Polarization"/>
*Southern White voters with college degrees remain strongly Republican, with Harris losing them 41–57% in the 2024 presidential election. Harris won White voters with college degrees in the Midwestern United States 50-48%, the Northeastern United States 61-38%, and in the Western United States 67-30%. Harris won White voters with college degrees as a whole 53-45%.
*Harris lost White voters without college degrees 24–75% in the Southern United States, 32–67% in the Midwestern United States, 37–61% in the Northeastern United States, and 42–56% in the Western United States. Harris lost White voters without college degrees as a whole 32–66%.

Educational polarization has benefitted Democrats in some well-educated Southern states, because it has not changed African American support for Democrats. Democrats are competitive in Georgia and North Carolina because there is much more room for Democrats to grow among White Southerners with college degrees than ground for Democrats to fall among White Southerners without college degrees. This also keeps Virginia reliably Democratic, despite its White voters voting Republican.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrickruffini.com/p/why-trump-lost-georgia|title=Why Trump lost Georgia|date=September 26, 2023|first1=Patrick|last1=Ruffini|access-date=March 27, 2024|website=The Intersection|quote=But this proximity belies highly racially polarized voting. Black adults outnumber white adults by 1 point and Biden voters Trump voters by a nearly identical 4 points. The Black Belt is one of four regions—including Southern Georgia, the Northern Highlands, and the Metro Borderlands, where the white vote for Republicans ranges upwards of 80 percent. This fact alone helps explain why education polarization in the South hasn’t helped Trump: there are few non-college white Democrats to flip, but a lot of upside for Democrats in flipping still very Republican college-educated whites.}}</ref>

In the 2024 presidential election, among White voters educational attainment was strongly positively correlated with support for Kamala Harris. Specifically, as educational attainment increased among White voters, so did support for Harris. It wasn't only about having a college degree or not, but rather support for Harris continuously increased as educational attainment increased.
*In particular, Harris lost White voters with high school or less 25–73%, an [[Associate degree]] 31–67%, and some college 38–61%. Harris tied with Trump among White voters with a [[Bachelor's degree]] 49-49%, and won White voters with a [[Postgraduate education|graduate degree]] 58-40%.<ref name="2024 Exit poll"/>

Educational polarization is stronger than gender and marital status among White voters, but weaker than racial polarization in the South.<ref name="2024 Exit poll">{{cite news|date=November 6, 2024|title=Exit poll results 2024|url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2024/exit-polls/national-results/general/president/0|access-date=November 6, 2024|publisher=CNN}}</ref>
*Harris won White women with college degrees (58-41%) and lost White men with college degrees (48–50%) by the same as the popular vote.<ref name="gap within the gender gap"/>
*Harris lost White women without college degrees (35–63%) and White men without college degrees (29–69%).

According to a Gallup poll in November 2024, unionization rates were positively correlated to increased educational attainment and higher income. In particular, 15% of those with graduate degrees, 8% with bachelor's degrees, 9% with some college, and 5% with high school or less were unionized. Also, 11% of those with household incomes of $100,000 or more, 7% of those with $40,000 to $99,999, and 3% with less than $40,000 were unionized. Also only 6% of those in the private sector were unionized, compared to 28% of government employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/265958/percentage-workers-union-members.aspx#:~:text=The%20more%20educated%20an%20employee,likely%20to%20be%20union%20members.|title=What Percentage of U.S. Workers Belong to a Labor Union?|date=November 20, 2024|website=Gallup|access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref>

Many Democrats without college degrees differ from liberals in their more socially moderate views, and are more likely to belong to an ethnic minority.<ref name="different worlds">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/12/politics/republicans-democrats-different-worlds/index.html|title=Republicans and Democrats increasingly really do occupy different worlds|last=Brownstein|first=Ronald|publisher=CNN|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024113248/https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/12/politics/republicans-democrats-different-worlds/index.html|url-status=live|quote=On the one hand, non-college whites almost always expressed more conservative views than did either non-whites or whites with a college degree living in the same kind of geographic area.}}</ref><ref name="Teixeira-2022">{{Cite web |last=Teixeira |first=Ruy |author-link=Ruy Teixeira |date=November 6, 2022 |title=Democrats' Long Goodbye to the Working Class |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/11/democrats-long-goodbye-to-the-working-class/672016/ |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en |quote=As we move into the endgame of the 2022 election, the Democrats face a familiar problem. America's historical party of the working class keeps losing working-class support. And not just among White voters. Not only has the emerging Democratic majority I once predicted failed to materialize, but many of the non-White voters who were supposed to deliver it are instead voting for Republicans... From 2012 to 2020, the Democrats not only saw their support among White working-class voters — those without college degrees — crater, they also saw their advantage among non-White working-class voters fall by 18 points. And between 2016 and 2020 alone, the Democratic advantage among Hispanic voters declined by 16 points, overwhelmingly driven by the defection of working-class voters. In contrast, Democrats' advantage among White college-educated voters improved by 16 points from 2012 to 2020, an edge that delivered Joe Biden the White House. |archive-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107212010/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/11/democrats-long-goodbye-to-the-working-class/672016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> White voters with college degrees are more likely to live in urban areas.<ref name="different worlds"/>
*There was no difference in support for Harris from African Americans based on education, with Harris winning African Americans with and without a college degree 86-13%.
*There was a modest difference in support for Harris among Hispanic voters with a college degree (54-42%) and without a college degree (51-48%). This was far less than the differences among Hispanic voters in urban (57-39%), suburban (51-48%), and rural areas (33–66%).<ref name="dropouts">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/9/24/6840037/white-high-school-dropouts-have-more-wealth-than-black-and-hispanic|title=White high school dropouts are wealthier than Black or Latino college graduates|first1=Danielle|last1=Kurtzleben|date=September 24, 2014|website=Vox}}</ref>

== Factions ==
{{further|Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)}}
[[File:Educational Attainment in the States won by Kamala Harris in 2024.png|thumb|right|300px|Bar plot of the percentage of the population with a BA or higher in the electoral jurisdictions won by Kamala Harris in the 2024 United States presidential election.<ref name = "CensusData"/>]]
Upon foundation, the Democratic Party supported [[agrarianism]] and the [[Jacksonian democracy]] movement of President [[Andrew Jackson]], representing farmers and rural interests and traditional [[Jeffersonian democracy|Jeffersonian democrats]].<ref>John Ashworth, ''"Agrarians" & "aristocrats": Party political ideology in the United States, 1837–1846''(1983)</ref> Since the 1890s, especially in northern states, the party began to favor more liberal positions (the term "liberal" in this sense describes [[Modern liberalism in the United States|modern liberalism]], rather than [[classical liberalism]] or [[economic liberalism]]). Historically, the party has represented farmers, laborers, and religious and ethnic minorities as it has opposed unregulated business and finance and favored progressive income taxes.

In the 1930s, the party began advocating [[Social programs in the United States|social programs]] targeted at the poor. Before the [[New Deal]], the party had a [[Fiscal conservatism|fiscally conservative]], [[Economic liberalism|pro-business]] wing, typified by [[Grover Cleveland]] and [[Al Smith]].<ref>Susan Dunn, ''Roosevelt's Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party'' (2010) pp. 202–213.</ref> The party was [[Solid South|dominant in the Southern United States]] until President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. In foreign policy, [[internationalism (politics)|internationalism]] (including [[interventionism (politics)|interventionism]]) was a dominant theme from 1913 to the mid-1960s. The major influences for liberalism were labor unions (which peaked in the 1936–1952 era) and African Americans. Environmentalism has been a major component since the 1970s.

Even after the New Deal, until the 2010s, the party still had [[conservative coalition|a fiscally conservative faction]],<ref name="blue-dog-regroup">{{cite news |last1=Kane |first1=Paul |date=January 15, 2014 |title=Blue Dog Democrats, whittled down in number, are trying to regroup |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/blue-dog-democrats-whittled-down-in-number-are-trying-to-regroup/2014/01/15/37d4e7e2-7dfd-11e3-95c6-0a7aa80874bc_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091758/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/blue-dog-democrats-whittled-down-in-number-are-trying-to-regroup/2014/01/15/37d4e7e2-7dfd-11e3-95c6-0a7aa80874bc_story.html |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |quote=Four years ago, they were the most influential voting bloc on Capitol Hill, more than 50 House Democrats pulling their liberal colleagues to a more centrist, fiscally conservative vision on issues such as health care and Wall Street reforms.}}</ref> such as [[John Nance Garner]] and [[Howard W. Smith]].<ref>{{cite book|first=James T.|last=Patterson|title=Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8MfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR7|year=1967|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|pages=vii–viii|isbn=9780813164045}}</ref> The party's [[Southern Democrats|Southern conservative]] wing began shrinking after President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] supported the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], and largely died out in the 2010s, as the Republican Party built up its Southern base.<ref name="The long goodbye"/><ref name="Cohn-2014"/> The party still receives support from African Americans and urban areas in the Southern United States.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kilgore |first1=Ed |title=A Different Kind of Democratic Party Is Rising in the South |date=November 9, 2018 |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/changing-southern-democratic-party.html |work=New York |access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=National Results 2020 President exit polls.|url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2020/exit-polls/president/national-results|access-date=December 4, 2020|publisher=[[CNN]]|language=en}}</ref>

The 21st century Democratic Party is predominantly a coalition of centrists, liberals, and progressives, with significant overlap between the three groups. In 2019, the Pew Research Center found that among Democratic and Democratic-leaning registered voters, 47% identify as liberal or very liberal, 38% identify as moderate, and 14% identify as conservative or very conservative.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilberstadt |first1=Hannah |last2=Daniller |first2=Andrew |date=January 17, 2020 |title=Liberals make up the largest share of Democratic voters, but their growth has slowed in recent years |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/17/liberals-make-up-largest-share-of-democratic-voters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117201701/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/17/liberals-make-up-largest-share-of-democratic-voters/ |archive-date=January 17, 2020 |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brownstein |first1=Ronald |title=The Democrats' Coalition Could Fundamentally Change by 2020 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/05/democrats-progressive-agenda-and-2020-election/589066/ |website=The Atlantic |date=May 9, 2019 |access-date=March 13, 2020 |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323161712/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/05/democrats-progressive-agenda-and-2020-election/589066/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Political scientists characterize the Democratic Party as less ideologically cohesive than the Republican Party due to the broader diversity of coalitions that compose the Democratic Party.<ref name="Gidron-2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Gidron|first1=Noam|last2=Ziblatt|first2=Daniel|date=May 11, 2019|title=Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies |journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=17–35|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750|s2cid=182421002|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Grossman-2016">{{Cite book|last1=Grossman|first1=Matt|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190626594.001.0001/acprof-9780190626594|title=Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats|last2=Hopkins|first2=David A.|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-062659-4|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190626594.001.0001|access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-date=November 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128121511/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190626594.001.0001/acprof-9780190626594|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lelkes-2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Lelkes|first1=Yphtach|last2=Sniderman|first2=Paul M.|year=2016|title=The Ideological Asymmetry of the American Party System|journal=British Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=825–844|doi=10.1017/S0007123414000404|issn=0007-1234|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The party has lost significant ground with voters without college degrees in the 21st century, in line with trends across the developed world.<ref name="Piketty 2022"/> The realignment unfolded gradually, first with White voters in the [[Southern United States|South]]<ref name="Cohn-2014"/><ref name="Dogs">{{Cite web|url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2014/11/10/from-yellow-dogs-to-blue-dogs-to-new-dogs/|title=From Yellow Dogs To Blue Dogs To New Dogs|first1=Ed|last1=Kilgore|date=November 10, 2014|website=Washington Monthly|access-date=December 24, 2016|quote=Even more to the point, once the ancient white Democratic voting habits were broken, there was really no going back. Blue Dogs were a fading echo of the Yellow Dog tradition in the South, in which the Democratic Party was the default vehicle for day-to-day political life, and the dominant presence, regardless of ideology, for state and local politics. ... So Martin’s right: the Blue Dog model is gone for good. But I would warn against the very popular assumption that Democrats can simply intone "economic populism" and regain traction among "the economically pressed white voter" of the Deep South. All the reasons Democrats are struggling with non-college-educated white voters nationally are especially strong in the South: racial and religious fears, anti-urbanism, militarism, and mistrust of unions as well as Wall Street. And for a whole host of reasons, including exceptionally weak union affiliation levels and a neo-colonial heritage as a region starved for capital, the Deep South is going to be more “pro-business” than most of the country.}}</ref> and [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/is-obama-the-reason-democrats-are-now-underdogs/|title=Is Obama the reason Democrats are now 'underdogs'?|date=August 21, 2024|access-date=December 10, 2024|website=UnHerd|first1=Michael|last1=Cuenco|quote=Consider that when Obama last ran, the Midwest was still known as an impenetrable Blue Wall, while Florida and Ohio were still purple states. When Bill Clinton gave his acceptance speech in 1996, the Democrats were competitive throughout large swathes of the South. During that period, they had gone on to win not just Clinton’s Arkansas and Al Gore’s Tennessee, but states such as Kentucky and Louisiana too. The story of the last three decades has been one of political success for Democrats, who have won the popular vote in seven out of the last nine elections. Yet it is also one of narrowing political constituencies and pyrrhic victories, as the party attracted college-educated professionals at the expense of the non-college-educated majority. In particular, non-college-educated whites were lost, but in recent years they have increasingly been joined by significant numbers of non-college-educated minorities.}}</ref> and later with voters as a whole without college degrees, except for [[African Americans]].<ref name="Where Have All The Democrats Gone?"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/the-end-of-the-line-for-red-state-senate-democrats/|title=The End of the Line for Red State Senate Democrats|date=December 5, 2024|access-date=January 17, 2025|first1=Kyle|last1=Kondik|website=Sabato's Crystal Ball|quote=As part of capturing the Senate this year, Republicans knocked out the final remaining Democratic senators from a group of 20 states that have consistently voted Republican for president since at least the 2000 election. A quarter-century ago, Democrats held nearly a third of the Senate seats from these 20 states. But that tally was down to just 2 leading into this election, and Republican victories in Montana and West Virginia reduced it to 0.}}</ref>

Democrats have consistently won voters with [[postgraduate education|graduate degrees]] since the 1990s, including a majority of White voters with graduate degrees.<ref name="Polarization by education">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/10/13/polarisation-by-education-is-remaking-american-politics|title=Polarisation by education is remaking American politics|newspaper=The Economist|date=October 13, 2024|quote=From 1952 to 2000, a majority of white voters with college degrees self-identified as Republicans. Starting with the 2012 election, this affiliation began to weaken. It loosened even more once [Donald] Trump became the Republican standard-bearer in 2016. By 2020, the college-educated called themselves Democrats by a 2:1 margin. And there were many more of them; their share of the electorate rose from 8% in 1952 to 40% in 2020. Had the party held on to the rest of its support, this would have ensured an enduring majority. Yet at the same time, Democrats lost support among whites without college degrees. They now favour Republicans by their own margin of 2:1.}}</ref> Since the 2010s, the party's main demographic gains have been among White voters with college degrees, which were previously a Republican-leaning group until 2016.<ref name="Harry Enten">{{cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/even-among-the-wealthy-education-predicts-trump-support/|title=Even Among The Wealthy, Education Predicts Trump Support|date=November 29, 2016|first1=Harry|last1=Enten|website=FiveThirtyEight|quote=First, it's clear from the exit polls that for white voters, every bit of extra education meant less support for Trump. ... Second, education matters a lot even when separating out income levels. ... Third, Trump saw little difference in his support between income levels within each education group.}}</ref> The party still receives extremely strong support from [[African Americans]], but has lost ground among other racial minorities, including [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics]], [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], and [[Asian Americans]].<ref name="Lost Their">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/25/upshot/democrats-trump-working-class.html|title=How Democrats Lost Their Base and their Message|website=The New York Times|first1=Nate|last1=Cohn|date=November 25, 2024|access-date=November 25, 2024|quote=Donald Trump's populist pitch bumped Democrats off their traditional place in American politics. ... It has long been clear that the rise of Donald J. Trump meant the end of the Republican Party as we once knew it. It has belatedly become clear that his rise may have meant the end of the Democratic Party as we knew it as well. After three Trump elections, almost every traditional Democratic constituency has swung to the right. In fact, Mr. Trump has made larger gains among Black, Hispanic, Asian American and young voters in his three campaigns since 2016 than he has among white voters without a college degree, according to New York Times estimates. In each case, Mr. Trump fared better than any Republican in decades. ... The overarching pattern is clear. In election after election, Democrats underperformed among traditional Democratic constituencies during the Trump era. Sometimes, it was merely a failure to capitalize on his unpopularity. Other times, it was a staggering decline in support. Together, it has shattered Democratic dreams of building a new majority with the rise of a new generation of young and nonwhite voters. This overarching pattern requires an overarching explanation: Mr. Trump’s populist conservatism corroded the foundations of the Democratic Party’s appeal. It tapped into many of the issues and themes that once made these voters Democrats.}}</ref>

=== Liberals ===
{{see also|Modern liberalism in the United States}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Self-identified liberals 2018 Gallup.svg
| alt1 = Percent of self-identified liberals by state in 2018
| image2 = Correlation between Education and Liberalism.png
| alt2 = Correlation between Educational Attainment and Liberalism by State
| footer = {{center|'''Top:''' Percent of self-identified liberals by state in 2018, according to a [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll.<ref name="Liberals">{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Jeffrey M.|date=February 22, 2019|title=Conservatives Greatly Outnumber Liberals in 19 U.S. States|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/247016/conservatives-greatly-outnumber-liberals-states.aspx|access-date=December 27, 2021|website=Gallup|language=en}}</ref> '''Bottom:''' Linear regression of educational attainment vs. liberalism by state, based on the same Gallup data.<ref name="Liberals"/>}}
}}
Modern liberals are a large portion of the Democratic base. According to 2018 exit polls, liberals constituted 27% of the electorate, and 91% of American liberals favored the candidate of the Democratic Party.<ref name="2018e">{{cite web |title=Exit Polls |url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2018/exit-polls |website=CNN Politics |access-date=July 4, 2020 |archive-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114225635/https://www.cnn.com/election/2018/exit-polls |url-status=live}}</ref> [[White-collar worker|White-collar]] college-educated professionals were mostly Republican until the 1950s, but they had become a vital component of the Democratic Party by the early 2000s.<ref name="Judis, B. J. (July 11, 2003). The trouble with Howard Dean. ''Salon.com''.">{{cite web|last=Judis|first=John B.|title=The trouble with Howard Dean|work=Salon|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2003/07/11/dean/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921000516/http://www.salon.com/2003/07/11/dean_15/|archive-date=September 21, 2012|date=July 11, 2003|access-date=July 19, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to a 2025 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll, 37% of American voters identify as "conservative" or "very conservative", 34% as "moderate", and 25% as "liberal" or "very liberal". For Democrats, 9% identified as conservative, 34% as moderate, and 55% as liberal.<ref>{{cite web|website=Gallup|title=U.S. Political Parties Historically Polarized Ideologically|first1=Megan|last1=Brenan|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/655190/political-parties-historically-polarized-ideologically.aspx|date=January 16, 2025|access-date=January 16, 2025}}</ref>

A large majority of liberals favor moving toward [[universal health care]]. A majority also favor diplomacy over [[war|military action]]; [[stem cell|stem cell research]], [[same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]], stricter [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]], environmental protection laws, as well as the preservation of [[pro-choice|abortion rights]]. Immigration and [[cultural diversity]] are deemed positive as liberals favor [[cultural pluralism]], a system in which immigrants retain their native culture in addition to adopting their new culture. Most liberals oppose increased military spending and the mixing of church and state.<ref name="Pew Research Center.">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/11/09/beyond-red-vs-blue-the-political-typology-2/|title=Pew Research Center. (May 10, 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue, p. 1 of 8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731155950/http://www.people-press.org/2005/05/10/beyond-red-vs-blue/|archive-date=July 31, 2012|access-date=July 12, 2007|url-status=dead |date=May 10, 2005}}</ref> As of 2020, the three most significant labor groupings in the Democratic coalition were the [[AFL–CIO]] and [[Change to Win Federation|Change to Win]] [[National trade union center|labor federations]] as well as the [[National Education Association]], a large, unaffiliated teachers' union. Important issues for labor unions include supporting unionized manufacturing jobs, raising the [[minimum wage in the United States|minimum wage]], and promoting broad social programs such as [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |date=January 31, 2020 |title=Among Democrats, Christians lean toward Biden, while 'nones' prefer Sanders |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/31/among-democrats-christians-lean-toward-biden-while-nones-prefer-sanders/ |access-date=November 16, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211092938/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/31/among-democrats-christians-lean-toward-biden-while-nones-prefer-sanders/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

This ideological group is strongly correlated with high educational attainment. According to the [[Pew Research Center]], 49% were college graduates, the highest figure of any typographical group.<ref name="Polarized by Degrees"/> It was also the fastest growing typological group since the late 1990s to the present.<ref name="Pew Research Center."/> Liberals include most of the academia<ref name="Kurtz, H. (March 29, 2005). College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds. ''The Washington Post''.">{{cite news|title=College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds|last=Kurtz|first=Howard|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8427-2005Mar28.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604090510/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8427-2005Mar28.html|archive-date=June 4, 2012|access-date=July 2, 2007|date=March 29, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> and large portions of the professional class.<ref name="nymag.com"/>

=== Moderates ===
{{see also|New Democrats (United States)|New Democrat Coalition|Blue Dog Coalition}}

Moderate Democrats, or [[New Democrats (United States)|New Democrats]], are an ideologically [[Centrism|centrist]] faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[George H. W. Bush]] in the [[1988 United States presidential election|1988 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DLC: The New American Choice Resolutions |url=http://www.dlc.org/ndol_cid211.html?kaid=86&subid=194&contentid=1251 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140111224830/http://www.dlc.org/ndol_cid211.html?kaid=86&subid=194&contentid=1251 |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2013 |work=Democratic Leadership Council}}</ref> Running as a New Democrat, Bill Clinton won the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992]] and [[1996 United States presidential election|1996]] presidential elections.<ref>Alvarez, R. Michael, and Jonathan Nagler. "Economics, Entitlements, and Social Issues: Voter Choice in the 1996 Presidential Election." ''American Journal of Political Science'' 42, no. 4 (1998): 1361.</ref> They are an economically [[Economic liberalism|liberal]] and "[[Third Way]]" faction that dominated the party for around 20 years, until the beginning of [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama's presidency]].<ref name="blue-dog-regroup"/><ref name="vox.com">{{cite web |last1=Yglesias |first1=Matthew |title=Bill Clinton is still a star, but today's Democrats are dramatically more liberal than his party|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/7/26/12280198/democrats-changed-since-1992 |website=Vox |date=July 26, 2016 |access-date=May 31, 2022}}</ref> They are represented by organizations such as the [[New Democrat Network]] and the [[New Democrat Coalition]].

The [[Blue Dog Coalition]] was formed during the [[104th United States Congress|104th Congress]] to give members from the Democratic Party representing conservative-leaning districts a unified voice after the Democrats' loss of Congress in the [[1994 United States House of Representatives elections|1994]] [[Republican Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dumain |first1=Emma |date=May 12, 2015 |title=20 years in, Blue Dogs not ready to roll over |url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/blue-dogs |website=rollcall.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://ross.house.gov/BlueDog/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120405021833/http://ross.house.gov/BlueDog/history.htm |archive-date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=April 10, 2012 |website=ross.house.gov/BlueDog/ |publisher=Blue Dog Coalition}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bendavid |first=Naftali |date=July 28, 2009 |title='Blue Dog' Democrats hold health care overhaul at bay |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> However, in the late 2010s and early 2020s, the Coalition's focus shifted towards ideological [[centrism]]. One of the most influential centrist groups was the [[Democratic Leadership Council]] (DLC), a nonprofit organization that advocated centrist positions for the party. The DLC disbanded in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 7, 2011 |title=Democratic Leadership Council will fold |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben-smith/2011/02/democratic-leadership-council-will-fold-033157 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626020036/http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0211/Democratic_Leadership_Council_will_fold.html |archive-date=June 26, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2011 |website=Politico}}</ref>

Some Democratic elected officials have self-declared as being centrists, including former President Bill Clinton, former Vice President [[Al Gore]], Senator [[Mark Warner]], Kansas governor [[Laura Kelly]], former Senator [[Jim Webb]], and President [[Joe Biden]].<ref name="Members — New Democrat Coalition">{{cite web |title=Members – New Democrat Coalition |url=https://newdemocratcoalition-kind.house.gov/members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907005152/https://newdemocratcoalition-kind.house.gov/members |archive-date=September 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hale |first=Jon F. |date=January 1, 1995 |title=The Making of the New Democrats |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=207–232 |doi=10.2307/2152360 |jstor=2152360}}</ref> The New Democrat Network supports socially liberal and fiscally moderate Democratic politicians and is associated with the congressional [[New Democrat Coalition]] in the House.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Democrat Coalition |url=http://newdemocratcoalition.house.gov/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308074931/https://newdemocratcoalition.house.gov/ |archive-date=March 8, 2022 |access-date=March 11, 2022}}</ref> [[Annie Kuster]] is the chair of the coalition,<ref name="Members — New Democrat Coalition" /> and former senator and President [[Barack Obama]] was self-described as a New Democrat.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 10, 2009 |title=Obama: 'I am a New Democrat' |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/obama-i-am-a-new-democrat-019862 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419161022/http://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/obama-i-am-a-new-democrat-019862#ixzz3o9jykSUe |archive-date=April 19, 2017 |access-date=April 16, 2017 |work=Politico}}</ref> In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tatum |first=Sophie |title=3 Kansas legislators switch from Republican to Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/19/politics/kansas-legislature-republican-democrat/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=December 20, 2018 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030091356/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/19/politics/kansas-legislature-republican-democrat/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Weiner |first=Rachel |title=Charlie Crist defends party switch |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2012/12/10/charlie-crist-defends-party-switch/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225143218/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2012/12/10/charlie-crist-defends-party-switch/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Susan |title=Meltdown On Main Street: Inside The Breakdown Of The GOP's Moderate Wing |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753404051/meltdown-on-main-street-inside-the-breakdown-of-the-gops-moderate-wing |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=August 23, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=June 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617124126/https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753404051/meltdown-on-main-street-inside-the-breakdown-of-the-gops-moderate-wing |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Progressives ===
{{see also|Congressional Progressive Caucus|Progressivism in the United States|Social democracy}}
[[File:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez & Bernie Sanders (54401273607).jpg|thumb|[[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] during the [[Fighting Oligarchy Tour]]]]

Progressives are the most left-leaning faction in the party and support strong business regulations, [[Social programs in the United States|social programs]], and [[workers' rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/progrsvsm.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629030845/http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/progrsvsm.html|archive-date=June 29, 2008|title=Progressivism|publisher=Columbia Encyclopaedia|year=2007|access-date=January 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~ppennock/Progressive%20Reforms.htm|title=Important Examples of Progressive Reforms|publisher=University of Michigan|access-date=April 2, 2014|archive-date=February 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212014328/http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~ppennock/Progressive%20Reforms.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, progressive Senator [[Elizabeth Warren]] set out "Eleven Commandments of Progressivism": tougher regulation on corporations; affordable education; scientific investment and environmentalism; [[net neutrality]]; increased wages; equal pay for women; collective bargaining rights; defending social programs; [[same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]]; [[Immigration reform in the US|immigration reform]]; and unabridged access to reproductive healthcare.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-s-11-commandments-of-progressivism-20140718|title=Elizabeth Warren's 11 Commandments of Progressivism|work=National Journal|access-date=October 22, 2014|archive-date=October 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020041916/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-s-11-commandments-of-progressivism-20140718|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]] (CPC) is a caucus of progressive Democrats chaired by [[Greg Casar]] of [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/rep-greg-casar-outlines-progressive-caucus-efforts-to-rebrand-democratic-party |title=Rep. Greg Casar outlines progressive caucus efforts to rebrand Democratic Party |last=Desjardins |first=Lisa |date=December 18, 2024 |website=PBS News}}</ref><ref name="Gerstle2022">{{cite book |last=Gerstle |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Gerstle |date=2022 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en& |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |quote=The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left. ... As he shows, the neoliberal order that emerged in America in the 1970s fused ideas of deregulation with personal freedoms, open borders with cosmopolitanism, and globalization with the promise of increased prosperity for all.|isbn=978-0197519646 |access-date=August 1, 2024 |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626220259/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en& |url-status=live }}</ref> Its members have included Representatives [[Dennis Kucinich]] of [[Ohio]], [[John Conyers]] of [[Michigan]], [[Jim McDermott]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Barbara Lee]] of California, and Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] of [[Minnesota]]. Senators [[Tammy Baldwin]] of [[Wisconsin]], [[Mazie Hirono]] of Hawaii, and [[Ed Markey]] of [[Massachusetts]] were members of the caucus when in the House of Representatives. As of 2024, the CPC is the second-largest ideological caucus in the House Democratic Caucus by voting members, behind the New Democrat Coalition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2024-elections/378644/progressives-left-backlash-retreat-kamala-harris-pivot-center|title=The big political shift that explains the 2024 election|date=October 21, 2024|first1=Andrew|last1=Prokop|website=Vox|access-date=October 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.semafor.com/article/10/15/2024/no-matter-who-wins-the-country-is-moving-to-the-right|title=No matter who wins, the US is moving to the right|first1=David|last1=Weigel|date=October 15, 2024|access-date=October 24, 2024|website=Semafor}}</ref> Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] has often been viewed as a leader of the progressive movement;<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside Bernie Sanders' decision to run again |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/05/06/bernie-relection-campaign-2024-age |website=axios.com |date=May 6, 2024 |publisher=Axios |access-date=January 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bernie Sanders: From small-town mayor to godfather of the progressive left |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-bernie-sanders-career-journey-president-socialism-2024-4 |work=Business Insider |access-date=January 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sanders says next term is likely his last |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/12/10/bernie-sanders-senate-term-00193608 |work=Politico |date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=January 21, 2025}}</ref> he ran presidential campaigns in [[2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2016]] and [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2020]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Bernie Sanders is losing to 2016 Bernie Sanders |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/04/politics/candidate-bernie-sanders-2016-vs-2020/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=March 4, 2020 |access-date=January 24, 2025}}</ref> Other members of the progressive faction include the [[Squad (U.S. Congress)|Squad]].<ref name="Cornwell">{{cite news |last=Cornwell |first=Susan |title=Expanding the 'Squad:' U.S. liberals challenge moderate Democrats to move party left |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-democrats/expanding-the-squad-us-liberals-challenge-moderate-democrats-to-move-party-left-idUSKBN1X00ZY |work=Reuters |date=October 21, 2019 |quote=Ocasio-Cortez [...] has since become the face of the 'Squad', freshman Democrats aiming to move the party farther left on issues such as healthcare and climate change. |access-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113110414/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-democrats/expanding-the-squad-us-liberals-challenge-moderate-democrats-to-move-party-left-idUSKBN1X00ZY |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Democratic presidents ==
{{see also|List of presidents of the United States|Republican Party (United States)#Republican presidents}}
{{as of|2025}}, there have been a total of 16 Democratic presidents.
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!style="text-align:center;"|<abbr title="Order of presidency">#</abbr>
!style="text-align:center;"|Name (lifespan)
!style="text-align:center;"|Portrait
!style="text-align:center;"|State
!style="text-align:center;"|Presidency start date
!style="text-align:center;"|Presidency end date
!style="text-align:center;"|Time in office
|-
|7
|[[Andrew Jackson]] (1767–1845)
|[[File:Andrew jackson head (3x4 cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[Tennessee]]
|[[First inauguration of Andrew Jackson|March 4, 1829]]
|[[Inauguration of Martin Van Buren|March 4, 1837]]
|{{ayd|1829|3|4|1837|3|4}}
|-
|8
|[[Martin Van Buren]] (1782–1862)
|[[File:Martin Van Buren circa 1837 (3x4 cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|[[Inauguration of Martin Van Buren|March 4, 1837]]
|[[Inauguration of William Henry Harrison|March 4, 1841]]
|{{ayd|1837|3|4|1841|3|4}}
|-
|11
|[[James K. Polk]] (1795–1849)
|[[File:James K Polk (3x4 cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[Tennessee]]
|[[Inauguration of James K. Polk|March 4, 1845]]
|[[Inauguration of Zachary Taylor|March 4, 1849]]
|{{ayd|1845|3|4|1849|3|4}}
|-
|14
|[[Franklin Pierce]] (1804–1869)
|[[File:Mathew Brady - Franklin Pierce - alternate crop (cropped)(2).jpg|65px]]
|[[New Hampshire]]
|[[Inauguration of Franklin Pierce|March 4, 1853]]
|[[Inauguration of James Buchanan|March 4, 1857]]
|{{ayd|1853|3|4|1857|3|4}}
|-
|15
|[[James Buchanan]] (1791–1868)
|[[File:James Buchanan (cropped 3x4).jpg|65px]]
|[[Pennsylvania]]
|[[Inauguration of James Buchanan|March 4, 1857]]
|[[First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|March 4, 1861]]
|{{ayd|1857|3|4|1861|3|4}}
|-
|17
|[[Andrew Johnson]] (1808–1875)
|[[File:Andrew Johnson photo portrait head and shoulders (3x4 cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[Tennessee]]
|[[Inauguration of Andrew Johnson|April 15, 1865]]{{Efn|Elected as Vice President with the [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]] ticket in the 1864 presidential election. Ascended to the presidency after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. Rejoined the Democratic Party in 1868.}}
|[[First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant|March 4, 1869]]
|{{ayd|1865|4|15|1869|3|4}}
|-
|22
|rowspan=2|[[Grover Cleveland]] (1837–1908)
|rowspan=2|[[File:StephenGroverCleveland.jpg|65px]]
|rowspan=2|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|[[First inauguration of Grover Cleveland|March 4, 1885]]
|[[Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison|March 4, 1889]]
|rowspan=2|{{ayd|1885|3|4|1893|3|4}}
|-
|24
|[[Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland|March 4, 1893]]
|[[First inauguration of William McKinley|March 4, 1897]]
|-
|28
|[[Woodrow Wilson]] (1856–1924)
|[[File:Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Harris & Ewing bw photo portrait, 1919 - black and white (cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[New Jersey]]
|[[First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson|March 4, 1913]]
|[[Inauguration of Warren G. Harding|March 4, 1921]]
|{{ayd|1913|3|4|1921|3|4}}
|-
|32
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1882–1945)
|[[File:FDR-1944-Campaign-Portrait (cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|[[First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|March 4, 1933]]
|[[Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt|April 12, 1945]]{{efn|name=died|Died in office.}}
|{{ayd|1933|3|4|1945|4|12}}
|-
|33
|[[Harry S. Truman]] (1884–1972)
|[[File:TRUMAN 58-766-06 (cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[Missouri]]
|[[First inauguration of Harry S. Truman|April 12, 1945]]
|[[First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower|January 20, 1953]]
|{{ayd|1945|4|12|1953|1|20}}
|-
|35
|[[John F. Kennedy]] (1917–1963)
|[[File:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|65px]]
|[[Massachusetts]]
|[[Inauguration of John F. Kennedy|January 20, 1961]]
|[[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|November 22, 1963]]{{efn|name=died|Died in office.}}
|{{ayd|1961|1|20|1963|11|22}}
|-
|36
|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (1908–1973)
|[[File:37 Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg|65px]]
|[[Texas]]
|[[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|November 22, 1963]]
|[[First inauguration of Richard Nixon|January 20, 1969]]
|{{ayd|1963|11|22|1969|1|20}}
|-
|39
|[[Jimmy Carter]] (1924–2024)
|[[File:Carter cropped.jpg|65px]]
|[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|[[Inauguration of Jimmy Carter|January 20, 1977]]
|[[First inauguration of Ronald Reagan|January 20, 1981]]
|{{ayd|1977|1|20|1981|1|20}}
|-
|42
|[[Bill Clinton]] (born 1946)
|[[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|65px]]
|[[Arkansas]]
|[[First inauguration of Bill Clinton|January 20, 1993]]
|[[First inauguration of George W. Bush|January 20, 2001]]
|{{ayd|1993|1|20|2001|1|20}}
|-
|44
|[[Barack Obama]] (born 1961)
|[[File:President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg|65px]]
|[[Illinois]]
|[[First inauguration of Barack Obama|January 20, 2009]]
|[[First inauguration of Donald Trump|January 20, 2017]]
|{{ayd|2009|1|20|2017|1|20}}
|-
|46
|[[Joe Biden]] (born 1942)
|[[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[Delaware]]
|[[Inauguration of Joe Biden|January 20, 2021]]
|[[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|January 20, 2025]]
|{{ayd|2021|1|20|2025|1|20}}
|}

== Recent electoral history ==

=== In congressional elections: 1950–present ===
{{see also|Party divisions of United States Congresses}}
{{confusing section|date=April 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |House of Representatives
| rowspan="999" |
! rowspan="2" |President
| rowspan="999" |
! colspan="3" |Senate
|-
!Election
year
!No. of
seats won
!+/–
!No. of
seats won
!+/–
!Election
year
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1950|1950]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|235|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 28
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Harry S. Truman]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|49|96|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 5
![[United States Senate elections, 1950|1950]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1952|1952]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|213|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 22
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|47|96|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
![[United States Senate elections, 1952|1952]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1954|1954]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|232|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 19
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|49|96|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
![[United States Senate elections, 1954|1954]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1956|1956]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|234|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|49|96|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
![[United States Senate elections, 1956|1956]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1958|1958]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|283|437|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 49
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|64|98|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 15
![[United States Senate elections, 1958|1958]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1960|1960]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|262|437|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 21
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[John F. Kennedy]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|64|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
![[United States Senate elections, 1960|1960]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1962|1962]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|258|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|66|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
![[United States Senate elections, 1962|1962]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1964|1964]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|295|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 37
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|68|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
![[United States Senate elections, 1964|1964]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1966|1966]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|248|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 47
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|64|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
![[United States Senate elections, 1966|1966]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1968|1968]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|243|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 5
| rowspan="3" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Richard Nixon]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|57|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 5
![[United States Senate elections, 1968|1968]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1970|1970]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|255|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 12
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|54|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
![[United States Senate elections, 1970|1970]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1972|1972]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|242|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 13
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|56|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
![[United States Senate elections, 1972|1972]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1974|1974]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|291|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 49
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Gerald Ford]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|60|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
![[United States Senate elections, 1974|1974]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1976|1976]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|292|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Jimmy Carter]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|61|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
![[United States Senate elections, 1976|1976]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1978|1978]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|277|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 15
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|58|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
![[United States Senate elections, 1978|1978]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1980|1980]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|243|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 34
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Ronald Reagan]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|46|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 12
![[United States Senate elections, 1980|1980]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1982|1982]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|269|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 26
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|46|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
![[United States Senate elections, 1982|1982]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1984|1984]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|253|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 16
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|47|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
![[United States Senate elections, 1984|1984]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1986|1986]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|258|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 5
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|55|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 8
![[United States Senate elections, 1986|1986]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1988|1988]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|260|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[George H. W. Bush]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|55|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
![[United States Senate elections, 1988|1988]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1990|1990]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|267|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 7
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|56|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
![[United States Senate elections, 1990|1990]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1992|1992]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|258|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 9
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Bill Clinton]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|57|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
![[United States Senate elections, 1992|1992]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1994|1994]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|204|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 54
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|47|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 10
![[United States Senate elections, 1994|1994]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1996|1996]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|206|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|45|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
![[United States Senate elections, 1996|1996]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 1998|1998]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|211|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 5
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|45|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
![[United States Senate elections, 1998|1998]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2000|2000]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|212|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[George W. Bush]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|50|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 5
![[United States Senate elections, 2000|2000]]{{efn|name=tie1|Republican Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] provided a [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States|tie-breaking vote]], giving Republicans a majority until June 6, 2001, when [[Jim Jeffords]] left Republicans to join the Democratic Caucus.}}
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2002|2002]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|204|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 7
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|49|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
![[United States Senate elections, 2002|2002]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2004|2004]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|202|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|45|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
![[United States Senate elections, 2004|2004]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2006|2006]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|233|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 31
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|51|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 6{{efn|name=ind|Includes [[Independent Democrat|Independents caucusing with the Democrats]].}}
![[United States Senate elections, 2006|2006]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2008|2008]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|257|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 21
| rowspan="4" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Barack Obama]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|59|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 8{{efn|name=ind}}
![[United States Senate elections, 2008|2008]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2010|2010]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|193|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 63
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|53|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 6{{efn|name=ind}}
![[United States Senate elections, 2010|2010]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2012|2012]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|201|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 8
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|55|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2{{efn|name=ind}}
![[United States Senate elections, 2012|2012]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2014|2014]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|188|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 13
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|46|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 9{{efn|name=ind}}
![[United States Senate elections, 2014|2014]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2016|2016]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|194|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 6
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|48|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2{{efn|name=ind}}
![[United States Senate elections, 2016|2016]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2018|2018]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|235|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 41
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|47|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1{{efn|name=ind}}
![[United States Senate elections, 2018|2018]]
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2020|2020]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|222|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 13
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|50|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 3{{efn|name=ind}}
![[United States Senate elections, 2020|2020]]{{efn|name=tie2|Democratic Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] provided a [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States|tie-breaking vote]], giving Democrats a majority throughout the [[117th Congress]].}}
|-
![[United States House of Representatives elections, 2022|2022]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|213|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 9
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{Composition bar|51|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1{{efn|name=ind}}
![[United States Senate elections, 2022|2022]]
|-
![[2024 United States House of Representatives elections|2024]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|215|435|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Donald Trump]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Composition bar|47|100|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4{{efn|name=ind}}
![[2024 United States Senate elections|2024]]
|}

=== In presidential elections: 1828–present ===
{{see also|List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets}}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!style="text-align:center;"|Election year
!Presidential ticket
!Votes
!Vote %
!Electoral votes
!+/–
!Result
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1828 United States presidential election|1828]]
|[[Andrew Jackson]] [[John C. Calhoun]]
|style="text-align:center;"|642,553
|style="text-align:center;"|56.0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|178|261|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}178
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1832 United States presidential election|1832]]
|[[Andrew Jackson]] [[Martin Van Buren]]
|style="text-align:center;"|701,780
|style="text-align:center;"|54.2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|219|286|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}41
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1836 United States presidential election|1836]]
|[[Martin Van Buren]] [[Richard Mentor Johnson]]
|style="text-align:center;"|764,176
|style="text-align:center;"|50.8
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|170|294|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}49
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1840 United States presidential election|1840]]
|[[Martin Van Buren]] ''None''{{efn|While there was no official Democratic nominee, the majority of the Democratic electors still cast their electoral votes for incumbent Vice President [[Richard Mentor Johnson]].}}
|style="text-align:center;"|1,128,854
|style="text-align:center;"|46.8
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|60|294|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}110
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1844 United States presidential election|1844]]
|[[James K. Polk]] [[George M. Dallas]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1,339,494
|style="text-align:center;"|49.5
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|170|275|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}110
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1848 United States presidential election|1848]]
|[[Lewis Cass]] [[William O. Butler]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1,223,460
|style="text-align:center;"|42.5
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|127|290|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}43
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1852 United States presidential election|1852]]
|[[Franklin Pierce]] [[William R. King]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1,607,510
|style="text-align:center;"|50.8
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|254|296|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}127
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1856 United States presidential election|1856]]
|[[James Buchanan]] [[John C. Breckinridge]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1,836,072
|style="text-align:center;"|45.3
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|174|296|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}80
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1860 United States presidential election|1860]]
|[[Stephen A. Douglas]] [[Herschel Vespasian Johnson|Herschel V. Johnson]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1,380,202
|style="text-align:center;"|29.5
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|12|303|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}162
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1864 United States presidential election|1864]]
|[[George B. McClellan]] [[George H. Pendleton]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1,812,807
|style="text-align:center;"|45.0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|21|233|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}9
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1868 United States presidential election|1868]]
|[[Horatio Seymour]] [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2,706,829
|style="text-align:center;"|47.3
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|80|294|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}59
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1872 United States presidential election|1872]]
|[[Horace Greeley]] [[Benjamin G. Brown]]{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Greeley and Brown were [[Electoral fusion in the United States|cross-endorsed]] by the [[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republican Party]].}}
|style="text-align:center;"|2,834,761
|style="text-align:center;"|43.8
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|69|352|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}11
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1876 United States presidential election|1876]]
|[[Samuel J. Tilden]] [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4,288,546
|style="text-align:center;"|50.9
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|184|369|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}115
|{{lost}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Tilden won a majority of the popular vote, Republican [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] won a majority of votes in the Electoral College.}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1880 United States presidential election|1880]]
|[[Winfield Scott Hancock]] [[William H. English]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4,444,260
|style="text-align:center;"|48.2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|155|369|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}29
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1884 United States presidential election|1884]]
|[[Grover Cleveland]] [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4,914,482
|style="text-align:center;"|48.9
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|219|401|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}64
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1888 United States presidential election|1888]]
|[[Grover Cleveland]] [[Allen G. Thurman]]
|style="text-align:center;"|5,534,488
|style="text-align:center;"|48.6
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|168|401|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}51
|{{lost}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Cleveland won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of the popular vote, Republican [[Benjamin Harrison]] won a majority of votes in the Electoral College.}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1892 United States presidential election|1892]]
|[[Grover Cleveland]] [[Adlai Stevenson I]]
|style="text-align:center;"|5,556,918
|style="text-align:center;"|46.0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|277|444|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}109
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1896 United States presidential election|1896]]
|[[William Jennings Bryan]] [[Arthur Sewall]]
|style="text-align:center;"|6,509,052
|style="text-align:center;"|46.7
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|176|447|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}101
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1900 United States presidential election|1900]]
|[[William Jennings Bryan]] [[Adlai Stevenson I]]
|style="text-align:center;"|6,370,932
|style="text-align:center;"|45.5
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|155|447|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}21
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1904 United States presidential election|1904]]
|[[Alton B. Parker]] [[Henry G. Davis]]
|style="text-align:center;"|5,083,880
|style="text-align:center;"|37.6
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|140|476|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}15
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1908 United States presidential election|1908]]
|[[William Jennings Bryan]] [[John W. Kern]]
|style="text-align:center;"|6,408,984
|style="text-align:center;"|43.0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|162|483|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}22
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1912 United States presidential election|1912]]
|[[Woodrow Wilson]] [[Thomas R. Marshall]]
|style="text-align:center;"|6,296,284
|style="text-align:center;"|41.8
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|435|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}273
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1916 United States presidential election|1916]]
|[[Woodrow Wilson]] [[Thomas R. Marshall]]
|style="text-align:center;"|9,126,868
|style="text-align:center;"|49.2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|277|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}158
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1920 United States presidential election|1920]]
|[[James M. Cox]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
|style="text-align:center;"|9,139,661
|style="text-align:center;"|34.2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|127|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}150
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1924 United States presidential election|1924]]
|[[John W. Davis]] [[Charles W. Bryan]]
|style="text-align:center;"|8,386,242
|style="text-align:center;"|28.8
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|136|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}9
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1928 United States presidential election|1928]]
|[[Al Smith]] [[Joseph T. Robinson]]
|style="text-align:center;"|15,015,464
|style="text-align:center;"|40.8
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|87|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}49
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1932 United States presidential election|1932]]
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] [[John Nance Garner]]
|style="text-align:center;"|22,821,277
|style="text-align:center;"|57.4
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|472|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}385
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1936 United States presidential election|1936]]
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] [[John Nance Garner]]
|style="text-align:center;"|27,747,636
|style="text-align:center;"|60.8
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|523|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}51
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1940 United States presidential election|1940]]
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] [[Henry A. Wallace]]
|style="text-align:center;"|27,313,945
|style="text-align:center;"|54.7
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|449|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}74
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1944 United States presidential election|1944]]
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] [[Harry S. Truman]]
|style="text-align:center;"|25,612,916
|style="text-align:center;"|53.4
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|432|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}17
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1948 United States presidential election|1948]]
|[[Harry S. Truman]] [[Alben W. Barkley]]
|style="text-align:center;"|24,179,347
|style="text-align:center;"|49.6
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|303|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}129
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1952 United States presidential election|1952]]
|[[Adlai Stevenson II]] [[John Sparkman]]
|style="text-align:center;"|27,375,090
|style="text-align:center;"|44.3
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|89|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}214
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1956 United States presidential election|1956]]
|[[Adlai Stevenson II]] [[Estes Kefauver]]
|style="text-align:center;"|26,028,028
|style="text-align:center;"|42.0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|73|531|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}16
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1960 United States presidential election|1960]]
|[[John F. Kennedy]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|style="text-align:center;"|34,220,984
|style="text-align:center;"|49.7
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|303|537|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}230
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1964 United States presidential election|1964]]
|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] [[Hubert Humphrey]]
|style="text-align:center;"|43,127,041
|style="text-align:center;"|61.1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|486|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}183
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1968 United States presidential election|1968]]
|[[Hubert Humphrey]] [[Edmund Muskie]]
|style="text-align:center;"|31,271,839
|style="text-align:center;"|42.7
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|191|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}295
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1972 United States presidential election|1972]]
|[[George McGovern]] [[Sargent Shriver]]
|style="text-align:center;"|29,173,222
|style="text-align:center;"|37.5
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|17|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}174
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1976 United States presidential election|1976]]
|[[Jimmy Carter]] [[Walter Mondale]]
|style="text-align:center;"|40,831,881
|style="text-align:center;"|50.1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|297|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}280
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1980 United States presidential election|1980]]
|[[Jimmy Carter]] [[Walter Mondale]]
|style="text-align:center;"|35,480,115
|style="text-align:center;"|41.0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|49|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}248
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1984 United States presidential election|1984]]
|[[Walter Mondale]] [[Geraldine Ferraro]]
|style="text-align:center;"|37,577,352
|style="text-align:center;"|40.6
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|13|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}36
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1988 United States presidential election|1988]]
|[[Michael Dukakis]] [[Lloyd Bentsen]]
|style="text-align:center;"|41,809,074
|style="text-align:center;"|45.6
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|111|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}98
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1992 United States presidential election|1992]]
|[[Bill Clinton]] [[Al Gore]]
|style="text-align:center;"|44,909,806
|style="text-align:center;"|43.0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|370|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}259
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[1996 United States presidential election|1996]]
|[[Bill Clinton]] [[Al Gore]]
|style="text-align:center;"|47,401,185
|style="text-align:center;"|49.2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|379|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}9
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2000 United States presidential election|2000]]
|[[Al Gore]] [[Joe Lieberman]]
|style="text-align:center;"|50,999,897
|style="text-align:center;"|48.4
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|266|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}113
|{{lost}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Gore won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of the popular vote, Republican [[George W. Bush]] won a majority of votes in the Electoral College.}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2004 United States presidential election|2004]]
|[[John Kerry]] [[John Edwards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|59,028,444
|style="text-align:center;"|48.3
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|251|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}15
|{{lost}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2008 United States presidential election|2008]]
|[[Barack Obama]] [[Joe Biden]]
|style="text-align:center;"|69,498,516
|style="text-align:center;"|52.9
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|365|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}114
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2012 United States presidential election|2012]]
|[[Barack Obama]] [[Joe Biden]]
|style="text-align:center;"|65,915,795
|style="text-align:center;"|51.1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|332|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}33
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]
|[[Hillary Clinton]] [[Tim Kaine]]
|style="text-align:center;"|65,853,514
|style="text-align:center;"|48.2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|227|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}105
|{{lost}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Clinton won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of the popular vote, Republican [[Donald Trump]] won a majority of votes in the Electoral College.}}
|-
|align=center|[[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]
|[[Joe Biden]] [[Kamala Harris]]
|style="text-align:center;"|81,283,501
|style="text-align:center;"|51.3
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|306|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{increase}}79
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[2024 United States presidential election|2024]]
|[[Kamala Harris]] [[Tim Walz]]
|style="text-align:center;"|75,017,613
|style="text-align:center;"|48.3
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Composition bar|226|538|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{decrease}}80
|{{lost}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Liberalism|Politics|United States}}
* [[Democratic Party (United States) organizations]]
* [[List of political parties in the United States]]
* [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates]]
* [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets]]
* [[Political party strength in U.S. states]]
* [[Politics of the United States]]
* [[List of major liberal parties considered left]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{notelist-ua}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* ''The Almanac of American Politics 2022'' (2022) details on members of Congress, and the governors: their records and election results; also state and district politics; revised every two years since 1975. see [[The Almanac of American Politics]]
* ''American National Biography'' (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and at [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/84/ Wikipedia Library].
* Andelic, Patrick. ''Donkey Work: Congressional Democrats in Conservative America, 1974–1994'' (2019) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5BCrEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Andelic,+Patrick.&ots=4rw8tSjvBy&sig=7N9JYFzqeEnx2OOSqEfeYziCIzc online]
* Baker, Jean H. ''Affairs of party: The political culture of northern Democrats in the mid-nineteenth century'' (Fordham UP, 1998).
* Bass Jr, Harold F. ''Historical dictionary of United States political parties'' (Scarecrow Press, 2009).
* {{cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Merle|year=2004|title=The transformation of the southern Democratic Party|journal=Journal of Politics|volume=66|issue=4|pages=1001–1017|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00287.x|s2cid=154506701}}
* Burner, David. ''The Politics of Provincialism: The Democratic Party in Transition, 1918–1932'' (Knopf, 1968).
* Congressional Quarterly. ''National Party Conventions, 1831–2000'' (2001).
* Congressional Quarterly. ''Presidential Elections 1789–2008'' (10th edition, 2009)
* Craig, Douglas. "Newton D. Baker and the Democratic Malaise, 1920–1937." ''Australasian Journal of American Studies'' (2006): 49–64. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41054006 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819101710/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41054006 |date=August 19, 2018}}
* Dowe, Pearl K. Ford, et al. ''Remaking the Democratic Party: Lyndon B. Johnson as a Native-Son Presidential Candidate'' (University of Michigan Press, 2016).
* Feller, David. "Politics and Society: Toward a Jacksonian Synthesis" ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 10#2 (1990), pp. 135–161 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3123555 in JSTOR]
* Finkelman, Paul, and Peter Wallenstein, eds. ''The encyclopedia of American political history'' (CQ Press, 2001).
* Frymer, Paul. ''Black and blue: African Americans, the labor movement, and the decline of the Democratic party'' (Princeton UP, 2008).
* Gerring, John. "A chapter in the history of American party ideology: The nineteenth-century Democratic Party (1828–1892)." ''Polity'' 26.4 (1994): 729–768. [http://people.bu.edu/jgerring/documents/19thcDems.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202021309/http://people.bu.edu/jgerring/documents/19thcDems.pdf |date=February 2, 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Gillon |first=Steven M. |author-link=Steven M. Gillon |year=1992 |title=The Democrats' Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231076302 }} [https://archive.org/details/democratsdilemma0000gill online]
* Greene, Jack B. ''Encyclopedia of American Political History'' (1983)
* Hilton, Adam. ''True Blues: The Contentious Transformation of the Democratic Party'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021), since 1972.
* Kazin, Michael. ''What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party'' (2022) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=RRAqEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT244&dq=Michael+Kazin+democratic&ots=oua8Q2QvyD&sig=k47hdOitJUuEfEU28b4ou94tRCY online]
* Kazin, Michael. ed. ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History'' (2 vol. Princeton UP, 2009)
** Kazin, Michael. ed. ''The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History'' (Princeton UP, 2011)
* Landis, Michael Todd. ''Northern Men with Southern Loyalties: The Democratic Party and the Sectional Crisis''. (Cornell UP, 2014).
* Lawrence, David G. ''The collapse of the democratic presidential majority: Realignment, dealignment, and electoral change from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton''. (Westview Press, 1997).
* {{cite journal|last1=McGuire|first1=John Thomas|year=2014|title=Beginning an 'Extraordinary Opportunity': Eleanor Roosevelt, Molly Dewson, and the expansion of women's boundaries in the Democratic Party, 1924–1934|journal=Women's History Review|volume=23|issue=6|pages=922–937|doi=10.1080/09612025.2014.906841|s2cid=146773549}}
* [[L. Sandy Maisel|Maisel, L. Sandy]], and Jeffrey M. Berry, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of American political parties and interest groups'' (Oxford UP, 2010).
* [[L. Sandy Maisel|Maisel, L. Sandy]], and Charles Bassett, eds. ''Political parties & elections in the United States: an encyclopedia'' (2 vol, Garland, 1991)
* Mieczkowski, Yanek, and Mark C Carnes. ''The Routledge historical atlas of presidential elections'' (2001).
* Neal, Steven. ''Happy Days are Here Again: The 1932 Democratic Convention, the Emergence of FDR—and how America was Changed Forever'' (HarperCollins, 2010).
* Remini, Robert V. ''Martin Van Buren and the making of the Democratic Party'' (Columbia UP, 1961).
* Savage, Sean J. ''Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945'' (U Press of Kentucky, 2015).
* Savage, Sean J. ''JFK, LBJ, and the Democratic Party'' (SUNY Press, 2012).
* Savage, Sean J. ''Truman and the Democratic Party'' (U Press of Kentucky, 2015).
* Woods, Randall B. ''Prisoners of Hope: Lyndon B. Johnson, the Great Society, and the Limits of Liberalism'' (Basic Books, 2016).
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Prone to spam|date=March 2017}}

{{Sister project links|display=Democratic Party|d=Q29552|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=Category:Democratic Party (United States)|wikt=Democrat|s=Category:Democratic Party (United States)|b=Voter's Guide/United States/Democratic Party|v=no}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Britannica|157244}}

{{Democratic Party (United States)|state=expanded}}
{{United States political parties}}
{{United States topics}}
{{Martin Van Buren}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Democratic Party}}
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States)| ]]
[[Category:1828 establishments in Maryland]]
[[Category:Centre-left parties]]
[[Category:Liberal parties in the United States]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1828]]
[[Category:Political parties in the United States]]
[[Category:Social liberal parties in the United States]]
[[Category:Martin Van Buren]]
[[Category:Feminist political parties in the United States]]
[[Category:Progressive parties in the United States]]

2024 United States presidential election

2025-08-04T18:10:26Z

Nico:

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 United States presidential election
| country = United States
| type = presidential
| opinion_polls = w:Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
| college_voted = yes
| previous_election = 2020 United States presidential election
| previous_year = 2020
| next_election = 2028 United States presidential election
| next_year = ''2028''
| election_date = November 5, 2024
| votes_for_election = 538 members of the [[w:United States Electoral College|Electoral College]]
| needed_votes = 270 electoral
| turnout = 64.1% ({{decrease}} 2.5 [[percentage point|pp]])
| map_image = {{2024 United States presidential election imagemap}}
| map_size =
|
| image1 = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200x200px
| nominee1 = '''[[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[w:California|California]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[w:Tim Walz|Tim Walz]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''312'''
| states_carried1 = '''31 + {{ushr|ME|2|ME-02}}'''
| popular_vote1 = '''77,302,580'''
| percentage1 = '''49.8%'''
|
| image2 = TrumpPortrait (3x4a).jpg
| nominee2 = [[w:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]]
| party2 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[w:Florida|Florida]]
| running_mate2 = [[w:JD Vance|JD Vance]]
| electoral_vote2 = 226
| states_carried2 = 19 + [[Washington, D.C.|DC]] + {{ushr|NE|2|NE-02}}
| popular_vote2 = 75,017,613
| percentage2 = 48.3%
|
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. Red denotes [[U.S. states]] won by Trump/Vance and blue denotes those won by Harris/Walz. Numbers indicate [[United States Electoral College|electoral votes]] cast by each state and the [[District of Columbia]].
| title = President
| before_election = [[Joe Biden]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| posttitle = Elected President
| after_election = [[Donald Trump]]
| after_party = Republican Party (United States)
}}

2024 United States presidential election

2025-08-04T18:10:07Z

Nico:

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 United States presidential election
| country = United States
| type = presidential
| opinion_polls = w:Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
| college_voted = yes
| previous_election = 2020 United States presidential election
| previous_year = 2020
| next_election = 2028 United States presidential election
| next_year = ''2028''
| election_date = November 5, 2024
| votes_for_election = 538 members of the [[w:United States Electoral College|Electoral College]]
| needed_votes = 270 electoral
| turnout = 64.1% ({{decrease}} 2.5 [[percentage point|pp]])
| map_image = {{2024 United States presidential election imagemap}}
| map_size =
|
| image1 = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200x200px
| nominee1 = '''[[w:Kamala Harris|Kamala Harris]]'''
| party1 = [[w:Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| home_state1 = [[w:California|California]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[w:Tim Walz|Tim Walz]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''312'''
| states_carried1 = '''31 + {{ushr|ME|2|ME-02}}'''
| popular_vote1 = '''77,302,580'''
| percentage1 = '''49.8%'''
|
| image2 = TrumpPortrait (3x4a).jpg
| nominee2 = [[w:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]]
| party2 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[w:Florida|Florida]]
| running_mate2 = [[w:JD Vance|JD Vance]]
| electoral_vote2 = 226
| states_carried2 = 19 + [[Washington, D.C.|DC]] + {{ushr|NE|2|NE-02}}
| popular_vote2 = 75,017,613
| percentage2 = 48.3%
|
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. Red denotes [[U.S. states]] won by Trump/Vance and blue denotes those won by Harris/Walz. Numbers indicate [[United States Electoral College|electoral votes]] cast by each state and the [[District of Columbia]].
| title = President
| before_election = [[Joe Biden]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| posttitle = Elected President
| after_election = [[Donald Trump]]
| after_party = Republican Party (United States)
}}

Module:Political party/D

2025-08-04T18:09:43Z

Nico:

-- Constant data used by [[Module:Political party]]

local alternate = {
["Direct Democracy New Zealand"] = "Direct Democracy Party of New Zealand",
["DAB"] = "Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong",
["DABHK"] = "Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong",
["Delaware Democratic Party"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Demócrata Party"] = "Democrata Party",
["Democratic Agrarian Party of Moldova"] = "Agrarian Party of Moldova",
["Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong"] = "Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong",
["Democratic and Popular Union"] = "Democratic and Popular Unity",
["Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party"] = "CDS – People's Party",
["Democratic and Social Centre – People´s Party"] = "CDS – People's Party", -- acute accent difference
["Democratic Awakening"] = "Democratic Beginning",
["Democratic Center Party of Latvia"] = "Democratic Party \"Saimnieks\"",
["Democratic Centre Union (Greece)"] = "Centre Union",
["Democratic Coalition"] = "Democratic Coalition (Hungary)",
["Democratic Front (France)"] = "Democratic Movement (France)",
["Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland"] = "Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea",
["Democratic Front of the Francophones"] = "DéFI",
["Democratic Group"] = "Democratic Party (Luxembourg)",
["Democratic Group (Luxembourg)"] = "Democratic Party (Luxembourg)",
["Democratic Labour Party (UK)"] = "Democratic Labour Party (UK, 1998)",
["Democratic Labour Party"] = "Lincoln Democratic Labour Association",
["Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1978)"] = "Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1980)",
["Democratic Liberal Party (Italy)"] = "Italian Democratic Liberal Party",
["Democratic Modernist Pole"] = "Ettajdid Movement",
["Democratic National Alliance"] = "Democratic National Alliance (Sri Lanka)",
["Democratic Obedience Party"] = "Democratic Conviction",
["Democratic Party - demokraci.pl"] = "Democratic Party – demokraci.pl",
["Democratic Party (Burma)"] = "Democratic Party (Myanmar)",
["Democratic Party (Japan)"] = "Democratic Party (Japan, 2016)",
["Democratic Party (Slovakia)"] = "Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1989)",
["Democratic Party (Turkey, historical)"] = "Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)",
["Democratic Party (US)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Alabama)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Alaska)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Arizona)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Arkansas)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (California)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Colorado)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Connecticut)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Delaware)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (East Timor)"] = "Democratic Party (Timor-Leste)",
["Democratic Party (Georgia, US)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Guam)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Hawaii)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Idaho)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Illinois)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Iowa)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Maryland)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Massachusetts)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Michigan)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Minnesota)"] = "Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party",
["Democratic Party (Missouri)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Nevada)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (New Mexico)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (New York)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (North Dakota)"] = "North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party",
["Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Pennsylvania)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Rhode Island)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Tajikistan)"] = "Democratic Party of Tajikistan",
["Democratic Party (Turkey, current)"] = "Democrat Party (Turkey, current)",
["Democratic Party (Utah)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Vermont)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Virginia)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Washington State)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Washington)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (West Virginia)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Arkansas"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Connecticut"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire – African Democratic Rally"] = "Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally",
["Democratic Party of Georgia"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Guam"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Hawaii"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Illinois"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Japan (1996)"] = "Democratic Party (Japan, 1996)",
["Democratic Party of Japan"] = "Democratic Party (Japan, 1998)",
["Democratic Party of Korea"] = "Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)",
["Democratic Party of Minnesota"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of New Mexico"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Oregon"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Virginia"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Wisconsin"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Patriots' Movement"] = "Democratic Patriots' Unified Party",
["Democratic People's Party (Portugal)"] = "Social Democratic Party (Portugal)",
["Democratic People's Liberation Front"] = "People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam",
["Democratic Popular Party (Spain)"] = "People's Democratic Party (Spain)",
["Democratic Reforms Party (Azerbaijan)"] = "Democratic Reforms Party",
["Democratic Republican Party (Portugal)"] = "National Democratic Alternative (Portugal)",
["Democratic Socialist Party (Nepal)"] = "Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal",
["Democratic Turnhalle Alliance"] = "Popular Democratic Movement",
["Democratic Union of the Greek Minority"] = "Omonoia (organization)",
["Democratic Union"] = "Democratic Union (Poland)",
["Democratic Unity Coalition"] = "Unitary Democratic Coalition",
["Democratic Workers' Congress"] = "Democratic People's Front",
["Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (Minnesota)"] = "Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party",
["Democratic-NPL Party"] = "North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party",
["Democratic-Republican Party (United States)"] = "Democratic-Republican Party",
["Democratic-Republican Party (US)"] = "Democratic-Republican Party",
["Democratic-Republican"] = "Democratic-Republican Party",
["Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (Minnesota)"] = "Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party",
["Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party (North Dakota)"] = "North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party",
["Democratic–NPL Party"] = "North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party",
["Democratic–Republican Party (United States)"] = "Democratic-Republican Party",
["Democrats (Norway)"] = "Norway Democrats",
["Democrats and Progressives"] = "Article One (political party)",
["Democrats for Social Credit"] = "New Zealand Democratic Party for Social Credit",
["Democrats in Norway"] = "Norway Democrats",
["Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs in Romania"] = "Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania",
["Democratic Union of Turkish-Muslim Tatars of Romania"] = "Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars of Romania",
["Democrats Union For Lithuania"] = "Union of Democrats \"For Lithuania\"",
["Democrats Union \"For Lithuania\""] = "Union of Democrats \"For Lithuania\"",
["Demokraatit"] = "Democrats (Greenland)",
["Denk (Dutch political party)"] = "Denk (political party)",
["DENK (political party)"] = "Denk (political party)",
["DENK"] = "Denk (political party)",
["Deutsche Rechtspartei"] = "German Right Party",
["Dignity and Truth Platform Party"] = "Dignity and Truth Platform",
["Direction – Social Democracy"] = "Direction – Slovak Social Democracy",
["Direction (Slovakia)"] = "Direction – Slovak Social Democracy",
["District of Columbia Democratic State Committee"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["District of Columbia Republican Party"] = "Republican Party (United States)",
["Dixiecrat Party (United States)"] = "Dixiecrat",
["DK–MSZP–Dialogue"] = "DK–MSZP–Dialogue Alliance",
["DMK"] = "Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam",
["Dodd Independent Party"] = "Independent (US)",
["DPHK"] = "Democratic Party (Hong Kong)",
["Dutch Labour Party"] = "Labour Party (Netherlands)",
}

local full = {
["D.C. Statehood Green Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#17AA5C", shortname = "DC Statehood Green",},
["D.C. Statehood Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0BDA51", shortname = "DC Statehood",},
["Da'am Workers Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C60408", shortname = "",},
["Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF8000", shortname = "",},
["Dad, This is for You"] = {abbrev = "ĆOJZT", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Dai Le and Frank Carbone Network"] = {abbrev = "DLFCN", color = "#FF7F7F", shortname = "",},
["Đại Việt National Socialist Party"] = {abbrev = "ĐVQXĐ", color = "#DC143C", shortname = "",},
["Dagga Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#009245", shortname = "",},
["Dahomeyan Democratic Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#91ADBC", shortname = "",},
["Dahomeyan Democratic Party"] = {abbrev = "PDD", color = "#FFD700", shortname = "",},
["Dahomeyan Democratic Union"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#5CBB72", shortname = "",},
["Dahomeyan Progressive Union"] = {abbrev = "UPD", color = "#5CBB72", shortname = "",},
["Dahomeyan Unity Party"] = {abbrev = "PDU", color = "#D2691E", shortname = "",},
["Dainiin Club"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#587dab", shortname = "",},
["Dalija Orešković and People with a First and Last Name"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D11E60", shortname = "DO i SIP",},
["Dalit Janajati Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "blue", shortname = "",},
["Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party"] = {abbrev = "DMKP", color = "#A5CBFA", shortname = "",},
["Dalit Muslim Vikas Party"] = {abbrev = "DMVP", color = "#293A03", shortname = "",},
["Dalmatian Action"] = {abbrev = "", color = "darkblue", shortname = "",},
["Dalmatian Action (2021)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#04369C", shortname = "",},
["Danish Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CE1126", shortname = "",},
["Danish People's Party"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#FCD03B", shortname = "",},
["Danish Social Liberal Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#733280", shortname = "Social Liberals",},
["Danish Unity"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#002366", shortname = "",},
["Davidson Faction"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E81B23", shortname = "",},
["Dawn – National Coalition"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#004071", shortname = "Dawn",},
["Dawn (Iceland)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#eab943", shortname = "",},
["Dawn (Russia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FEB684", shortname = "Dawn",},
["Dawn of Direct Democracy"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#A2D945", shortname = "Dawn",},
["Dawn of Nemunas"] = {abbrev = "PPNA", color = "#F25D23", shortname = "",},
["Dayak Unity Party"] = {abbrev = "PPD", color = "#0093dd", shortname = "",},
["Daylight Saving"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFFD7A", shortname = "",},
["Daylight Saving Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFFD7A", shortname = "Daylight Savings",},
["DCIDE"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3B9F40", shortname = "",},
["De Basis"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DDDC05", shortname = "Basis",},
["De Nou Reus"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#5CBACC", shortname = "",},
["Death to the System (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0A0A0A", shortname = "",},
["Deák Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AAD8E6", shortname = "",},
["Debout la France"] = {abbrev = "DLF", color = "#0087CD", shortname = "",},
["Debout la République"] = {abbrev = "DLR", color = "#8040C0", shortname = "",},
["Debout Les Belges!"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CA232B", shortname = "",},
["Decentralist Social Force Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#82BC1C", shortname = "",},
["DecideT–EligeT"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#21297C", shortname = "",},
["Decidix"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DC4868", shortname = "",},
["Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AA0000", shortname = "",},
["Defense of the Andalusian People's Interests"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#40903B", shortname = "",},
["DéFI"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DD0081", shortname = "",},
["Degel HaTorah"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3E3E3E", shortname = "",},
["Degrowth Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#BB0000", shortname = "",},
["Delhi Janata Party"] = {abbrev = "DJP", color = "#CEF6EC", shortname = "",},
["Delhi Poorvanchal Party"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#BCA9F5", shortname = "",},
["Deliberation Tsuen Wan"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#7CBECC", shortname = "Deliberation TW",},
["Demo-Social 12"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4D955D", shortname = "",},
["Demo-Social 60"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F58025", shortname = "",},
["Demochristian Party of Albania"] = {abbrev = "PDK", color = "orange", shortname = "",},
["Democracy (Thailand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EE82EE", shortname = "Democracy",},
["Democracy and Autonomy"] = {abbrev = "DemA", color = "#D6441D", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F6BA1B", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Freedom"] = {abbrev = "DiL", color = "#212765", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Freedom (San Marino)"] = {abbrev = "DeL", color = "#015FA8", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Human Rights Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2E3492", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Progress Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0069A7", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Solidarity Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8F0046", shortname = "Demos",},
["Democracy at Home Party"] = {abbrev = "PPDA", color = "#003399", shortname = "",},
["Democracy First"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#ff8c00", shortname = "",},
["Democracy for Chorley"] = {abbrev = "DfC", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democracy Groundwork"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FEED59", shortname = "",},
["Democracy in Europe Movement 2025"] = {abbrev = "DiEM25", color = "#ec5122", shortname = "",},
["Democracy in Motion"] = {abbrev = "DiB", color = "#263d80", shortname = "",},
["Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3CB371", shortname = "The Daisy",},
["DemocracyNZ"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#30B6C1", shortname = "",},
["Democracy Power Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#BC1D2D", shortname = "",},
["Democracy Yes"] = {abbrev = "DSÍ", color = "#CE3977", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Development through Unity"] = {abbrev = "DOE", color = "#C8ED69", shortname = "",},
["Democracy, Citizenry and Republic"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FCDB10", shortname = "",},
["Democrat Party (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E3431F", shortname = "Democrat",},
["Democrat Party (Thailand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00A1F1", shortname = "Democrat",},
["Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#CD42B2", shortname = "",},
["Democrat Party (Turkey, current)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#D360BC", shortname = "",},
["Democrat Party of Iran"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#093", shortname = "Democrat Party",},
["Democrat Social Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4CBB17", shortname = "",},
["Democrat Turkey Party"] = {abbrev = "DTP", color = "#DA7766", shortname = "",},
["Democrata Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1434A4", shortname = "Democrata",},
["Democratic Accountants"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#47954E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action (El Salvador)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#F95400", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action (Thailand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#BA55D3", shortname = "Democratic Action",},
["Democratic Action (Venezuela)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C0C0C0", shortname = "Democratic Action",},
["Democratic Action Congress"] = {abbrev = "DAC", color = "#aa00d4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action Party (Kenya)"] = {abbrev = "DAP", color = "#313691", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action Party (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3E4E3E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action Party"] = {abbrev = "DAP", color = "#ED1C24", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania"] = {abbrev = "PDAR", color = "yellow", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C0C0C0", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alignment (Cyprus)"] = {abbrev = "DIPA", color = "#00AEEF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alignment (2015)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2D902D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Bulgaria)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "gray", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (France)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#FFBF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Greece)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#6D85CB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Guinea-Bissau)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#800080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Italy)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#228B22", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (New Zealand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFE802", shortname = "Democratic Alliance",},
["Democratic Alliance (Philippines)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#DC143C", shortname = "Democratic Alliance",},
["Democratic Alliance (Portugal)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#2A52BE", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 1979)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#2A52BE", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#3777BC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (South Africa)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#005BA6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Ukraine)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#193695", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Venezuela)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#0F52BA", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance for Diversity and Awakening"] = {abbrev = "DAVA", color = "#078E92", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance of Korea"] = {abbrev = "DAK", color = "#152484", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance for Niger"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#337585", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance for Peace"] = {abbrev = "ADP-MALIBA", color = "#8D6800", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong"] = {abbrev = "DAB", color = "#1861AC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina"] = {abbrev = "DSHV", color = "#EE1C25", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania"] = {abbrev = "UDMR", color = "#00833e", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance of Serbs"] = {abbrev = "DSS", color = "#BC204B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance of Wales"] = {abbrev = "DAW", color = "#CCCCCC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance Party (Albania)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#1369B2", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance Party (Solomon Islands)"] = {abbrev = "DAP", color = "#68C76D", shortname = "Democratic Alliance",},
["Democratic Alliance Party (Tunisia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "Salmon", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternation Pole"] = {abbrev = "Sawab–RAG", color = "#EAC553", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative '91"] = {abbrev = "DA'91", color = "#FFF212", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#9ACD32", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative (Finland)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF4D00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative (Malta)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#7AC143", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative (North Macedonia)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#800080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative (Serbia)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#FA8383", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EF7619", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Angola – Coalition"] = {abbrev = "AD–C", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "AD–Coligação",},
["Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0066ff", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Popular Unity"] = {abbrev = "UDP", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Progressive Union"] = {abbrev = "UDP/DPU", color = "#DAA520", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Republican Alliance"] = {abbrev = "ADERE", color = "#1935D0", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Republican Union"] = {abbrev = "URD", color = "#24445c", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "CDS", color = "#049456", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Convention"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#679A6C", shortname = "CDS-Rahama",},
["Democratic and Social Left"] = {abbrev = "GDS", color = "#EF3034", shortname = ""},
["Democratic and Social Movement (Algeria)"] = {abbrev = "MDS", color = "#006FB6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Movement (Morocco)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#9AAD35", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Socialist Party for Alternation"] = {abbrev = "PDSA", color = "#4c9bed", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Party of Ceuta"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#29806D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Republican Party"] = {abbrev = "PRDS", color = "#981C24", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Ribat Party"] = {abbrev = "RDS", color = "#FFFF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance"] = {abbrev = "UDSR", color = "#EF5327", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Arab Socialist Union"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo"] = {abbrev = "PDAK", color = "#01B965", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Axe"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#84171C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progressive Azad Party"] = {abbrev = "DPAP", color = "#FEF01E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Beginning"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Bloc (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "BD", color = "#F02F2A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Bloc (Ukraine)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0087DC", shortname = "Democratic Bloc",},
["Democratic Bloc"] = {abbrev = "", color = "blue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Bulgaria"] = {abbrev = "DB", color = "#004A80", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Center (Colombia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1E90FF", shortname = "Democratic Center",},
["Democratic Center (Ecuador)"] = {abbrev = "CD", color = "#FF4500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre of Macau"] = {abbrev = "CDM", color = "#DD0000", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Centre (Croatia)"] = {abbrev = "DC", color = "#006bb3", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre (France)"] = {abbrev = "CD", color = "#00CCCC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre (Italy, 2013)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9900", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre (Italy)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E86055", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre (Latvia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "blue", shortname = "Democratic Centre",},
["Democratic Centre (Serbia)"] = {abbrev = "DC", color = "#FFFF99", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre Coalition"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4CB034", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Change (El Salvador)"] = {abbrev = "CD", color = "#FFFF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Change (Panama)"] = {abbrev = "CD", color = "#2A889B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Change (South Sudan)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FB2026", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Choice (Dominican Republic)"] = {abbrev = "OD", color = "#503123", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Choice (Russia, 2010)"] = {abbrev = "DemChoice", color = "#1C3F94", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0083cd", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Choice of Russia – United Democrats"] = {abbrev = "DVR–OD", color = "#3A46CE", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Choice of Russia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#29166F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Coalition (Hungary)"] = {abbrev = "DK", color = "#0067AA", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Coalition (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "CD", color = "#8E9629", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Coalition for DC Election"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D38D4F", shortname = "Democratic Coalition",},
["Democratic Committee of Human Rights"] = {abbrev = "DCHR", color = "#691F6C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom"] = {abbrev = "JESZ", color = "#80BB3D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Confederation of Labour (Morocco)"] = {abbrev = "CDT", color = "#020202", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Congress"] = {abbrev = "DC", color = "#B70002", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Congress Kerala"] = {abbrev = "DCK", color = "#008080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Consent–Republican Party"] = {abbrev = "ID–PR", color = "#317C41", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Conservative Party"] = {abbrev = "PCD", color = "#397a42", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Conservative Party (Syria)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DF0611", shortname = "Democratic Conservative Party",},
["Democratic Constitutional Rally"] = {abbrev = "RCD", color = "FireBrick", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convention of African Peoples"] = {abbrev = "", color = "red", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convention of Moldova"] = {abbrev = "CDM", color = "#0061D4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convergence (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1e90ff", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convergence (El Salvador)"] = {abbrev = "CVD", color = "#DC241F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convergence of Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "CDC", color = "#232D7B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convergence Party (Guinea-Bissau)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0099FF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convergence Party (São Tomé and Príncipe)"] = {abbrev = "PCD-GR", color = "#1102DE", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Conviction"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0098D8", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Current"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FE6500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Development Forum"] = {abbrev = "FDD", color = "#F0F040", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Development Party"] = {abbrev = "DDP", color = "red", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Electoral Commission"] = {abbrev = "", color = "darkred", shortname = "",},
["Democratic European Force"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00CCCC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany"] = {abbrev = "DBD", color = "#006600", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians"] = {abbrev = "VMDK", color = "green", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Force (Costa Rica)"] = {abbrev = "PFD", color = "#EB6109", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Force (France)"] = {abbrev = "FD", color = "#003366", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Force Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CA3634", shortname = "Democratic Force",},
["Democratic Forces of Guiana"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#A71585", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Forum (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1C5530", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#660000", shortname = "Ettakatol",},
["Democratic Forum for Modernity"] = {abbrev = "", color = "purple", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AA2421", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front (Bosnia and Herzegovina)"] = {abbrev = "DF", color = "#F16822", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front (Cyprus)"] = {abbrev = "DIPA", color = "#26ACE2", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front (Montenegro)"] = {abbrev = "DF", color = "#00008B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front (Peru)"] = {abbrev = "FREDEMO", color = "#50a7f7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front (Thailand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FE9059", shortname = "Democratic Front",},
["Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine"] = {abbrev = "DFLP", color = "#D10A2B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea"] = {abbrev = "FF", color = "#FF3333", shortname = "Fatherland Front",},
["Democratic Front of Albania"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EF4A2E", shortname = "Democratic Front",},
["Democratic Front Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#87CEFA", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Galicianist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3886AC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Generation Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#A9A5B4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Green Party of Rwanda"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#A2FD0B", shortname = "Democratic Green",},
["Democratic Groundwork"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FEED59", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Group for Integrity and Progress in the Philippines"] = {abbrev = "DGIPP", color = "#496AB6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Group of Albacete"] = {abbrev = "ADA", color = "#4F836A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Group of the Centre"] = {abbrev = "GDC", color = "yellow", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Hope"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DE2118", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Hygiene"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4F6179", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Independence Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AE872A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Independent Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "gold", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Independent Regionalist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4A1C51", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)"] = {abbrev = "DIC", color = "darkblue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Initiative for Benalmádena"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#22305E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Innovation Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DDDDDD", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Israel"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0E0348", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Jewish Union"] = {abbrev = "ŽDS", color = "#7F51C7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Justice Party"] = {abbrev = "DJP", color = "#004C97", shortname = "Democratic Justice",},
["Democratic Justice Party (1987)"] = {abbrev = "DJP", color = "#0A84E9", shortname = "Democratic Justice",},
["Democratic Korea Party"] = {abbrev = "DKP", color = "#ED2939", shortname = "Democratic Korea",},
["Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#008080", shortname = "Democratic Labor",},
["Democratic Labor Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#E7000A", shortname = "Democratic Labor",},
["Democratic Labor Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9C00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1980)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#EEAF30", shortname = "Democratic Labour",},
["Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#FFD700", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)"] = {abbrev = "PDT", color = "#C21E56", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "Democratic Labour",},
["Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#e25822", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Labour Party (UK, 1972)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF6600", shortname = "Democratic Labour",},
["Democratic Labour Party (UK, 1998)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E32636", shortname = "Democratic Labour",},
["Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania"] = {abbrev = "LDDP", color = "#E75480", shortname = "",},
["Democratic League (Catalonia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#002D70", shortname = "",},
["Democratic League in Montenegro"] = {abbrev = "DSCG", color = "cornflowerblue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic League of Dardania"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#005CA7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic League of Kosovo"] = {abbrev = "LDK", color = "#F37476", shortname = "",},
["Democratic League/Movement for the Labour Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E392B6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left (Ecuador)"] = {abbrev = "ID", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left (Greece)"] = {abbrev = "DIMAR", color = "#FF4100", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left (Ireland)"] = {abbrev = "DL", color = "#C700C7", shortname = "Democratic Left",},
["Democratic Left (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DB0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left (UK)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CC0033", shortname = "Democratic Left",},
["Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union"] = {abbrev = "SLD-UP", color = "#CA2021", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "SLD", color = "#E2001A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Association"] = {abbrev = "SLD", color = "#e10914", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Front (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#7F517C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Front (Sri Lanka)"] = {abbrev = "DLF", color = "#F90818", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Movement (Lebanon)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left of Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFE507", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Party (Turkey)"] = {abbrev = "DSP", color = "#02CDFF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Scotland"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CC0033", shortname = "Democratic Left",},
["Democratic Leftwing Republican Party"] = {abbrev = "PRED", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Liberal Congress"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F70000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Liberal Party (Timor-Leste)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2C43DB", shortname = "Liberal",},
["Democratic Liberal Party (Japan)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#42A46B", shortname = "Democratic Liberal",},
["Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)"] = {abbrev = "PDL", color = "#FF9D1C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Liberal Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#003990", shortname = "Democratic Liberal",},
["Democratic List"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FDFF46", shortname = "",},
["Democratic List for Israeli Arabs"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic List of Nazareth"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Majority (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0086D6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Montenegro"] = {abbrev = "DCG", color = "#F5911D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Movement – United Georgia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0067A5", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Movement (India)"] = {abbrev = "DM", color = "#92cfcf", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Movement (France)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EF5327", shortname = "MoDem",},
["Democratic Movement (San Marino)"] = {abbrev = "MD", color = "#F80000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Movement for Change"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#253EFE", shortname = "Dash",},
["Democratic Movement of Mozambique"] = {abbrev = "MDM", color = "#FFA825", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Movement of Serbia"] = {abbrev = "DEPOS", color = "#1A4A96", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Municipal Action"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF610F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Nasserist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "green", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Alliance (Antigua & Barbuda)"] = {abbrev = "DNA", color = "#EB8123", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Alliance (Bahamas)"] = {abbrev = "DNA", color = "#419b41", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Alliance (Sri Lanka)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CCCC33", shortname = "Democratic National Alliance",},
["Democratic National Assembly"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#add8e6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Association"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00008B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Convergence"] = {abbrev = "CDN", color = "#76DAB4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Front Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#BA0E00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Front"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EB6F53", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Initiative"] = {abbrev = "IDN", color = "#FF00D4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Party (Cyprus)"] = {abbrev = "DEK", color = "#783B12", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Rally"] = {abbrev = "RND", color = "#003153", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Salvation Front"] = {abbrev = "FDSN", color = "#cc3333", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Union of Kurdistan"] = {abbrev = "YNDK", color = "#d1342f", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Nationalist Party (Malta, 1959–1966)"] = {abbrev = "PDN", color = "#A02C2C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)"] = {abbrev = "PND", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Nationalist Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "DNP", color = "#9acd32", shortname = "Democratic Nationalist",},
["Democratic Nationalists"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DDDDDD", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Nationhood Party"] = {abbrev = "PDK", color = "#054C30", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Network"] = {abbrev = "RED", color = "white", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Non-Partisan Alliance"] = {abbrev = "DNPA", color = "#FF0D6C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic New Macau Association"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Opposition of Serbia"] = {abbrev = "DOS", color = "#C0C0C0", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Pact for Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "PDC", color = "#FFC400", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Partnership"] = {abbrev = "", color = "khaki", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party – demokraci.pl"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9900", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (1912)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#008000", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (1943)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#6482BF", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Argentina)"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#192B6B", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party (Bolivia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DC4C46", shortname= "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Brazil, 1925-1934)"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#191198", shortname= "",},
["Democratic Party (Bulgaria)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "gold", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Cambodia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00FF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Cook Islands)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1E90FF", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Costa Rica)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2136C2", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Cuba)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0000FF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Curaçao)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E41E2A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Cyprus)"] = {abbrev = "DIKO", color = "#E07C00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Timor-Leste)"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#004080", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Georgia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8F8FBF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Hong Kong)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#5FB04A", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Hungary)"] = {abbrev = "DEMP", color = "#1560BD", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Iceland)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#04437F", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Indonesia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2643A3", shortname = "Demokrat",},
["Democratic Party (Italy)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EF1C27", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party (Japan, 1947)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EC9502", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Japan, 1954)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#99AF25", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Japan, 1996)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E60000", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Japan, 1998)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CE2029", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Japan, 2016)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#003E98", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Kenya)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#336600", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Laos)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFCD00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Luxembourg)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#002C4F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Macedonia)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#3016C8", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Malta)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Mendoza)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#192B6B", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party (Mongolia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#11479E", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Montenegro)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#09B2ED", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Myanmar)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#FFB00D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Nicaragua)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800000", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Northern Cyprus)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#E5382B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Peru)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF3333", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Philippines)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1E90FF", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "SD", color = "#6495ED", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Portugal)"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#FF69B4", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Romania)"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#FF6633", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Serbia)"] = {abbrev = "DS", color = "#FFF500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Singapore)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#DD6777", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Sint Eustatius)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#C00000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (SL)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1944)"] = {abbrev = "DS", color = "#002FA7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1989)"] = {abbrev = "DS", color = "#002FA7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Solomon Islands)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFEB33", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party (South Africa)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#6699CC", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 1955)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#000080", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 1967)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#FAA50D", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 1990)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#DA2C43", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 1991)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#D82634", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 1995)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#009D68", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 2005)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#00736D", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 2008)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#019E33", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 2011)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#FAC71A", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, May 2013)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#28A54A", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, September 2013)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#015DA9", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#152484", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Sri Lanka)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Switzerland)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0B3861", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Tanzania)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "black", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Turkey, 1970)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#ffa500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Turkey, 1992)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#341D47", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Uganda)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#0C713A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (UK, 1942)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "lightyellow", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (UK, 1969)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#ffffff", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party (United States)"] = {abbrev = "D", color = "#3333FF", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Yugoslavia)"] = {abbrev = "DS", color = "#FFD300", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Zambia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#ff338c", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party \"Saimnieks\""] = {abbrev = "", color = "#861623", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E30613", shortname = "Democratic Party – IDP",},
["Democratic Party Adilet"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0085fc", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party for a British Gibraltar"] = {abbrev = "DPBG", color = "", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance"] = {abbrev = "PDP–ANA", color = "#009900", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party For the People"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#FFBA00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Albania"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#00529C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Albanians"] = {abbrev = "PDSh", color = "black", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Armenia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EC1B24", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Artsakh"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0072B9", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party of Chile (1988)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#000080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Córdoba"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1F2F6B", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea"] = {abbrev = "PDGE", color = "#3051A3", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Greens"] = {abbrev = "DSZ", color = "#007b33", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally"] = {abbrev = "PDG-RDA", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of India (Ambedkar)"] = {abbrev = "DPIA (A)", color = "", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan"] = {abbrev = "KDPI", color = "#FC0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally"] = {abbrev = "PDCI–RDA", color = "#0FAF32", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Kazakhstan"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#01AEF3", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Kosovo"] = {abbrev = "PDK", color = "#2E96D2", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Labour"] = {abbrev = "PDM", color = "#ED2128", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Lesotho"] = {abbrev = "DPL", color = "#4c196e", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Macedonia"] = {abbrev = "DPM", color = "blue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Macedonians"] = {abbrev = "DPM", color = "#F7D10C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Moldova"] = {abbrev = "PDM", color = "#264B9D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Nauru"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#002B7F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia"] = {abbrev = "DeSUS", color = "#8DC63F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Pensioners"] = {abbrev = "", color = "grey", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Republika Srpska"] = {abbrev = "", color = "blue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Russia"] = {abbrev = "DPR", color = "#DBB726", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Serbia"] = {abbrev = "DSS", color = "#126180", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia"] = {abbrev = "DPSM", color = "#1101E0", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Slovenia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3300B2", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (2021)"] = {abbrev = "DPS", color = "#524FA1", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro"] = {abbrev = "DPS", color = "#F58634", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the Chadian People"] = {abbrev = "PDPT", color = "#3b09e8", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the Atlantic"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0000FF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands"] = {abbrev = "DPFI", color = "#C20100", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the Left"] = {abbrev = "PDS", color = "#C72F35", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the New Left"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FD3C0B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the Philippines"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#0054A5", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Tajikistan"] = {abbrev = "DPT", color = "#1E7B08", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Trinidad and Tobago"] = {abbrev = "DPTT", color = "#2A3A8C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Turkmenistan"] = {abbrev = "TDP", color = "#1CC858", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Turks"] = {abbrev = "DPTM", color = "red", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Ukraine"] = {abbrev = "DPU", color = "#025BAB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Vietnam"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0055A4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#5c7b59", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Zagorje"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#70bd5d", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party Sint Maarten"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#e21c1a", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan"] = {abbrev = "DPAK", color = "#CCFF33", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Patriots' Unified Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D80100", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Peace Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8DB7E9", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#B7D749", shortname = "PȚD–Lupu",},
["Democratic People (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#5BB829", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Alliance"] = {abbrev = "DNS", color = "#2B0E72", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Front"] = {abbrev = "DPF", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Movement"] = {abbrev = "DPM", color = "#FF4500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Party (Ghana)"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Party (Montenegro)"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#005DA3", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Party (San Marino)"] = {abbrev = "PDP", color = "#0068C1", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#353F9C", shortname = "Democratic People's",},
["Democratic People's Party (Turkey)"] = {abbrev = "DHP", color = "#437CCD", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Union"] = {abbrev = "DNZ", color = "#048AEB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#5AC2C5", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Popular Movement"] = {abbrev = "SPD", color = "#8a4e58", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progress Party"] = {abbrev = "DGP", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progressive Party (Argentina)"] = {abbrev = "PDP", color = "#005C9E", shortname = "Democratic Progressive Party",},
["Democratic Progressive Party (Austria)"] = {abbrev = "DFP", color = "#FFE500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#1E90FF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progressive Party (Singapore)"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#FF9900", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progressive Party (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C92B7D", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Progressive Party"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#1B9431", shortname = "Democratic Progressive",},
["Democratic Prosperous Macau Association"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#006400", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Rally of the Comorian People"] = {abbrev = "RDPC", color = "#FFFFFF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Rally of the Comoros"] = {abbrev = "RDC", color = "#32CD32", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Rally"] = {abbrev = "DISY", color = "#1569C7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Reform Party (Japan)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "Democratic Reform",},
["Democratic Reform"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2A52BE", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Reform Party of Muslims"] = {abbrev = "DRSM", color = "#74C365", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Reformist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D13C21", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Reforms Party"] = {abbrev = "DİP", color = "#333399", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Regional Union"] = {abbrev = "DPE", color = "darkorange", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Regions Party"] = {abbrev = "DBP", color = "#30A13E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal (Andorra)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "orange", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal of Macedonia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8DC73F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Angola)"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#662531", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil)"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Benin)"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#FFFA00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Cape Verde)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#02569F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Portugal)"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal"] = {abbrev = "DIANA", color = "#007FFF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Costa Rica)"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#2C93FB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renovation"] = {abbrev = "", color = "orange", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Party"] = {abbrev = "PDRT", color = "#DE5D83", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Republican Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#835B38", shortname = "Democratic Republican",},
["Democratic Republican Alliance"] = {abbrev = "ARD", color = "#FFBF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Republican Party (South Korea, 1997)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0D90D6", shortname = "Democratic Republican",},
["Democratic Republican Union"] = {abbrev = "URD", color = "#feed01", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revival"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "darkblue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolution"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1D4C4F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (Bolivia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFD700", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolutionary Front – New Alternative"] = {abbrev = "FDR", color = "#1FA045", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolutionary Nationalist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#bb0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolutionary Party"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#003F87", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party"] = {abbrev = "DRPP", color = "#006400", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Rioja"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFFF6F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Senate"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DB64DB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Serb Party (Montenegro)"] = {abbrev = "DSS", color = "Darkblue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social Christian Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#556627", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social Front"] = {abbrev = "FDS", color = "#009900", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social Justice Party"] = {abbrev = "DSJP", color = "#A91B0D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social Movement"] = {abbrev = "DIKKI", color = "#FF7F00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social Party"] = {abbrev = "PDS", color = "#0067A5", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social-Revolutionary Party of Cuba"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D21F1B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialism (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "SD", color = "#B7051F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Alliance (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EE3507", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Alliance"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CC4E5C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#02AB72", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Coalition"] = {abbrev = "CSD", color = "#00BFFF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Left"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D2323A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (Argentina)"] = {abbrev = "PSD", color = "#FF9900", shortname = "Democratic Socialist Party",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (Ireland)"] = {abbrev = "DSP", color = "#FF0099", shortname = "Democratic Socialist",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)"] = {abbrev = "DSP", color = "#FF4F4F", shortname = "Democratic Socialist",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (Morocco)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#188410", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)"] = {abbrev = "DSP(PC)", color = "#FF033E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF8000", shortname = "Democratic Socialist",},
["Democratic Socialist Party of Greece"] = {abbrev = "", color = "Yellow", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Radical Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Unionist Party"] = {abbrev = "DSUP", color = "red", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialists '70"] = {abbrev = "DS'70", color = "#A21756", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialists of America"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EB2128", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Society Alliance"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#74C365", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Society Congress"] = {abbrev = "DTK", color = "#029E4A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Society Party"] = {abbrev = "DTP", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Society Party (Morocco)"] = {abbrev = "PSD", color = "#FDD86D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic swaraj party"] = {abbrev = "DSP", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Tamil National Alliance"] = {abbrev = "DTNA", color = "#FFFF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Tumu Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C8102E", shortname = "Democratic Tumu",},
["Democratic Turkish Union of Romania"] = {abbrev = "RDTB", color = "#E30A17", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Unification Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#c93", shortname = "Democratic Unification",},
["Democratic Unification Party"] = {abbrev = "UD", color = "#FEF100", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Czech Republic)"] = {abbrev = "DEU", color = "#6D051C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Greece)"] = {abbrev = "DE", color = "#FFC0CB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Greece, 1956)"] = {abbrev = "DE", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Guatemala)"] = {abbrev = "UD", color = "#4fadea", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Israel)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#029A3D", shortname = "Democratic Union",},
["Democratic Union (Italy)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Bosnia and Herzegovina)"] = {abbrev = "DEMOS", color = "#ED1C24", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "UD", color = "#DB812E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union Coalition (1996–2000)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#074DA9", shortname = "Democratic Union",},
["Democratic Union for Integration"] = {abbrev = "BDI", color = "#344b9b", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union for Revival"] = {abbrev = "DAK", color = "#1F2563", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union for the Respect of Labour"] = {abbrev = "UDRT/RAD", color = "black", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union for the Republic"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF7F00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Albanians"] = {abbrev = "UDSH", color = "#E65532", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0053A1", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Croats"] = {abbrev = "DZH", color = "#E5111D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#15803C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia"] = {abbrev = "DZMH", color = "#15803C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Slovakia"] = {abbrev = "DEÚS", color = "#007BA7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania"] = {abbrev = "UDSCR", color = "#1136F2", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Taiwan"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9826", shortname = "Democratic Union",},
["Democratic Union of the Malian People"] = {abbrev = "UDPM", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of the Region of Murcia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#039C06", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of the Rwandan People"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#344EA3", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of the Vlachs of Macedonia"] = {abbrev = "DSVM", color = "", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars of Romania"] = {abbrev = "RMTTDB", color = "#E4E700", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union Party (Romania)"] = {abbrev = "PDU", color = "blue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union Party (Syria)"] = {abbrev = "PYD", color = "#F70302", shortname = "Democratic Union Party",},
["Democratic Union–Broad Centre"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F6643D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Unionist Party"] = {abbrev = "DUP", color = "#D46A4C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Unionist Party (Sudan)"] = {abbrev = "DUP", color = "#00A6EF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic United National Front"] = {abbrev = "", color = "green", shortname = "",},
["Democratic United Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FAC71A", shortname = "Democratic United",},
["Democratic Unity"] = {abbrev = "UD", color = "#FFD700", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Unity Alliance"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F8A718", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Unity Roundtable"] = {abbrev = "MUD", color = "#0F52BA", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Way (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFAE00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Way Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#87a1fe", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Women's League of Germany"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3d61d6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic – Neutral – Authentic"] = {abbrev = "DNA", color = "#2C2D84", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-Independent Party (North Dakota)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#66CCFF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-People's Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3333FF", shortname = "Democratic-People's",},
["Democratic-Republican (Adams)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#68C468", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-Republican (Jackson)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#698DC5", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-Republican (Crawford)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9955", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-Republican Party (1844)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#808000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-Republican Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#008000", shortname = "Democratic-Republican",},
["Democratic-Social Movement (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "RDS", color = "#FAAA49", shortname = "",},
["Democratic/Country coalition"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#6495ED", shortname = "",},
["Democratic/Hold"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EEF6FF", shortname = "",},
["Democrats (Brazil)"] = {abbrev = "DEM", color = "#8CC63E", shortname = "",},
["Democrats (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DA1764", shortname = "",},
["Democrats (Croatia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#B00F1F", shortname = "",},
["Democrats (Greece, 2009)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#6D85CB", shortname = "Democrats",},
["Democrats (Greece, 2024)"] = {abbrev = "Democrats", color = "#011689", shortname = "",},
["Democrats (Greenland)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#152D49", shortname = "Democrats",},
["Democrats (Slovakia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#50168E", shortname = "Democrats",},
["Democrats (Slovenia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#09115e", shortname = "Democrats",},
["Democrats 66"] = {abbrev = "D66", color = "#00AE41", shortname = "",},
["Democrats and Veterans"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria"] = {abbrev = "DSB", color = "#02528A", shortname = "",},
["Democrats for Andorra"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#EA7A28", shortname = "",},
["Democrats for Liechtenstein"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#005EA8", shortname = "DpL",},
["Democrats for Responsibility, Solidarity and Tolerance"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1A70B8", shortname = "",},
["Democrats of Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "DC", color = "#1375CE", shortname = "",},
["Democrats of the Left"] = {abbrev = "DS", color = "#C72F35", shortname = "",},
["DEMOS (Montenegro)"] = {abbrev = "DEMOS", color = "#89CFF0", shortname = "",},
["Demos+"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F97D19", shortname = "",},
["Demosisto"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#37C8B4", shortname = "",},
["Demosistō"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#37C8B4", shortname = "",},
["Denk (political party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00B7B2", shortname = "Denk",},
["Denmark Democrats"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4572F1", shortname = "Denmark Democrats",},
["Denok Hiritar"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FEF900", shortname = "",},
["Der Wandel"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D32C0B", shortname = "Wandel",},
["Derekh Eretz (political faction)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#277EE5", shortname = "",},
["Derryn Hinch's Justice Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#002F5D", shortname = "Justice",},
["Derwentside Independents"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#9F009F", shortname = "",},
["Derzhava (Russian party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#959698", shortname = "",},
["Derzhava (Ukrainian party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "Derzhava",},
["Des de Baix"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EF7D00", shortname = "",},
["Desh Bhakt Party"] = {abbrev = "DBP", color = "#B404AE", shortname = "",},
["Desire the Right Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0087DC", shortname = "Desire the Right",},
["Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam"] = {abbrev = "DMDK", color = "#FFFF00", shortname = "",},
["Destiny New Zealand"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFFF00", shortname = "Destiny",},
["Destour"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#7F1A03", shortname = "",},
["Destourian Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "RebeccaPurple", shortname = "",},
["Determination and Justice"] = {abbrev = "OiP", color = "#262757", shortname = "",},
["Deutsche Mitte"] = {abbrev = "DM", color = "#284f8d", shortname = "",},
["Deutsche Reichspartei"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8B4726", shortname = "",},
["Devana Parapura"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#98151b", shortname = "",},
["Development and Peace (political party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#6A287E", shortname = "Flatto-Sharon",},
["Development Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8F188F", shortname = "",},
["Development/For!"] = {abbrev = "AP!", color = "#FFEC00", shortname = "",},
["Devizes Guardians"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#9A114F", shortname = "",},
["Dharmacracy Party"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#F46A26", shortname = "",},
["Dharmacracy Party (Thailand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C8BCA7", shortname = "Dharmacracy",},
["Dhivehi Qaumee Party"] = {abbrev = "DQP", color = "maroon", shortname = "",},
["Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party"] = {abbrev = "DRP", color = "#3F89C0", shortname = "",},
["Diàleg Republicà"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CD2E33", shortname = "",},
["Dialogue – The Greens' Party"] = {abbrev = "PZ", color = "#39B54A", shortname = "Dialogue",},
["Dialogue for Hungary"] = {abbrev = "PM", color = "#3CB34D", shortname = "",},
["Dialogue Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D32270", shortname = "",},
["Dibyojyoti Singh Deo"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DD4561", shortname = "",},
["Die Linke"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#BE3075", shortname = "Linke",},
["Die PARTEI"] = {abbrev = "PARTEI", color = "#B5152B", shortname = "",},
["Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei"] = {abbrev = "du.", color = "#E66346", shortname = "",},
["DierAnimal"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#148C8B", shortname = "",},
["Different Cantabria"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#96D351", shortname = "",},
["Digital Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F36F21", shortname = "Digital",},
["Dignidad Ahora"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EC8431", shortname = "",},
["Dignity and Charity"] = {abbrev = "DM", color = "#0BC3AD", shortname = "",},
["Dignity and Truth Platform"] = {abbrev = "PPDA", color = "#5E0C06", shortname = "",},
["Dignity and Truth Platform2022"] = {abbrev = "PPDA2022", color = "#409FD9", shortname = "",},
["Dignity Coalition"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3D7254", shortname = "",},
["Dignity Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#458241", shortname = "",},
["Dignity Now!"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Dignity Party (Algeria)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#008000", shortname = "Dignity",},
["Dignity Party (Egypt)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Dignity Party (South Australia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#69359C", shortname = "Dignity",},
["Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4B393B", shortname = "Dikwankwetla Party",},
["Dimasalang Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FC6A03", shortname = "Dimasalang",},
["Direct Democracy (Peru)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "yellow", shortname = "",},
["Direct Democracy (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "DB", color = "#3AD5C8", shortname = "Direct Democracy",},
["Direct Democracy Ireland"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#87CEFA", shortname = "Direct Democracy",},
["Direct Democracy Party of New Zealand"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F28317", shortname = "Direct Democracy",},
["Direct Democratic Participation of Galicia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4FAECD", shortname = "",},
["Direct Democrats (Sweden)"] = {abbrev = "DD", color = "orange", shortname = "",},
["Direct Development Party"] = {abbrev = "DDP", color = "#57A0D3", shortname = "",},
["Direction – Slovak Social Democracy"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#d82222", shortname = "Smer",},
["Dissident Left"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#66CC99", shortname = "Dissident Left",},
["Dissident Radical Civic Union"] = {abbrev = "UCRD", color = "#A52A2A", shortname = "",},
["Dixiecrat"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9955", shortname = "",},
["Djathtas 1912"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#143560", shortname = "Djathtas",},
["Djathtas për Zhvillim"] = {abbrev = "DZh", color = "#542d52", shortname = "",},
["DK–MSZP–Dialogue Alliance"] = {abbrev = "DK–MSZP–P", color = "#0171BB", shortname = "",},
["Don't Let Belgrade Drown"] = {abbrev = "NDB", color = "#276030", shortname = "",},
["Doctrinaires"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#87CEFA", shortname = "",},
["Domani Motus Liberi"] = {abbrev = "DML", color = "#039ADA", shortname = "",},
["Dōmei Seisha"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#825C8C", shortname = "",},
["Dominica Freedom Party"] = {abbrev = "DFP", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Dominica Labour Party"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#F0001C", shortname = "",},
["Dominica United People's Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "orange", shortname = "",},
["Dominican Communist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CE2029", shortname = "",},
["Dominican Humanist Party"] = {abbrev = "DHP", color = "#FFEF52", shortname = "",},
["Dominican Liberation Party"] = {abbrev = "PLD", color = "#870B9C", shortname = "",},
["Dominican Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#964B00", shortname = "",},
["Dominican Revolutionary Party"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#009EFF", shortname = "",},
["Dominicans for Change"] = {abbrev = "PDC", color = "#12e3ff", shortname = "",},
["Dominion Labor Party (Alberta)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "transparent", shortname = "Labor",},
["Dominion Party (South Africa)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#50C878", shortname = "Dominion",},
["Dominion Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "Dominion",},
["DOMOV"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C63B28", shortname = "",},
["Donegal Progressive Party"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#FF7F00", shortname = "Donegal Progressive Party",},
["Donetsk Republic (political party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#005087", shortname = "",},
["Doordarshi Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00FF99", shortname = "",},
["Dor (political party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#409199", shortname = "",},
["Dōshi Club (1900s)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0018ED", shortname = "",},
["Dōshi Seisha"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4D5269", shortname = "",},
["Dovira"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1A9DAA", shortname = "Dovira",},
["Downlands Resident Group"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DDDDDD", shortname = "",},
["DPS – A New Beginning"] = {abbrev = "DPS–NN", color = "#0662AB", shortname = "",},
["Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DB7099", shortname = "",},
["Dr. Ansay Party"] = {abbrev = "DrA", color = "#15E4C9", shortname = "Ansay Party",},
["Drago Project"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#232323", shortname = "",},
["Drassi"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#f37021", shortname = "",},
["Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam"] = {abbrev = "DMK", color = "#FF0D0D", shortname = "",},
["Droa"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#231F20", shortname = "",},
["Druk Chirwang Tshogpa"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FCB116", shortname = "",},
["Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa"] = {abbrev = "DNT", color = "#F9C6D9", shortname = "",},
["Druk Phuensum Tshogpa"] = {abbrev = "DPT", color = "#E48400", shortname = "",},
["Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa"] = {abbrev = "DTT", color = "#4a85c4", shortname = "",},
["Dublin Trades Council"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Duma Polska"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E04A4B", shortname = "",},
["Dutch People's Union"] = {abbrev = "", color = "red", shortname = "",},
["Duterte Youth"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#60a2ec", shortname = "",},
["DuterTen"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#015420", shortname = "",},
["Dveri"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E32636", shortname = "",},
["Dynastic Left"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#5FA082", shortname = "Leftist",},
["Džemijet"] = {abbrev = "", color = "black", shortname = "",},
}

return {
full = full,
alternate = alternate,
}

Module:Political party/D

2025-08-04T18:09:09Z

Nico:

Module:Political party/D

2025-08-04T18:08:55Z

Nico:

Module:Political party/D

2025-08-04T18:08:02Z

Nico:

-- Constant data used by [[Module:Political party]]

local alternate = {
["Direct Democracy New Zealand"] = "Direct Democracy Party of New Zealand",
["DAB"] = "Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong",
["DABHK"] = "Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong",
["Delaware Democratic Party"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Demócrata Party"] = "Democrata Party",
["Democratic Agrarian Party of Moldova"] = "Agrarian Party of Moldova",
["Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong"] = "Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong",
["Democratic and Popular Union"] = "Democratic and Popular Unity",
["Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party"] = "CDS – People's Party",
["Democratic and Social Centre – People´s Party"] = "CDS – People's Party", -- acute accent difference
["Democratic Awakening"] = "Democratic Beginning",
["Democratic Center Party of Latvia"] = "Democratic Party \"Saimnieks\"",
["Democratic Centre Union (Greece)"] = "Centre Union",
["Democratic Coalition"] = "Democratic Coalition (Hungary)",
["Democratic Front (France)"] = "Democratic Movement (France)",
["Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland"] = "Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea",
["Democratic Front of the Francophones"] = "DéFI",
["Democratic Group"] = "Democratic Party (Luxembourg)",
["Democratic Group (Luxembourg)"] = "Democratic Party (Luxembourg)",
["Democratic Labour Party (UK)"] = "Democratic Labour Party (UK, 1998)",
["Democratic Labour Party"] = "Lincoln Democratic Labour Association",
["Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1978)"] = "Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1980)",
["Democratic Liberal Party (Italy)"] = "Italian Democratic Liberal Party",
["Democratic Modernist Pole"] = "Ettajdid Movement",
["Democratic National Alliance"] = "Democratic National Alliance (Sri Lanka)",
["Democratic Obedience Party"] = "Democratic Conviction",
["Democratic Party - demokraci.pl"] = "Democratic Party – demokraci.pl",
["Democratic Party (Burma)"] = "Democratic Party (Myanmar)",
["Democratic Party (Japan)"] = "Democratic Party (Japan, 2016)",
["Democratic Party (Slovakia)"] = "Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1989)",
["Democratic Party (Turkey, historical)"] = "Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)",
["Democratic Party (US)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Alabama)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Alaska)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Arizona)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Arkansas)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (California)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Colorado)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Connecticut)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Delaware)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (East Timor)"] = "Democratic Party (Timor-Leste)",
["Democratic Party (Georgia, US)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Guam)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Hawaii)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Idaho)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Illinois)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Iowa)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Maryland)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Massachusetts)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Michigan)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Minnesota)"] = "Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party",
["Democratic Party (Missouri)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Nevada)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (New Mexico)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (New York)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (North Dakota)"] = "North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party",
["Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Pennsylvania)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Rhode Island)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Tajikistan)"] = "Democratic Party of Tajikistan",
["Democratic Party (Turkey, current)"] = "Democrat Party (Turkey, current)",
["Democratic Party (Utah)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Vermont)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Virginia)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Washington State)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (Washington)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party (West Virginia)"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Arkansas"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Connecticut"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire – African Democratic Rally"] = "Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally",
["Democratic Party of Georgia"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Guam"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Hawaii"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Illinois"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Japan (1996)"] = "Democratic Party (Japan, 1996)",
["Democratic Party of Japan"] = "Democratic Party (Japan, 1998)",
["Democratic Party of Korea"] = "Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)",
["Democratic Party of Minnesota"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of New Mexico"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Oregon"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Virginia"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Party of Wisconsin"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["Democratic Patriots' Movement"] = "Democratic Patriots' Unified Party",
["Democratic People's Party (Portugal)"] = "Social Democratic Party (Portugal)",
["Democratic People's Liberation Front"] = "People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam",
["Democratic Popular Party (Spain)"] = "People's Democratic Party (Spain)",
["Democratic Reforms Party (Azerbaijan)"] = "Democratic Reforms Party",
["Democratic Republican Party (Portugal)"] = "National Democratic Alternative (Portugal)",
["Democratic Socialist Party (Nepal)"] = "Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal",
["Democratic Turnhalle Alliance"] = "Popular Democratic Movement",
["Democratic Union of the Greek Minority"] = "Omonoia (organization)",
["Democratic Union"] = "Democratic Union (Poland)",
["Democratic Unity Coalition"] = "Unitary Democratic Coalition",
["Democratic Workers' Congress"] = "Democratic People's Front",
["Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (Minnesota)"] = "Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party",
["Democratic-NPL Party"] = "North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party",
["Democratic-Republican Party (United States)"] = "Democratic-Republican Party",
["Democratic-Republican Party (US)"] = "Democratic-Republican Party",
["Democratic-Republican"] = "Democratic-Republican Party",
["Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (Minnesota)"] = "Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party",
["Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party (North Dakota)"] = "North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party",
["Democratic–NPL Party"] = "North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party",
["Democratic–Republican Party (United States)"] = "Democratic-Republican Party",
["Democrats (Norway)"] = "Norway Democrats",
["Democrats and Progressives"] = "Article One (political party)",
["Democrats for Social Credit"] = "New Zealand Democratic Party for Social Credit",
["Democrats in Norway"] = "Norway Democrats",
["Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs in Romania"] = "Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania",
["Democratic Union of Turkish-Muslim Tatars of Romania"] = "Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars of Romania",
["Democrats Union For Lithuania"] = "Union of Democrats \"For Lithuania\"",
["Democrats Union \"For Lithuania\""] = "Union of Democrats \"For Lithuania\"",
["Demokraatit"] = "Democrats (Greenland)",
["Denk (Dutch political party)"] = "Denk (political party)",
["DENK (political party)"] = "Denk (political party)",
["DENK"] = "Denk (political party)",
["Deutsche Rechtspartei"] = "German Right Party",
["Dignity and Truth Platform Party"] = "Dignity and Truth Platform",
["Direction – Social Democracy"] = "Direction – Slovak Social Democracy",
["Direction (Slovakia)"] = "Direction – Slovak Social Democracy",
["District of Columbia Democratic State Committee"] = "Democratic Party (United States)",
["District of Columbia Republican Party"] = "Republican Party (United States)",
["Dixiecrat Party (United States)"] = "Dixiecrat",
["DK–MSZP–Dialogue"] = "DK–MSZP–Dialogue Alliance",
["DMK"] = "Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam",
["Dodd Independent Party"] = "Independent (US)",
["DPHK"] = "Democratic Party (Hong Kong)",
["Dutch Labour Party"] = "Labour Party (Netherlands)",
}

local full = {
["D.C. Statehood Green Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#17AA5C", shortname = "DC Statehood Green",},
["D.C. Statehood Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0BDA51", shortname = "DC Statehood",},
["Da'am Workers Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C60408", shortname = "",},
["Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF8000", shortname = "",},
["Dad, This is for You"] = {abbrev = "ĆOJZT", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Dai Le and Frank Carbone Network"] = {abbrev = "DLFCN", color = "#FF7F7F", shortname = "",},
["Đại Việt National Socialist Party"] = {abbrev = "ĐVQXĐ", color = "#DC143C", shortname = "",},
["Dagga Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#009245", shortname = "",},
["Dahomeyan Democratic Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#91ADBC", shortname = "",},
["Dahomeyan Democratic Party"] = {abbrev = "PDD", color = "#FFD700", shortname = "",},
["Dahomeyan Democratic Union"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#5CBB72", shortname = "",},
["Dahomeyan Progressive Union"] = {abbrev = "UPD", color = "#5CBB72", shortname = "",},
["Dahomeyan Unity Party"] = {abbrev = "PDU", color = "#D2691E", shortname = "",},
["Dainiin Club"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#587dab", shortname = "",},
["Dalija Orešković and People with a First and Last Name"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D11E60", shortname = "DO i SIP",},
["Dalit Janajati Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "blue", shortname = "",},
["Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party"] = {abbrev = "DMKP", color = "#A5CBFA", shortname = "",},
["Dalit Muslim Vikas Party"] = {abbrev = "DMVP", color = "#293A03", shortname = "",},
["Dalmatian Action"] = {abbrev = "", color = "darkblue", shortname = "",},
["Dalmatian Action (2021)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#04369C", shortname = "",},
["Danish Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CE1126", shortname = "",},
["Danish People's Party"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#FCD03B", shortname = "",},
["Danish Social Liberal Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#733280", shortname = "Social Liberals",},
["Danish Unity"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#002366", shortname = "",},
["Davidson Faction"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E81B23", shortname = "",},
["Dawn – National Coalition"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#004071", shortname = "Dawn",},
["Dawn (Iceland)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#eab943", shortname = "",},
["Dawn (Russia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FEB684", shortname = "Dawn",},
["Dawn of Direct Democracy"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#A2D945", shortname = "Dawn",},
["Dawn of Nemunas"] = {abbrev = "PPNA", color = "#F25D23", shortname = "",},
["Dayak Unity Party"] = {abbrev = "PPD", color = "#0093dd", shortname = "",},
["Daylight Saving"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFFD7A", shortname = "",},
["Daylight Saving Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFFD7A", shortname = "Daylight Savings",},
["DCIDE"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3B9F40", shortname = "",},
["De Basis"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DDDC05", shortname = "Basis",},
["De Nou Reus"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#5CBACC", shortname = "",},
["Death to the System (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0A0A0A", shortname = "",},
["Deák Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AAD8E6", shortname = "",},
["Debout la France"] = {abbrev = "DLF", color = "#0087CD", shortname = "",},
["Debout la République"] = {abbrev = "DLR", color = "#8040C0", shortname = "",},
["Debout Les Belges!"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CA232B", shortname = "",},
["Decentralist Social Force Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#82BC1C", shortname = "",},
["DecideT–EligeT"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#21297C", shortname = "",},
["Decidix"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DC4868", shortname = "",},
["Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AA0000", shortname = "",},
["Defense of the Andalusian People's Interests"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#40903B", shortname = "",},
["DéFI"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DD0081", shortname = "",},
["Degel HaTorah"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3E3E3E", shortname = "",},
["Degrowth Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#BB0000", shortname = "",},
["Delhi Janata Party"] = {abbrev = "DJP", color = "#CEF6EC", shortname = "",},
["Delhi Poorvanchal Party"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#BCA9F5", shortname = "",},
["Deliberation Tsuen Wan"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#7CBECC", shortname = "Deliberation TW",},
["Demo-Social 12"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4D955D", shortname = "",},
["Demo-Social 60"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F58025", shortname = "",},
["Demochristian Party of Albania"] = {abbrev = "PDK", color = "orange", shortname = "",},
["Democracy (Thailand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EE82EE", shortname = "Democracy",},
["Democracy and Autonomy"] = {abbrev = "DemA", color = "#D6441D", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F6BA1B", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Freedom"] = {abbrev = "DiL", color = "#212765", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Freedom (San Marino)"] = {abbrev = "DeL", color = "#015FA8", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Human Rights Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2E3492", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Progress Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0069A7", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Solidarity Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8F0046", shortname = "Demos",},
["Democracy at Home Party"] = {abbrev = "PPDA", color = "#003399", shortname = "",},
["Democracy First"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#ff8c00", shortname = "",},
["Democracy for Chorley"] = {abbrev = "DfC", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democracy Groundwork"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FEED59", shortname = "",},
["Democracy in Europe Movement 2025"] = {abbrev = "DiEM25", color = "#ec5122", shortname = "",},
["Democracy in Motion"] = {abbrev = "DiB", color = "#263d80", shortname = "",},
["Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3CB371", shortname = "The Daisy",},
["DemocracyNZ"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#30B6C1", shortname = "",},
["Democracy Power Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#BC1D2D", shortname = "",},
["Democracy Yes"] = {abbrev = "DSÍ", color = "#CE3977", shortname = "",},
["Democracy and Development through Unity"] = {abbrev = "DOE", color = "#C8ED69", shortname = "",},
["Democracy, Citizenry and Republic"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FCDB10", shortname = "",},
["Democrat Party (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E3431F", shortname = "Democrat",},
["Democrat Party (Thailand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00A1F1", shortname = "Democrat",},
["Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#CD42B2", shortname = "",},
["Democrat Party (Turkey, current)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#D360BC", shortname = "",},
["Democrat Party of Iran"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#093", shortname = "Democrat Party",},
["Democrat Social Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4CBB17", shortname = "",},
["Democrat Turkey Party"] = {abbrev = "DTP", color = "#DA7766", shortname = "",},
["Democrata Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1434A4", shortname = "Democrata",},
["Democratic Accountants"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#47954E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action (El Salvador)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#F95400", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action (Thailand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#BA55D3", shortname = "Democratic Action",},
["Democratic Action (Venezuela)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C0C0C0", shortname = "Democratic Action",},
["Democratic Action Congress"] = {abbrev = "DAC", color = "#aa00d4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action Party (Kenya)"] = {abbrev = "DAP", color = "#313691", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action Party (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3E4E3E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action Party"] = {abbrev = "DAP", color = "#ED1C24", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania"] = {abbrev = "PDAR", color = "yellow", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Action"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C0C0C0", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alignment (Cyprus)"] = {abbrev = "DIPA", color = "#00AEEF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alignment (2015)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2D902D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Bulgaria)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "gray", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (France)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#FFBF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Greece)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#6D85CB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Guinea-Bissau)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#800080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Italy)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#228B22", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (New Zealand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFE802", shortname = "Democratic Alliance",},
["Democratic Alliance (Philippines)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#DC143C", shortname = "Democratic Alliance",},
["Democratic Alliance (Portugal)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#2A52BE", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 1979)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#2A52BE", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#3777BC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (South Africa)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#005BA6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Ukraine)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#193695", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance (Venezuela)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#0F52BA", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance for Diversity and Awakening"] = {abbrev = "DAVA", color = "#078E92", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance of Korea"] = {abbrev = "DAK", color = "#152484", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance for Niger"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#337585", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance for Peace"] = {abbrev = "ADP-MALIBA", color = "#8D6800", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong"] = {abbrev = "DAB", color = "#1861AC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina"] = {abbrev = "DSHV", color = "#EE1C25", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania"] = {abbrev = "UDMR", color = "#00833e", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance of Serbs"] = {abbrev = "DSS", color = "#BC204B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance of Wales"] = {abbrev = "DAW", color = "#CCCCCC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance Party (Albania)"] = {abbrev = "AD", color = "#1369B2", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alliance Party (Solomon Islands)"] = {abbrev = "DAP", color = "#68C76D", shortname = "Democratic Alliance",},
["Democratic Alliance Party (Tunisia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "Salmon", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternation Pole"] = {abbrev = "Sawab–RAG", color = "#EAC553", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative '91"] = {abbrev = "DA'91", color = "#FFF212", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#9ACD32", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative (Finland)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF4D00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative (Malta)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#7AC143", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative (North Macedonia)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#800080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative (Serbia)"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#FA8383", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Alternative Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EF7619", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Angola – Coalition"] = {abbrev = "AD–C", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "AD–Coligação",},
["Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0066ff", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Popular Unity"] = {abbrev = "UDP", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Progressive Union"] = {abbrev = "UDP/DPU", color = "#DAA520", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Republican Alliance"] = {abbrev = "ADERE", color = "#1935D0", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Republican Union"] = {abbrev = "URD", color = "#24445c", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "CDS", color = "#049456", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Convention"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#679A6C", shortname = "CDS-Rahama",},
["Democratic and Social Left"] = {abbrev = "GDS", color = "#EF3034", shortname = ""},
["Democratic and Social Movement (Algeria)"] = {abbrev = "MDS", color = "#006FB6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Movement (Morocco)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#9AAD35", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Socialist Party for Alternation"] = {abbrev = "PDSA", color = "#4c9bed", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Party of Ceuta"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#29806D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Republican Party"] = {abbrev = "PRDS", color = "#981C24", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Social Ribat Party"] = {abbrev = "RDS", color = "#FFFF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance"] = {abbrev = "UDSR", color = "#EF5327", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Arab Socialist Union"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo"] = {abbrev = "PDAK", color = "#01B965", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Axe"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#84171C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progressive Azad Party"] = {abbrev = "DPAP", color = "#FEF01E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Beginning"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Bloc (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "BD", color = "#F02F2A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Bloc (Ukraine)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0087DC", shortname = "Democratic Bloc",},
["Democratic Bloc"] = {abbrev = "", color = "blue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Bulgaria"] = {abbrev = "DB", color = "#004A80", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Center (Colombia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1E90FF", shortname = "Democratic Center",},
["Democratic Center (Ecuador)"] = {abbrev = "CD", color = "#FF4500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre of Macau"] = {abbrev = "CDM", color = "#DD0000", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Centre (Croatia)"] = {abbrev = "DC", color = "#006bb3", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre (France)"] = {abbrev = "CD", color = "#00CCCC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre (Italy, 2013)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9900", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre (Italy)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E86055", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre (Latvia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "blue", shortname = "Democratic Centre",},
["Democratic Centre (Serbia)"] = {abbrev = "DC", color = "#FFFF99", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Centre Coalition"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4CB034", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Change (El Salvador)"] = {abbrev = "CD", color = "#FFFF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Change (Panama)"] = {abbrev = "CD", color = "#2A889B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Change (South Sudan)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FB2026", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Choice (Dominican Republic)"] = {abbrev = "OD", color = "#503123", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Choice (Russia, 2010)"] = {abbrev = "DemChoice", color = "#1C3F94", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0083cd", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Choice of Russia – United Democrats"] = {abbrev = "DVR–OD", color = "#3A46CE", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Choice of Russia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#29166F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Coalition (Hungary)"] = {abbrev = "DK", color = "#0067AA", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Coalition (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "CD", color = "#8E9629", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Coalition for DC Election"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D38D4F", shortname = "Democratic Coalition",},
["Democratic Committee of Human Rights"] = {abbrev = "DCHR", color = "#691F6C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom"] = {abbrev = "JESZ", color = "#80BB3D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Confederation of Labour (Morocco)"] = {abbrev = "CDT", color = "#020202", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Congress"] = {abbrev = "DC", color = "#B70002", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Congress Kerala"] = {abbrev = "DCK", color = "#008080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Consent–Republican Party"] = {abbrev = "ID–PR", color = "#317C41", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Conservative Party"] = {abbrev = "PCD", color = "#397a42", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Conservative Party (Syria)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DF0611", shortname = "Democratic Conservative Party",},
["Democratic Constitutional Rally"] = {abbrev = "RCD", color = "FireBrick", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convention of African Peoples"] = {abbrev = "", color = "red", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convention of Moldova"] = {abbrev = "CDM", color = "#0061D4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convergence (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1e90ff", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convergence (El Salvador)"] = {abbrev = "CVD", color = "#DC241F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convergence of Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "CDC", color = "#232D7B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convergence Party (Guinea-Bissau)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0099FF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Convergence Party (São Tomé and Príncipe)"] = {abbrev = "PCD-GR", color = "#1102DE", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Conviction"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0098D8", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Current"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FE6500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Development Forum"] = {abbrev = "FDD", color = "#F0F040", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Development Party"] = {abbrev = "DDP", color = "red", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Electoral Commission"] = {abbrev = "", color = "darkred", shortname = "",},
["Democratic European Force"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00CCCC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany"] = {abbrev = "DBD", color = "#006600", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians"] = {abbrev = "VMDK", color = "green", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Force (Costa Rica)"] = {abbrev = "PFD", color = "#EB6109", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Force (France)"] = {abbrev = "FD", color = "#003366", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Force Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CA3634", shortname = "Democratic Force",},
["Democratic Forces of Guiana"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#A71585", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Forum (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1C5530", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#660000", shortname = "Ettakatol",},
["Democratic Forum for Modernity"] = {abbrev = "", color = "purple", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AA2421", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front (Bosnia and Herzegovina)"] = {abbrev = "DF", color = "#F16822", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front (Cyprus)"] = {abbrev = "DIPA", color = "#26ACE2", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front (Montenegro)"] = {abbrev = "DF", color = "#00008B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front (Peru)"] = {abbrev = "FREDEMO", color = "#50a7f7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front (Thailand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FE9059", shortname = "Democratic Front",},
["Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine"] = {abbrev = "DFLP", color = "#D10A2B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea"] = {abbrev = "FF", color = "#FF3333", shortname = "Fatherland Front",},
["Democratic Front of Albania"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EF4A2E", shortname = "Democratic Front",},
["Democratic Front Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#87CEFA", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Galicianist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3886AC", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Generation Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#A9A5B4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Green Party of Rwanda"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#A2FD0B", shortname = "Democratic Green",},
["Democratic Groundwork"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FEED59", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Group for Integrity and Progress in the Philippines"] = {abbrev = "DGIPP", color = "#496AB6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Group of Albacete"] = {abbrev = "ADA", color = "#4F836A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Group of the Centre"] = {abbrev = "GDC", color = "yellow", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Hope"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DE2118", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Hygiene"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4F6179", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Independence Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AE872A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Independent Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "gold", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Independent Regionalist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4A1C51", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)"] = {abbrev = "DIC", color = "darkblue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Initiative for Benalmádena"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#22305E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Innovation Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DDDDDD", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Israel"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0E0348", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Jewish Union"] = {abbrev = "ŽDS", color = "#7F51C7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Justice Party"] = {abbrev = "DJP", color = "#004C97", shortname = "Democratic Justice",},
["Democratic Justice Party (1987)"] = {abbrev = "DJP", color = "#0A84E9", shortname = "Democratic Justice",},
["Democratic Korea Party"] = {abbrev = "DKP", color = "#ED2939", shortname = "Democratic Korea",},
["Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#008080", shortname = "Democratic Labor",},
["Democratic Labor Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#E7000A", shortname = "Democratic Labor",},
["Democratic Labor Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9C00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1980)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#EEAF30", shortname = "Democratic Labour",},
["Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#FFD700", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)"] = {abbrev = "PDT", color = "#C21E56", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "Democratic Labour",},
["Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#e25822", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Labour Party (UK, 1972)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF6600", shortname = "Democratic Labour",},
["Democratic Labour Party (UK, 1998)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E32636", shortname = "Democratic Labour",},
["Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania"] = {abbrev = "LDDP", color = "#E75480", shortname = "",},
["Democratic League (Catalonia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#002D70", shortname = "",},
["Democratic League in Montenegro"] = {abbrev = "DSCG", color = "cornflowerblue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic League of Dardania"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#005CA7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic League of Kosovo"] = {abbrev = "LDK", color = "#F37476", shortname = "",},
["Democratic League/Movement for the Labour Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E392B6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left (Ecuador)"] = {abbrev = "ID", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left (Greece)"] = {abbrev = "DIMAR", color = "#FF4100", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left (Ireland)"] = {abbrev = "DL", color = "#C700C7", shortname = "Democratic Left",},
["Democratic Left (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DB0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left (UK)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CC0033", shortname = "Democratic Left",},
["Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union"] = {abbrev = "SLD-UP", color = "#CA2021", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "SLD", color = "#E2001A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Association"] = {abbrev = "SLD", color = "#e10914", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Front (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#7F517C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Front (Sri Lanka)"] = {abbrev = "DLF", color = "#F90818", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Movement (Lebanon)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left of Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFE507", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Party (Turkey)"] = {abbrev = "DSP", color = "#02CDFF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Left Scotland"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CC0033", shortname = "Democratic Left",},
["Democratic Leftwing Republican Party"] = {abbrev = "PRED", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Liberal Congress"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F70000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Liberal Party (Timor-Leste)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2C43DB", shortname = "Liberal",},
["Democratic Liberal Party (Japan)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#42A46B", shortname = "Democratic Liberal",},
["Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)"] = {abbrev = "PDL", color = "#FF9D1C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Liberal Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#003990", shortname = "Democratic Liberal",},
["Democratic List"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FDFF46", shortname = "",},
["Democratic List for Israeli Arabs"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic List of Nazareth"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#AF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Majority (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0086D6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Montenegro"] = {abbrev = "DCG", color = "#F5911D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Movement – United Georgia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0067A5", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Movement (India)"] = {abbrev = "DM", color = "#92cfcf", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Movement (France)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EF5327", shortname = "MoDem",},
["Democratic Movement (San Marino)"] = {abbrev = "MD", color = "#F80000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Movement for Change"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#253EFE", shortname = "Dash",},
["Democratic Movement of Mozambique"] = {abbrev = "MDM", color = "#FFA825", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Movement of Serbia"] = {abbrev = "DEPOS", color = "#1A4A96", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Municipal Action"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF610F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Nasserist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "green", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Alliance (Antigua & Barbuda)"] = {abbrev = "DNA", color = "#EB8123", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Alliance (Bahamas)"] = {abbrev = "DNA", color = "#419b41", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Alliance (Sri Lanka)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CCCC33", shortname = "Democratic National Alliance",},
["Democratic National Assembly"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#add8e6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Association"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00008B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Convergence"] = {abbrev = "CDN", color = "#76DAB4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Front Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#BA0E00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Front"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EB6F53", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Initiative"] = {abbrev = "IDN", color = "#FF00D4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Party (Cyprus)"] = {abbrev = "DEK", color = "#783B12", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Rally"] = {abbrev = "RND", color = "#003153", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Salvation Front"] = {abbrev = "FDSN", color = "#cc3333", shortname = "",},
["Democratic National Union of Kurdistan"] = {abbrev = "YNDK", color = "#d1342f", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Nationalist Party (Malta, 1959–1966)"] = {abbrev = "PDN", color = "#A02C2C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)"] = {abbrev = "PND", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Nationalist Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "DNP", color = "#9acd32", shortname = "Democratic Nationalist",},
["Democratic Nationalists"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DDDDDD", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Nationhood Party"] = {abbrev = "PDK", color = "#054C30", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Network"] = {abbrev = "RED", color = "white", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Non-Partisan Alliance"] = {abbrev = "DNPA", color = "#FF0D6C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic New Macau Association"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Opposition of Serbia"] = {abbrev = "DOS", color = "#C0C0C0", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Pact for Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "PDC", color = "#FFC400", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Partnership"] = {abbrev = "", color = "khaki", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party – demokraci.pl"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9900", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (1912)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#008000", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (1943)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#6482BF", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Argentina)"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#192B6B", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party (Bolivia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DC4C46", shortname= "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Brazil, 1925-1934)"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#191198", shortname= "",},
["Democratic Party (Bulgaria)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "gold", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Cambodia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00FF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Cook Islands)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1E90FF", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Costa Rica)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2136C2", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Cuba)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0000FF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Curaçao)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E41E2A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Cyprus)"] = {abbrev = "DIKO", color = "#E07C00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Timor-Leste)"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#004080", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Georgia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8F8FBF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Hong Kong)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#5FB04A", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Hungary)"] = {abbrev = "DEMP", color = "#1560BD", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Iceland)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#04437F", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Indonesia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2643A3", shortname = "Demokrat",},
["Democratic Party (Italy)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EF1C27", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party (Japan, 1947)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EC9502", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Japan, 1954)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#99AF25", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Japan, 1996)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E60000", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Japan, 1998)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CE2029", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Japan, 2016)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#003E98", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Kenya)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#336600", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Laos)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFCD00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Luxembourg)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#002C4F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Macedonia)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#3016C8", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Malta)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Mendoza)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#192B6B", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party (Mongolia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#11479E", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Montenegro)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#09B2ED", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Myanmar)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#FFB00D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Nicaragua)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800000", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Northern Cyprus)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#E5382B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Peru)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF3333", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Philippines)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1E90FF", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "SD", color = "#6495ED", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Portugal)"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#FF69B4", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Romania)"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#FF6633", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Serbia)"] = {abbrev = "DS", color = "#FFF500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Singapore)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#DD6777", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Sint Eustatius)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#C00000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (SL)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1944)"] = {abbrev = "DS", color = "#002FA7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1989)"] = {abbrev = "DS", color = "#002FA7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Solomon Islands)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFEB33", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party (South Africa)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#6699CC", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 1955)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#000080", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 1967)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#FAA50D", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 1990)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#DA2C43", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 1991)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#D82634", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 1995)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#009D68", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 2005)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#00736D", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 2008)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#019E33", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 2011)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#FAC71A", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, May 2013)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#28A54A", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, September 2013)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#015DA9", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#152484", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Sri Lanka)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Switzerland)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0B3861", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Tanzania)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "black", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Turkey, 1970)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#ffa500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Turkey, 1992)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#341D47", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Uganda)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#0C713A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (UK, 1942)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "lightyellow", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (UK, 1969)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#ffffff", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["w:Democratic Party (United States)"] = {abbrev = "D", color = "#3333FF", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party (Yugoslavia)"] = {abbrev = "DS", color = "#FFD300", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party (Zambia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#ff338c", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party \"Saimnieks\""] = {abbrev = "", color = "#861623", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E30613", shortname = "Democratic Party – IDP",},
["Democratic Party Adilet"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0085fc", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party for a British Gibraltar"] = {abbrev = "DPBG", color = "", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance"] = {abbrev = "PDP–ANA", color = "#009900", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party For the People"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#FFBA00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Albania"] = {abbrev = "PD", color = "#00529C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Albanians"] = {abbrev = "PDSh", color = "black", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Armenia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EC1B24", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Artsakh"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0072B9", shortname = "Democratic Party",},
["Democratic Party of Chile (1988)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#000080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Córdoba"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1F2F6B", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea"] = {abbrev = "PDGE", color = "#3051A3", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Greens"] = {abbrev = "DSZ", color = "#007b33", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally"] = {abbrev = "PDG-RDA", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of India (Ambedkar)"] = {abbrev = "DPIA (A)", color = "", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan"] = {abbrev = "KDPI", color = "#FC0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally"] = {abbrev = "PDCI–RDA", color = "#0FAF32", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Kazakhstan"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#01AEF3", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Kosovo"] = {abbrev = "PDK", color = "#2E96D2", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Labour"] = {abbrev = "PDM", color = "#ED2128", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Lesotho"] = {abbrev = "DPL", color = "#4c196e", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Macedonia"] = {abbrev = "DPM", color = "blue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Macedonians"] = {abbrev = "DPM", color = "#F7D10C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Moldova"] = {abbrev = "PDM", color = "#264B9D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Nauru"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#002B7F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia"] = {abbrev = "DeSUS", color = "#8DC63F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Pensioners"] = {abbrev = "", color = "grey", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Republika Srpska"] = {abbrev = "", color = "blue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Russia"] = {abbrev = "DPR", color = "#DBB726", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Serbia"] = {abbrev = "DSS", color = "#126180", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia"] = {abbrev = "DPSM", color = "#1101E0", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Slovenia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3300B2", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (2021)"] = {abbrev = "DPS", color = "#524FA1", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro"] = {abbrev = "DPS", color = "#F58634", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the Chadian People"] = {abbrev = "PDPT", color = "#3b09e8", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the Atlantic"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0000FF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands"] = {abbrev = "DPFI", color = "#C20100", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the Left"] = {abbrev = "PDS", color = "#C72F35", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the New Left"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FD3C0B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of the Philippines"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#0054A5", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Tajikistan"] = {abbrev = "DPT", color = "#1E7B08", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Trinidad and Tobago"] = {abbrev = "DPTT", color = "#2A3A8C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Turkmenistan"] = {abbrev = "TDP", color = "#1CC858", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Turks"] = {abbrev = "DPTM", color = "red", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Ukraine"] = {abbrev = "DPU", color = "#025BAB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Vietnam"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0055A4", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#5c7b59", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party of Zagorje"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#70bd5d", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Party Sint Maarten"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#e21c1a", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan"] = {abbrev = "DPAK", color = "#CCFF33", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Patriots' Unified Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D80100", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Peace Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8DB7E9", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#B7D749", shortname = "PȚD–Lupu",},
["Democratic People (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#5BB829", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Alliance"] = {abbrev = "DNS", color = "#2B0E72", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Front"] = {abbrev = "DPF", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Movement"] = {abbrev = "DPM", color = "#FF4500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Party (Ghana)"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Party (Montenegro)"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#005DA3", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Party (San Marino)"] = {abbrev = "PDP", color = "#0068C1", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#353F9C", shortname = "Democratic People's",},
["Democratic People's Party (Turkey)"] = {abbrev = "DHP", color = "#437CCD", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People's Union"] = {abbrev = "DNZ", color = "#048AEB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic People"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#5AC2C5", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Popular Movement"] = {abbrev = "SPD", color = "#8a4e58", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progress Party"] = {abbrev = "DGP", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progressive Party (Argentina)"] = {abbrev = "PDP", color = "#005C9E", shortname = "Democratic Progressive Party",},
["Democratic Progressive Party (Austria)"] = {abbrev = "DFP", color = "#FFE500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#1E90FF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progressive Party (Singapore)"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#FF9900", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Progressive Party (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C92B7D", shortname = "Democratic",},
["Democratic Progressive Party"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#1B9431", shortname = "Democratic Progressive",},
["Democratic Prosperous Macau Association"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#006400", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Rally of the Comorian People"] = {abbrev = "RDPC", color = "#FFFFFF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Rally of the Comoros"] = {abbrev = "RDC", color = "#32CD32", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Rally"] = {abbrev = "DISY", color = "#1569C7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Reform Party (Japan)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "Democratic Reform",},
["Democratic Reform"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#2A52BE", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Reform Party of Muslims"] = {abbrev = "DRSM", color = "#74C365", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Reformist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D13C21", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Reforms Party"] = {abbrev = "DİP", color = "#333399", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Regional Union"] = {abbrev = "DPE", color = "darkorange", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Regions Party"] = {abbrev = "DBP", color = "#30A13E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal (Andorra)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "orange", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal of Macedonia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8DC73F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Angola)"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#662531", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil)"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Benin)"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#FFFA00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Cape Verde)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#02569F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Portugal)"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal"] = {abbrev = "DIANA", color = "#007FFF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renewal Party (Costa Rica)"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#2C93FB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Renovation"] = {abbrev = "", color = "orange", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Party"] = {abbrev = "PDRT", color = "#DE5D83", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Republican Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#835B38", shortname = "Democratic Republican",},
["Democratic Republican Alliance"] = {abbrev = "ARD", color = "#FFBF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Republican Party (South Korea, 1997)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0D90D6", shortname = "Democratic Republican",},
["Democratic Republican Union"] = {abbrev = "URD", color = "#feed01", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revival"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "darkblue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolution"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1D4C4F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (Bolivia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFD700", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolutionary Front – New Alternative"] = {abbrev = "FDR", color = "#1FA045", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolutionary Nationalist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#bb0000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolutionary Party"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#003F87", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party"] = {abbrev = "DRPP", color = "#006400", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Rioja"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFFF6F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Senate"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DB64DB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Serb Party (Montenegro)"] = {abbrev = "DSS", color = "Darkblue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social Christian Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#556627", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social Front"] = {abbrev = "FDS", color = "#009900", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social Justice Party"] = {abbrev = "DSJP", color = "#A91B0D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social Movement"] = {abbrev = "DIKKI", color = "#FF7F00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social Party"] = {abbrev = "PDS", color = "#0067A5", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Social-Revolutionary Party of Cuba"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D21F1B", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialism (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "SD", color = "#B7051F", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Alliance (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EE3507", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Alliance"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CC4E5C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#02AB72", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Coalition"] = {abbrev = "CSD", color = "#00BFFF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Left"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D2323A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (Argentina)"] = {abbrev = "PSD", color = "#FF9900", shortname = "Democratic Socialist Party",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (Ireland)"] = {abbrev = "DSP", color = "#FF0099", shortname = "Democratic Socialist",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)"] = {abbrev = "DSP", color = "#FF4F4F", shortname = "Democratic Socialist",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (Morocco)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#188410", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)"] = {abbrev = "DSP(PC)", color = "#FF033E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF8000", shortname = "Democratic Socialist",},
["Democratic Socialist Party of Greece"] = {abbrev = "", color = "Yellow", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Radical Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialist Unionist Party"] = {abbrev = "DSUP", color = "red", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialists '70"] = {abbrev = "DS'70", color = "#A21756", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Socialists of America"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EB2128", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Society Alliance"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#74C365", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Society Congress"] = {abbrev = "DTK", color = "#029E4A", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Society Party"] = {abbrev = "DTP", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Society Party (Morocco)"] = {abbrev = "PSD", color = "#FDD86D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic swaraj party"] = {abbrev = "DSP", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Tamil National Alliance"] = {abbrev = "DTNA", color = "#FFFF00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Tumu Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C8102E", shortname = "Democratic Tumu",},
["Democratic Turkish Union of Romania"] = {abbrev = "RDTB", color = "#E30A17", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Unification Party (South Korea)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#c93", shortname = "Democratic Unification",},
["Democratic Unification Party"] = {abbrev = "UD", color = "#FEF100", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Czech Republic)"] = {abbrev = "DEU", color = "#6D051C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Greece)"] = {abbrev = "DE", color = "#FFC0CB", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Greece, 1956)"] = {abbrev = "DE", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Guatemala)"] = {abbrev = "UD", color = "#4fadea", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Israel)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#029A3D", shortname = "Democratic Union",},
["Democratic Union (Italy)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Bosnia and Herzegovina)"] = {abbrev = "DEMOS", color = "#ED1C24", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "UD", color = "#DB812E", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union Coalition (1996–2000)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#074DA9", shortname = "Democratic Union",},
["Democratic Union for Integration"] = {abbrev = "BDI", color = "#344b9b", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union for Revival"] = {abbrev = "DAK", color = "#1F2563", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union for the Respect of Labour"] = {abbrev = "UDRT/RAD", color = "black", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union for the Republic"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF7F00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Albanians"] = {abbrev = "UDSH", color = "#E65532", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0053A1", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Croats"] = {abbrev = "DZH", color = "#E5111D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#15803C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia"] = {abbrev = "DZMH", color = "#15803C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Slovakia"] = {abbrev = "DEÚS", color = "#007BA7", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania"] = {abbrev = "UDSCR", color = "#1136F2", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Taiwan"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9826", shortname = "Democratic Union",},
["Democratic Union of the Malian People"] = {abbrev = "UDPM", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of the Region of Murcia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#039C06", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of the Rwandan People"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#344EA3", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of the Vlachs of Macedonia"] = {abbrev = "DSVM", color = "", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars of Romania"] = {abbrev = "RMTTDB", color = "#E4E700", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union Party (Romania)"] = {abbrev = "PDU", color = "blue", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Union Party (Syria)"] = {abbrev = "PYD", color = "#F70302", shortname = "Democratic Union Party",},
["Democratic Union–Broad Centre"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F6643D", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Unionist Party"] = {abbrev = "DUP", color = "#D46A4C", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Unionist Party (Sudan)"] = {abbrev = "DUP", color = "#00A6EF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic United National Front"] = {abbrev = "", color = "green", shortname = "",},
["Democratic United Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FAC71A", shortname = "Democratic United",},
["Democratic Unity"] = {abbrev = "UD", color = "#FFD700", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Unity Alliance"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F8A718", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Unity Roundtable"] = {abbrev = "MUD", color = "#0F52BA", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Way (Spain)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFAE00", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Way Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#87a1fe", shortname = "",},
["Democratic Women's League of Germany"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3d61d6", shortname = "",},
["Democratic – Neutral – Authentic"] = {abbrev = "DNA", color = "#2C2D84", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-Independent Party (North Dakota)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#66CCFF", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-People's Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3333FF", shortname = "Democratic-People's",},
["Democratic-Republican (Adams)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#68C468", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-Republican (Jackson)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#698DC5", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-Republican (Crawford)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9955", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-Republican Party (1844)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#808000", shortname = "",},
["Democratic-Republican Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#008000", shortname = "Democratic-Republican",},
["Democratic-Social Movement (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "RDS", color = "#FAAA49", shortname = "",},
["Democratic/Country coalition"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#6495ED", shortname = "",},
["Democratic/Hold"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EEF6FF", shortname = "",},
["Democrats (Brazil)"] = {abbrev = "DEM", color = "#8CC63E", shortname = "",},
["Democrats (Chile)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DA1764", shortname = "",},
["Democrats (Croatia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#B00F1F", shortname = "",},
["Democrats (Greece, 2009)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#6D85CB", shortname = "Democrats",},
["Democrats (Greece, 2024)"] = {abbrev = "Democrats", color = "#011689", shortname = "",},
["Democrats (Greenland)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#152D49", shortname = "Democrats",},
["Democrats (Slovakia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#50168E", shortname = "Democrats",},
["Democrats (Slovenia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#09115e", shortname = "Democrats",},
["Democrats 66"] = {abbrev = "D66", color = "#00AE41", shortname = "",},
["Democrats and Veterans"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#000000", shortname = "",},
["Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria"] = {abbrev = "DSB", color = "#02528A", shortname = "",},
["Democrats for Andorra"] = {abbrev = "DA", color = "#EA7A28", shortname = "",},
["Democrats for Liechtenstein"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#005EA8", shortname = "DpL",},
["Democrats for Responsibility, Solidarity and Tolerance"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1A70B8", shortname = "",},
["Democrats of Catalonia"] = {abbrev = "DC", color = "#1375CE", shortname = "",},
["Democrats of the Left"] = {abbrev = "DS", color = "#C72F35", shortname = "",},
["DEMOS (Montenegro)"] = {abbrev = "DEMOS", color = "#89CFF0", shortname = "",},
["Demos+"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F97D19", shortname = "",},
["Demosisto"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#37C8B4", shortname = "",},
["Demosistō"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#37C8B4", shortname = "",},
["Denk (political party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00B7B2", shortname = "Denk",},
["Denmark Democrats"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4572F1", shortname = "Denmark Democrats",},
["Denok Hiritar"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FEF900", shortname = "",},
["Der Wandel"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D32C0B", shortname = "Wandel",},
["Derekh Eretz (political faction)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#277EE5", shortname = "",},
["Derryn Hinch's Justice Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#002F5D", shortname = "Justice",},
["Derwentside Independents"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#9F009F", shortname = "",},
["Derzhava (Russian party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#959698", shortname = "",},
["Derzhava (Ukrainian party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "Derzhava",},
["Des de Baix"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EF7D00", shortname = "",},
["Desh Bhakt Party"] = {abbrev = "DBP", color = "#B404AE", shortname = "",},
["Desire the Right Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0087DC", shortname = "Desire the Right",},
["Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam"] = {abbrev = "DMDK", color = "#FFFF00", shortname = "",},
["Destiny New Zealand"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFFF00", shortname = "Destiny",},
["Destour"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#7F1A03", shortname = "",},
["Destourian Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "RebeccaPurple", shortname = "",},
["Determination and Justice"] = {abbrev = "OiP", color = "#262757", shortname = "",},
["Deutsche Mitte"] = {abbrev = "DM", color = "#284f8d", shortname = "",},
["Deutsche Reichspartei"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8B4726", shortname = "",},
["Devana Parapura"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#98151b", shortname = "",},
["Development and Peace (political party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#6A287E", shortname = "Flatto-Sharon",},
["Development Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#8F188F", shortname = "",},
["Development/For!"] = {abbrev = "AP!", color = "#FFEC00", shortname = "",},
["Devizes Guardians"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#9A114F", shortname = "",},
["Dharmacracy Party"] = {abbrev = "DP", color = "#F46A26", shortname = "",},
["Dharmacracy Party (Thailand)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C8BCA7", shortname = "Dharmacracy",},
["Dhivehi Qaumee Party"] = {abbrev = "DQP", color = "maroon", shortname = "",},
["Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party"] = {abbrev = "DRP", color = "#3F89C0", shortname = "",},
["Diàleg Republicà"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CD2E33", shortname = "",},
["Dialogue – The Greens' Party"] = {abbrev = "PZ", color = "#39B54A", shortname = "Dialogue",},
["Dialogue for Hungary"] = {abbrev = "PM", color = "#3CB34D", shortname = "",},
["Dialogue Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#D32270", shortname = "",},
["Dibyojyoti Singh Deo"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DD4561", shortname = "",},
["Die Linke"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#BE3075", shortname = "Linke",},
["Die PARTEI"] = {abbrev = "PARTEI", color = "#B5152B", shortname = "",},
["Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei"] = {abbrev = "du.", color = "#E66346", shortname = "",},
["DierAnimal"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#148C8B", shortname = "",},
["Different Cantabria"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#96D351", shortname = "",},
["Digital Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F36F21", shortname = "Digital",},
["Dignidad Ahora"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#EC8431", shortname = "",},
["Dignity and Charity"] = {abbrev = "DM", color = "#0BC3AD", shortname = "",},
["Dignity and Truth Platform"] = {abbrev = "PPDA", color = "#5E0C06", shortname = "",},
["Dignity and Truth Platform2022"] = {abbrev = "PPDA2022", color = "#409FD9", shortname = "",},
["Dignity Coalition"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#3D7254", shortname = "",},
["Dignity Movement"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#458241", shortname = "",},
["Dignity Now!"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FFA500", shortname = "",},
["Dignity Party (Algeria)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#008000", shortname = "Dignity",},
["Dignity Party (Egypt)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Dignity Party (South Australia)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#69359C", shortname = "Dignity",},
["Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4B393B", shortname = "Dikwankwetla Party",},
["Dimasalang Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FC6A03", shortname = "Dimasalang",},
["Direct Democracy (Peru)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "yellow", shortname = "",},
["Direct Democracy (Poland)"] = {abbrev = "DB", color = "#3AD5C8", shortname = "Direct Democracy",},
["Direct Democracy Ireland"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#87CEFA", shortname = "Direct Democracy",},
["Direct Democracy Party of New Zealand"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#F28317", shortname = "Direct Democracy",},
["Direct Democratic Participation of Galicia"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4FAECD", shortname = "",},
["Direct Democrats (Sweden)"] = {abbrev = "DD", color = "orange", shortname = "",},
["Direct Development Party"] = {abbrev = "DDP", color = "#57A0D3", shortname = "",},
["Direction – Slovak Social Democracy"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#d82222", shortname = "Smer",},
["Dissident Left"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#66CC99", shortname = "Dissident Left",},
["Dissident Radical Civic Union"] = {abbrev = "UCRD", color = "#A52A2A", shortname = "",},
["Dixiecrat"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF9955", shortname = "",},
["Djathtas 1912"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#143560", shortname = "Djathtas",},
["Djathtas për Zhvillim"] = {abbrev = "DZh", color = "#542d52", shortname = "",},
["DK–MSZP–Dialogue Alliance"] = {abbrev = "DK–MSZP–P", color = "#0171BB", shortname = "",},
["Don't Let Belgrade Drown"] = {abbrev = "NDB", color = "#276030", shortname = "",},
["Doctrinaires"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#87CEFA", shortname = "",},
["Domani Motus Liberi"] = {abbrev = "DML", color = "#039ADA", shortname = "",},
["Dōmei Seisha"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#825C8C", shortname = "",},
["Dominica Freedom Party"] = {abbrev = "DFP", color = "#008000", shortname = "",},
["Dominica Labour Party"] = {abbrev = "DLP", color = "#F0001C", shortname = "",},
["Dominica United People's Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "orange", shortname = "",},
["Dominican Communist Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#CE2029", shortname = "",},
["Dominican Humanist Party"] = {abbrev = "DHP", color = "#FFEF52", shortname = "",},
["Dominican Liberation Party"] = {abbrev = "PLD", color = "#870B9C", shortname = "",},
["Dominican Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#964B00", shortname = "",},
["Dominican Revolutionary Party"] = {abbrev = "PRD", color = "#009EFF", shortname = "",},
["Dominicans for Change"] = {abbrev = "PDC", color = "#12e3ff", shortname = "",},
["Dominion Labor Party (Alberta)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "transparent", shortname = "Labor",},
["Dominion Party (South Africa)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#50C878", shortname = "Dominion",},
["Dominion Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#800080", shortname = "Dominion",},
["DOMOV"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#C63B28", shortname = "",},
["Donegal Progressive Party"] = {abbrev = "DPP", color = "#FF7F00", shortname = "Donegal Progressive Party",},
["Donetsk Republic (political party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#005087", shortname = "",},
["Doordarshi Party"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#00FF99", shortname = "",},
["Dor (political party)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#409199", shortname = "",},
["Dōshi Club (1900s)"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#0018ED", shortname = "",},
["Dōshi Seisha"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#4D5269", shortname = "",},
["Dovira"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#1A9DAA", shortname = "Dovira",},
["Downlands Resident Group"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DDDDDD", shortname = "",},
["DPS – A New Beginning"] = {abbrev = "DPS–NN", color = "#0662AB", shortname = "",},
["Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#DB7099", shortname = "",},
["Dr. Ansay Party"] = {abbrev = "DrA", color = "#15E4C9", shortname = "Ansay Party",},
["Drago Project"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#232323", shortname = "",},
["Drassi"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#f37021", shortname = "",},
["Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam"] = {abbrev = "DMK", color = "#FF0D0D", shortname = "",},
["Droa"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#231F20", shortname = "",},
["Druk Chirwang Tshogpa"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FCB116", shortname = "",},
["Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa"] = {abbrev = "DNT", color = "#F9C6D9", shortname = "",},
["Druk Phuensum Tshogpa"] = {abbrev = "DPT", color = "#E48400", shortname = "",},
["Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa"] = {abbrev = "DTT", color = "#4a85c4", shortname = "",},
["Dublin Trades Council"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#FF0000", shortname = "",},
["Duma Polska"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E04A4B", shortname = "",},
["Dutch People's Union"] = {abbrev = "", color = "red", shortname = "",},
["Duterte Youth"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#60a2ec", shortname = "",},
["DuterTen"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#015420", shortname = "",},
["Dveri"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#E32636", shortname = "",},
["Dynastic Left"] = {abbrev = "", color = "#5FA082", shortname = "Leftist",},
["Džemijet"] = {abbrev = "", color = "black", shortname = "",},
}

return {
full = full,
alternate = alternate,
}

Percentage point

2025-08-04T18:02:00Z

Nico: Created page with "{{Short description|Unit for the arithmetic difference of two percentages}} {{Distinguish-redirect|Percent point|Quantile function{{!}}Percent point function}} A '''percentage point''' or '''percent point''' is the unit for the arithmetic difference between two percentages. For example, moving up from 40 percent to 44 percent is an increase of 4 percentage points (although it is a 10-percent increase in the quantit..."

{{Short description|Unit for the arithmetic difference of two percentages}}
{{Distinguish-redirect|Percent point|Quantile function{{!}}Percent point function}}

A '''percentage point''' or '''percent point''' is the [[unit (measurement)|unit]] for the [[difference (mathematics)|arithmetic difference]] between two [[percentage]]s. For example, moving up from 40 percent to 44 percent is an increase of 4 percentage points (although it is a 10-percent increase in the quantity being measured, if the total amount remains the same).<ref>{{cite book |last=Brechner |first=Robert |date=2008 |title=Contemporary Mathematics for Business and Consumers, Brief Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSsHAAAAQBAJ&q=percentage+points&pg=PA190 |publisher=Cengage Learning |page=190 |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518123546/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSsHAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA190&dq=percentage%20points&hl=no&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q=percentage%20points&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2015 |isbn=9781111805500 }}</ref> In written text, the unit (the percentage point) is usually either written out,<ref>{{cite book |last=Wickham |first=Kathleen |date=2003 |title=Math Tools for Journalists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYtYmMD2ReAC&q=points&pg=PA30 |publisher=Cengage Learning |page=30 |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518123538/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RYtYmMD2ReAC&lpg=PP1&dq=textbook%20mathematics%20%22percentage%20points%22&hl=no&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q=points&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2015 |isbn=9780972993746 }}</ref> or abbreviated as ''pp'', ''p.p.'', or ''%pt.'' to avoid confusion with percentage increase or decrease in the actual quantity. After the first occurrence, some writers abbreviate by using just "point" or "points".

==Differences between percentages and percentage points==
Consider the following hypothetical example: In 1980, 50 percent of the population smoked, and in 1990 only 40 percent of the population smoked. One can thus say that from 1980 to 1990, the prevalence of smoking decreased by 10 ''percentage points'' (or by 10 percent of the population) or by ''20 percent'' when talking about smokers only – percentages indicate proportionate part of a total.

Percentage-point differences are one way to express a risk or [[probability]]. Consider a drug that cures a given disease in 70 percent of all cases, while without the drug, the disease heals spontaneously in only 50 percent of cases. The drug reduces absolute risk by 20 percentage points. Alternatives may be more meaningful to consumers of statistics, such as the [[Multiplicative inverse|reciprocal]], also known as the [[number needed to treat]] (NNT). In this case, the reciprocal transform of the percentage-point difference would be 1/(20pp) = 1/0.20 = 5. Thus if 5 patients are treated with the drug, one could expect to cure one more patient than would have gotten well without receiving the treatment.

For measurements involving percentages as a unit, such as, growth, [[yield (finance)|yield]], or [[ejection fraction]], [[statistical deviation]]s and related [[descriptive statistics]], including the [[standard deviation]] and [[root-mean-square error]], the result should be expressed in units of percentage points instead of percentage. {{Citation needed|reason=Suggesting that pp's should be used needs support|date=February 2019}} Mistakenly using percentage as the unit for the standard deviation is confusing, since percentage is also used as a unit for the [[relative standard deviation]], i.e. standard deviation divided by average value ([[coefficient of variation]]).

== Related units ==
* [[Percentage]] (%) 1 part in 100
* [[Per mille]] (‰) 1 part in 1,000
* [[Permyriad]] (‱) 1 part in 10,000
** [[Basis point]] (bp) difference of 1 part in 10,000
* [[Per cent mille]] (pcm) 1 part in 100,000
* [[Parts-per notation]] parts per million (ppm) etc.

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Baker percentage}}
* {{annotated link|Parts-per notation}}
* {{annotated link|Percent point function}}
* {{annotated link|Per-unit system}}
* {{annotated link|Relative change |aka=relative difference}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mathematical terminology]]
[[Category:Probability assessment]]
[[Category:Units of measurement]]

2024 United States presidential election

2025-08-04T17:44:26Z

Nico: Created page with "{{Infobox election | election_name = 2024 United States presidential election | country = United States | type = presidential | opinion_polls = Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election | college_voted = yes | previous_election = 2020 United States presidential election | previous_year = 2020 | next_election = 2028 United States presidential election | next_year = ''2028'' | election_date = November 5, 2024 | votes_for_election = 538 mem..."

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 United States presidential election
| country = United States
| type = presidential
| opinion_polls = Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
| college_voted = yes
| previous_election = 2020 United States presidential election
| previous_year = 2020
| next_election = 2028 United States presidential election
| next_year = ''2028''
| election_date = November 5, 2024
| votes_for_election = 538 members of the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]]
| needed_votes = 270 electoral
| turnout = 64.1% ({{decrease}} 2.5 [[percentage point|pp]])
| map_image = {{2024 United States presidential election imagemap}}
| map_size =
| image1 = TrumpPortrait (3x4a).jpg
| image_size = 200x200px
| nominee1 = '''[[w:Donald Trump|Donald Trump]]'''
| party1 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[Florida]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[JD Vance]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''312'''
| states_carried1 = '''31 + {{ushr|ME|2|ME-02}}'''
| popular_vote1 = '''77,302,580'''
| percentage1 = '''49.8%'''
| image2 = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg
| nominee2 = [[Kamala Harris]]
| party2 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[California]]
| running_mate2 = [[Tim Walz]]
| electoral_vote2 = 226
| states_carried2 = 19 + [[Washington, D.C.|DC]] + {{ushr|NE|2|NE-02}}
| popular_vote2 = 75,017,613
| percentage2 = 48.3%
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. Red denotes [[U.S. states]] won by Trump/Vance and blue denotes those won by Harris/Walz. Numbers indicate [[United States Electoral College|electoral votes]] cast by each state and the [[District of Columbia]].
| title = President
| before_election = [[Joe Biden]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| posttitle = Elected President
| after_election = [[Donald Trump]]
| after_party = Republican Party (United States)
}}

MediaWiki:Common.js

2025-08-04T17:28:09Z

Nico: Created page with "/* Any JavaScript here will be loaded for all users on every page load. */ /** * Keep code in MediaWiki:Common.js to a minimum as it is unconditionally * loaded for all users on every wiki page. If possible create a gadget that is * enabled by default instead of adding it here (since gadgets are fully * optimized ResourceLoader modules with possibility to add dependencies etc.) * * Since Common.js isn't a gadget, there is no place to declare its * dependencies, so..."

/* Any JavaScript here will be loaded for all users on every page load. */
/**
* Keep code in MediaWiki:Common.js to a minimum as it is unconditionally
* loaded for all users on every wiki page. If possible create a gadget that is
* enabled by default instead of adding it here (since gadgets are fully
* optimized ResourceLoader modules with possibility to add dependencies etc.)
*
* Since Common.js isn't a gadget, there is no place to declare its
* dependencies, so we have to lazy load them with mw.loader.using on demand and
* then execute the rest in the callback. In most cases these dependencies will
* be loaded (or loading) already and the callback will not be delayed. In case a
* dependency hasn't arrived yet it'll make sure those are loaded before this.
*/

/* global mw, $ */
/* jshint strict:false, browser:true */

mw.loader.using( [ 'mediawiki.util' ] ).done( function () {
/* Begin of mw.loader.using callback */

/**
* Map addPortletLink to mw.util
* @deprecated: Use mw.util.addPortletLink instead.
*/
mw.log.deprecate( window, 'addPortletLink', mw.util.addPortletLink, 'Use mw.util.addPortletLink instead' );

/**
* @source www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Snippets/Load_JS_and_CSS_by_URL
* @rev 6
*/
var extraCSS = mw.util.getParamValue( 'withCSS' ),
extraJS = mw.util.getParamValue( 'withJS' );

if ( extraCSS ) {
if ( extraCSS.match( /^MediaWiki:[^&<>=%#]*\.css$/ ) ) {
mw.loader.load( '/w/index.php?title=' + extraCSS + '&action=raw&ctype=text/css', 'text/css' );
} else {
mw.notify( 'Only pages from the MediaWiki namespace are allowed.', { title: 'Invalid withCSS value' } );
}
}

if ( extraJS ) {
if ( extraJS.match( /^MediaWiki:[^&<>=%#]*\.js$/ ) ) {
mw.loader.load( '/w/index.php?title=' + extraJS + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript' );
} else {
mw.notify( 'Only pages from the MediaWiki namespace are allowed.', { title: 'Invalid withJS value' } );
}
}

/**
* Collapsible tables; reimplemented with mw-collapsible
* Styling is also in place to avoid FOUC
*
* Allows tables to be collapsed, showing only the header. See [[Help:Collapsing]].
* @version 3.0.0 (2018-05-20)
* @source https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Gadget-collapsibleTables.js
* @author [[User:R. Koot]]
* @author [[User:Krinkle]]
* @author [[User:TheDJ]]
* @deprecated Since MediaWiki 1.20: Use class="mw-collapsible" instead which
* is supported in MediaWiki core. Shimmable since MediaWiki 1.32
*
* @param {jQuery} $content
*/
function makeCollapsibleMwCollapsible( $content ) {
var $tables = $content
.find( 'table.collapsible:not(.mw-collapsible)' )
.addClass( 'mw-collapsible' );

$.each( $tables, function ( index, table ) {
// mw.log.warn( 'This page is using the deprecated class collapsible. Please replace it with mw-collapsible.');
if ( $( table ).hasClass( 'collapsed' ) ) {
$( table ).addClass( 'mw-collapsed' );
// mw.log.warn( 'This page is using the deprecated class collapsed. Please replace it with mw-collapsed.');
}
} );
if ( $tables.length > 0 ) {
mw.loader.using( 'jquery.makeCollapsible' ).then( function () {
$tables.makeCollapsible();
} );
}
}
mw.hook( 'wikipage.content' ).add( makeCollapsibleMwCollapsible );

/**
* Add support to mw-collapsible for autocollapse, innercollapse and outercollapse
*
* Maintainers: TheDJ
*/
function mwCollapsibleSetup( $collapsibleContent ) {
var $element,
$toggle,
autoCollapseThreshold = 2;
$.each( $collapsibleContent, function ( index, element ) {
$element = $( element );
if ( $element.hasClass( 'collapsible' ) ) {
$element.find( 'tr:first > th:first' ).prepend( $element.find( 'tr:first > * > .mw-collapsible-toggle' ) );
}
if ( $collapsibleContent.length >= autoCollapseThreshold && $element.hasClass( 'autocollapse' ) ) {
$element.data( 'mw-collapsible' ).collapse();
} else if ( $element.hasClass( 'innercollapse' ) ) {
if ( $element.parents( '.outercollapse' ).length > 0 ) {
$element.data( 'mw-collapsible' ).collapse();
}
}
// because of colored backgrounds, style the link in the text color
// to ensure accessible contrast
$toggle = $element.find( '.mw-collapsible-toggle' );
if ( $toggle.length ) {
// Make the toggle inherit text color (Updated for T333357 2023-04-29)
if ( $toggle.parent()[ 0 ].style.color ) {
$toggle.css( 'color', 'inherit' );
$toggle.find( '.mw-collapsible-text' ).css( 'color', 'inherit' );
}
}
} );
}

mw.hook( 'wikipage.collapsibleContent' ).add( mwCollapsibleSetup );

/* End of mw.loader.using callback */
} );
/* DO NOT ADD CODE BELOW THIS LINE */

MediaWiki:Common.css

2025-08-04T17:26:22Z

Nico: Created page with "/* CSS placed here will be applied to all skins */ /* * This is the CSS common to all desktop skins on en.Wikipedia. * Styling inside .mw-parser-output should generally use TemplateStyles. */ /* Reset italic styling set by user agent */ cite, dfn { font-style: inherit; } /* Straight quote marks for <q> */ q { quotes: '"' '"' "'" "'"; } /* Avoid collision of blockquote with floating elements by swapping margin and padding */ blockquote { overflow: hidden; margin:..."

/* CSS placed here will be applied to all skins */
/*
* This is the CSS common to all desktop skins on en.Wikipedia.
* Styling inside .mw-parser-output should generally use TemplateStyles.
*/
/* Reset italic styling set by user agent */
cite,
dfn {
font-style: inherit;
}

/* Straight quote marks for <q> */
q {
quotes: '"' '"' "'" "'";
}

/* Avoid collision of blockquote with floating elements by swapping margin and padding */
blockquote {
overflow: hidden;
margin: 1em 0;
padding: 0 40px;
}

/* Consistent size for , and */
small {
font-size: 85%;
}

.mw-body-content sub,
.mw-body-content sup {
font-size: 80%;
}

/* Same spacing for indented and unindented paragraphs on talk pages */
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dd {
margin-top: 0.4em;
margin-bottom: 0.4em;
}

/* Reduce page jumps by hiding collapsed/dismissed content */
.client-js .collapsible:not( .mw-made-collapsible).collapsed > tbody > tr:not(:first-child),

/* Avoid FOUC/reflows on collapsed elements. */
/* This copies MediaWiki's solution for T42812 to apply to innercollapse/outercollapse (T325115). */
/* TODO: Use :is() selector at some reasonable future when support is good for Most Clients */
/* Reference: https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/mediawiki/core/+/ecda06cb2aef55b77c4b4d7ecda492d634419ead/resources/src/jquery/jquery.makeCollapsible.styles.less#75 */
.client-js .outercollapse .innercollapse.mw-collapsible:not( .mw-made-collapsible ) > p,
.client-js .outercollapse .innercollapse.mw-collapsible:not( .mw-made-collapsible ) > table,
.client-js .outercollapse .innercollapse.mw-collapsible:not( .mw-made-collapsible ) > thead + tbody,
.client-js .outercollapse .innercollapse.mw-collapsible:not( .mw-made-collapsible ) tr:not( :first-child ),
.client-js .outercollapse .innercollapse.mw-collapsible:not( .mw-made-collapsible ) .mw-collapsible-content,

/* Hide charinsert base for those not using the gadget */
#editpage-specialchars {
display: none;
}

/* Different margin on references */
.references {
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}

/* Cite customizations */
span[ rel="mw:referencedBy" ] {
counter-reset: mw-ref-linkback 0;
}

span[ rel='mw:referencedBy' ] > a::before {
content: counter( mw-ref-linkback, lower-alpha );
font-size: 80%;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
}

a[ rel="mw:referencedBy" ]::before {
font-weight: bold;
content: "^";
}

span[ rel="mw:referencedBy" ]::before {
content: "^ ";
}

/* Styling for jQuery makeCollapsible, matching that of collapseButton */
.mw-parser-output .mw-collapsible-toggle:not(.mw-ui-button) {
font-weight: normal;
padding-right: 0.2em;
padding-left: 0.2em;
}

.mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle .mw-collapsible-toggle {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
}

/* Lists in wikitable data cells are always left-aligned */
.wikitable td ul,
.wikitable td ol,
.wikitable td dl {
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}

/* Change the external link icon to a PDF icon for all PDF files */
.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external,
.mw-parser-output a[href*=".pdf?"].external,
.mw-parser-output a[href*=".pdf#"].external,
.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external,
.mw-parser-output a[href*=".PDF?"].external,
.mw-parser-output a[href*=".PDF#"].external {
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") no-repeat right;
/* @noflip */
padding: 8px 18px 8px 0;
}

/* System messages styled similarly to fmbox */
/* for .mw-warning-with-logexcerpt, behavior of this line differs between
* the edit-protected notice and the special:Contribs for blocked users
* The latter has specificity of 3 classes so we have to triple up here.
*/
.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt,
div.mw-lag-warn-high,
div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning,
div#mw-protect-cascadeon {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
border: 1px solid #bb7070;
background-color: var(--background-color-error-subtle, #ffdbdb);
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;
box-sizing: border-box;
}

/* default colors for partial block message */
/* gotta get over the hump introduced by the triple class above */
.mw-contributions-blocked-notice-partial .mw-warning-with-logexcerpt.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt {
border-color: #fc3;
background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fef6e7);
}

/* Minimum thumb width */
@media (min-width: 640px) {
figure[typeof~='mw:File/Thumb'],
figure[typeof~='mw:File/Frame'],
.thumbinner {
min-width: 100px;
}
}

/* Prevent floating boxes from overlapping any category listings,
file histories, edit previews, and edit [Show changes] views. */
#mw-subcategories,
#mw-pages,
#mw-category-media,
#filehistory,
#wikiPreview,
#wikiDiff {
clear: both;
}

/* Hide stuff meant for accounts with special permissions. Made visible again in
[[MediaWiki:Group-checkuser.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-sysop.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-abusefilter.css]],
[[MediaWiki:Group-abusefilter-helper.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-patroller.css]],
[[MediaWiki:Group-templateeditor.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-extendedmover.css]],
[[MediaWiki:Group-extendedconfirmed.css]], and [[Mediawiki:Group-autoconfirmed.css]]. */
.checkuser-show,
.sysop-show,
.abusefilter-show,
.abusefilter-helper-show,
.patroller-show,
.templateeditor-show,
.extendedmover-show,
.extendedconfirmed-show,
.autoconfirmed-show,
.user-show {
display: none;
}

/* Hide the redlink generated by {{Editnotice}},
this overrides the ".sysop-show { display: none; }" above that applies
to the same link as well. See [[phab:T45013]]

Hide the images in editnotices to keep them readable in VE view.
Long term, editnotices should become a core feature so that they can be designed responsive. */
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .editnotice-redlink,
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .mbox-image,
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .mbox-imageright {
display: none !important;
}

/* Remove bullets when there are multiple edit page warnings */
ul.permissions-errors {
margin: 0;
}

ul.permissions-errors > li {
list-style: none;
}

/* larger inline math */
span.mwe-math-mathml-inline {
font-size: 118%;
}

/* Make <math display="block"> be left aligned with one space indent for
* compatibility with style conventions
*/
.mwe-math-fallback-image-display,
.mwe-math-mathml-display {
margin-left: 1.6em !important;
margin-top: 0.6em;
margin-bottom: 0.6em;
}

.mwe-math-mathml-display math {
display: inline;
}

@media screen {
/* Put a chequered background behind images, only visible if they have transparency,
* except on main, user, and portal namespaces
*/
body:not(.ns-0):not(.ns-2):not(.ns-100) .gallerybox .thumb img {
background: #fff url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png) repeat;
}

/* Display "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" in skins that support it,
do not apply to print mode */
#siteSub {
display: block;
}

/* Make the list of references smaller
* Keep in sync with Template:Refbegin/styles.css
* And Template:Reflist/styles.css
*/
.references {
font-size: 90%;
}
}

/* Hide FlaggedRevs notice UI when there are no pending changes */
.flaggedrevs_draft_synced,
.flaggedrevs_stable_synced,
/* "Temporary" to remove links in sidebar T255381 */
#t-upload,
/* Hide broken download box on Special:Book pending T285400 */
.mw-special-Book #coll-downloadbox {
display: none;
}

/*
* BELOW HERE THERE BE SOONTOBE TEMPLATESTYLES THINGS;
* SEE [[MediaWiki talk:Common.css/to do]]
* CSS is separated by component (which is why media queries are not joined)
*/

/* Infoboxes */
.infobox {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
color: black;
padding: 0.2em;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.5em;
border-spacing: 3px;
}

@media screen {
.infobox {
background-color: #f8f9fa;
}
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
.infobox {
width: 100%;
}

.infobox .nowrap {
white-space: normal;
}
}

@media (min-width: 640px) {
.infobox {
/* @noflip */
margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
/* @noflip */
clear: right;
width: 22em;
}
}

.infobox-header,
.infobox-label,
.infobox-above,
.infobox-full-data,
.infobox-data,
.infobox-below,
.infobox-subheader,
.infobox-image,
.infobox-navbar,
/* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */
.infobox th,
.infobox td {
vertical-align: top;
}

.infobox-label,
.infobox-data,
/* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */
.infobox th,
.infobox td {
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}

/* Remove .infobox when element selectors above are removed */
.infobox .infobox-above,
.infobox .infobox-title,
/* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */
.infobox caption {
font-size: 125%;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: center;
}

.infobox-title,
/* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */
.infobox caption {
padding: 0.2em;
}

/* Remove .infobox when element selectors above are removed */
.infobox .infobox-header,
.infobox .infobox-subheader,
.infobox .infobox-image,
.infobox .infobox-full-data,
.infobox .infobox-below {
text-align: center;
}

/* Remove .infobox when element selectors above are removed */
.infobox .infobox-navbar {
/* @noflip */
text-align: right;
}

/* Normal font styling for wikitable row headers with scope="row" tag */
.wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=row],
.wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=rowgroup] {
font-weight: normal;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}

/* Remove underlines from certain links */
.nounderlines a,
.IPA a:link,
.IPA a:visited {
text-decoration: none !important;
}

/* Prevent line breaks in silly places where desired (nowrap)
and links when we don't want them to (nowraplinks a) */
.nowrap,
.nowraplinks a {
white-space: nowrap;
}

/* But allow wrapping where desired: */
.wrap,
.wraplinks a {
white-space: normal;
}

/* texhtml class for inline math (based on generic times-serif class) */
/* remove spans when this is TemplateStyled */
span.texhtml {
font-family: "Nimbus Roman No9 L", "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
font-size: 118%;
line-height: 1;
/* Force tabular and lining display for texhtml */
font-variant-numeric: lining-nums tabular-nums;
font-kerning: none;
}

span.texhtml span.texhtml {
font-size: 100%;
}

@media (min-width: 640px) {
span.texhtml {
white-space: nowrap;
}
}

/* Prevent flags in tables from collapsing: Fix for T116318
* TODO: Remove when [[phab:T368469]] merges [[phab:T367463]] for the other skins
*/
@media (max-width: 640px) {
.flagicon a > img,
.flagicon noscript > img {
max-width: none !important;
}
}

@media screen {
.nochecker .gallerybox .thumb img {
background-image: none;
}
}

/*
* Put anything you mean to be a sitewide addition above the TemplateStyles
* comment above.
*/

Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions

2025-08-04T17:19:03Z

Nico: Created page with "-- Please insert new suggestions in alphabetical order -- The form is ['incorrect'] = 'correct', suggestions = { ['ASIN-TLD'] = 'asin-tld', -- old parameter name ['abruf'] = 'access-date', -- German ['abruf-verborgen'] = 'access-date', -- German ['accessmonth'] = 'access-date', ['accesso'] = 'access-date', -- Italian ['accessyear'] = 'access-date', ['acessodata'] = 'access-date', -- Brazilian Portuguese ['ad..."

-- Please insert new suggestions in alphabetical order
-- The form is ['incorrect'] = 'correct',

suggestions = {
['ASIN-TLD'] = 'asin-tld', -- old parameter name
['abruf'] = 'access-date', -- German
['abruf-verborgen'] = 'access-date', -- German
['accessmonth'] = 'access-date',
['accesso'] = 'access-date', -- Italian
['accessyear'] = 'access-date',
['acessodata'] = 'access-date', -- Brazilian Portuguese
['ad'] = 'first', -- Turkish
['address'] = 'location',
['anno'] = 'date', -- Italian
['annoaccesso'] = 'access-date', -- Italian
['annodiaccesso'] = 'access-date', -- Italian
['annooriginale'] = 'orig-date', -- Italian
['année'] = 'date', -- French
['apellido'] = 'last', -- Spanish
['apellidos'] = 'last', -- Spanish
['archiv-datum'] = 'archive-date', -- German
['archiv-url'] = 'archive-url', -- German
['archive date'] = 'archive-date', -- misspelling
['archive url'] = 'archive-url', -- misspelling
['archive-link'] = 'archive-url', -- old parameter name
['archiv-url'] = 'archive-url', -- German
['arkivdatum'] = 'archive-date', -- Swedish, Norwegian
['arkivurl'] = 'archive-url', -- Swedish, Norwegian
['artist'] = 'others',
['arşiv-tarihi'] = 'archive-date', -- Turkish
['arşiv-url'] = 'archive-url', -- Turkish
['arşivtarihi'] = 'archive-date', -- Turkish
['arşivurl'] = 'archive-url', -- Turkish
['auflage'] = 'edition', -- German
['auteur'] = 'author', -- French
['auther'] = 'author', -- misspelling
['author link'] = 'author-link', -- Polish
['authorfirst'] = 'author-first', -- old parameter name
['authorgiven'] = 'author-given', -- old parameter name
['authorlast'] = 'author-last', -- old parameter name
['authormask'] = 'author-mask', -- old parameter name
['authorsurname'] = 'author-surname', -- old parameter name
['autor'] = 'author', -- Spanish, German (singular and plural)
['autore'] = 'author', -- Italian
['autthor'] = 'author', -- misspelling
['ay'] = 'month', -- Turkish
['año'] = 'date', -- Spanish
['año-original'] = 'orig-date', -- Spanish
['añoacceso'] = 'access-date', -- Spanish
['añooriginal'] = 'orig-date', -- Spanish
['band'] = 'volume', -- German
['bandreihe'] = 'volume', -- German
['baskı'] = 'edition', -- Turkish
['başlık'] = 'title', -- Turkish
['began'] = 'date', -- old parameter name (cite serial only); or orig-date=
['booktitle'] = 'book-title', -- old parameter name
['ch'] = 'language', -- German (as 'language=de-CH')
['chapter_title'] = 'chapter',
['chapterurl'] = 'chapter-url', -- old parameter name
['cid'] = 'ref', -- Italian
['cilt'] = 'volume', -- Turkish
['cita'] = 'quote', -- Spanish
['citazione'] = 'quote', -- Italian
['città'] = 'location', -- Italian
['city'] = 'location', -- old parameter name (cite serial only)
['coauthor'] = 'author',
['coauthors'] = 'author',
['coautores'] = 'author', -- Spanish
['coautori'] = 'author', -- Italian
['cognome'] = 'last', -- Italian
['conferenceurl'] = 'conference-url', -- old parameter name
['consulté le'] = 'access-date', -- French
['contributionurl'] = 'contribution-url', -- old parameter name
['curatore'] = 'publisher', -- Italian
['czasopismo'] = 'journal', -- Polish
['data dostępu'] = 'access-date', -- Polish
['data'] = 'date', -- Polish, Italian
['dataaccesso'] = 'access-date', -- Italian
['dataarchivio'] = 'archive-date', -- Italian
['datum'] = 'date', -- German, Swedish
['dead-url'] = 'url-status', -- old parameter name
['deadlink'] = 'url-status', -- old parameter name
['deadurl'] = 'url-status', -- old parameter name
['dergi'] = 'work', -- Turkish
['dil'] = 'language', -- Turkish
['displayauthors'] = 'display-authors', -- old parameter name
['displayeditors'] = 'display-editors', -- old parameter name
['distributor'] = 'publisher',
['dnb'] = 'id', -- German (as 'id={{DNB-IDN|...}}')
['doi-broken'] = 'doi-broken-date', -- old parameter alias
['doi-inactive'] = 'doi-broken-date', -- invalid name found in mainspace
['doi-inactive-date'] = 'doi-broken-date', -- old parameter alias
['doi_brokendate'] = 'doi-broken-date', -- old parameter alias
['doi_inactivedate'] = 'doi-inactive-date', -- old parameter alias
['doibroken'] = 'doi-broken-date', -- invalid name found in mainspace
['doiinactive'] = 'doi-broken-date', -- invalid name found in mainspace
['e-print'] = 'eprint', -- misspelling
-- ['ed'] = 'edition', -- avoid suggestion as in English this could be short for editor or edition
-- ['editora'] = 'publisher', -- can be either editor or publisher
-- ['editore'] = 'agency', -- can be either publisher or agency
-- ['editori'] = 'editor', -- can be either editor or publisher
-- ['editorial'] = 'publisher', -- can be either publisher or work
['editoin'] = 'edition', -- misspelling
['editon'] = 'edition', -- misspelling
['editorfirst'] = 'editor-first', -- old parameter name
['editorgiven'] = 'editor-given', -- old parameter name
['editorlast'] = 'editor-last', -- old parameter name
['editorlink'] = 'editor-link', -- old parameter name
['editormask'] = 'editor-mask', -- old parameter name
['editors'] = 'editor', -- old parameter name (can be emulated using multiple singular |editor= params)
['editorsurname'] = 'editor-surname', -- old parameter name
['edizione'] = 'edition', -- Italian
['embargo'] = 'pmc-embargo-date', -- old parameter name
['ended'] = 'date', -- old parameter name (cite serial only)
['en ligne le'] = 'archive-date', -- French
['encyclopædia'] = 'encyclopedia',
['enlaceautor'] = 'author-link', -- Spanish
['enlaceroto'] = 'url-status', -- Spanish
['episodelink'] = 'episode-link', -- old parameter name
['erişimtarihi'] = 'access-date', -- Turkish
['eser'] = 'work', -- Turkish
['family'] = 'surname', -- misguess
['fecha'] = 'date', -- Spanish
['fechaacceso'] = 'access-date', -- Spanish
['fechaarchivo'] = 'archive-date', -- Spanish
['filetype'] = 'format',
['foramt'] = 'format', -- misspelling
['fore-name'] = 'given', -- misguess/misspelling
['forename'] = 'given', -- misguess
['författare'] = 'author', -- Swedish, Norwegian
['formato'] = 'format', -- Spanish, Italian, Polish
['frist'] = 'first', -- misspelling
['fundstelle'] = 'at', -- German
['gazete'] = 'work', -- Turkish
['giornale'] = 'journal', -- Italian
['hämtdatum'] = 'access-date', -- Swedish
['herausgeber'] = 'editor', -- German (singular and plural)
['hrsg'] = 'publisher', -- German
['hrsgreihe'] = 'editor', -- German
['idioma'] = 'language', -- Spanish
['ignore-isbn-error'] = 'isbn', -- old parameter (can be fully emulated using ((syntax)))
['ignoreisbnerror'] = 'isbn', -- old parameter alias (suggest |isbn as |ignore-isbn-error is deprecated), not a direct replacement, but can be fully emulated using ((syntax))
['imię'] = 'first', -- Polish
['in-set'] = 'inset', -- misspelling
['interviewerlink'] = 'interviewer-link', -- old parameter alias
['interviewermask'] = 'interviewer-mask', -- old parameter alias
['isbndefekt'] = 'isbn', -- German (suggest |isbn as |ignore-isbn-error is deprecated), not a direct replacement, but can be fully emulated using ((syntax))
['isbnformalfalsch'] = 'isbn', -- German (suggest |isbn as |ignore-isbn-error is deprecated), not a direct replacement, but can be fully emulated using ((syntax))
['isbnistformalfalsch'] = 'isbn', -- German (suggest |isbn as |ignore-isbn-error is deprecated), not a direct replacement, but can be fully emulated using ((syntax))
['isnb'] = 'isbn', -- misspelling
['issnformalfalsch'] = 'issn', -- German (can be fully emulated using ((syntax)))
['jahr'] = 'date', -- German
['jahrea'] = 'orig-date', -- German (not a direct replacement, but can be emulated)
['kapitel'] = 'chapter', -- German
['langauge'] = 'language', -- misspelling
['langue'] = 'language', -- French
['last-author-amp'] = 'name-list-style', -- old parameter name (as |name-list-style=amp)
['lastauthoramp'] = 'name-list-style', -- old parameter name (as |name-list-style=amp)
['lieu'] = 'location', -- French
['lingua'] = 'language', -- Italian
['lire en ligne'] = 'url', -- French
['lizenznummer'] = 'id', -- German (as 'id=License No. ...')

['loaction'] = 'location', -- misspelling
['local'] = 'location', -- Brazilian Portuguese
['locatoin'] = 'location', -- misspelling
['lugar'] = 'location', -- Spanish
['mailinglist'] = 'mailing-list', -- old parameter name
['mapurl'] = 'map-url', -- old parameter name
['mes'] = 'date', -- Spanish (not a direct replacement)
['mese'] = 'date', -- Italian (not a direct replacement)
['miejsce'] = 'location', -- Polish
['miesiąc'] = 'date', -- Polish
['mois'] = 'date', -- French
['monat'] = 'date', -- German
-- ['name'] = 'author', -- 'name' is often erroneously used for 'title' and 'work' as well, so no suggestion is better than a wrong suggestion
['name-list-format'] = 'name-list-style', -- old parameter name (as |name-list-style=amp)
['nazwisko'] = 'last', -- Polish
['nespaper'] = 'newspaper', -- misspelling
['net-work'] = 'network', -- misspelling
['newpaper'] = 'newspaper', -- misspelling
['news'] = 'newspaper',
['news-group'] = 'newsgroup', -- misspelling
['news-paper'] = 'newspaper', -- misspelling
['no-cat'] = 'no-tracking', -- old parameter
['nocat'] = 'no-tracking', -- old parameter
['nom'] = 'last', -- French
['nombre'] = 'first', -- Spanish
['nome'] = 'first', -- Italian
['nopp'] = 'no-pp', -- old parameter name
['notracking'] = 'no-tracking', -- old parameter
['numero'] = 'number', -- Italian, Spanish
['nummer'] = 'number', -- German
['nummerreihe'] = 'number', -- German
['obra'] = 'work', -- Spanish
['odpowiedzialność'] = 'agency', -- Polish
['offline'] = 'url-status', -- German (as 'url-status=dead')
['online'] = 'url', -- German (not a direct replacement, but can be emulated)
['opera'] = 'work', -- Italian
['opublikowany'] = 'agency', -- Polish
['origdate'] = 'orig-date', -- misspelling
['originaljahr'] = 'orig-date', -- German
['originalort'] = 'publication-place', -- German
['originalsprache'] = 'language', -- German
['originaltitel'] = 'title', -- German (if 'originaltitel' is specified, any possible contents of 'title' should be put in 'trans-title')
['ort'] = 'publication-place', -- German
['ortea'] = 'publication-place', -- German (not a direct replacement, but can be emulated)
['other'] = 'others',
['oznaczenie'] = 'agency', -- Polish
['pagees'] = 'pages', -- misspelling
['pagina'] = 'page', -- Italian
['pagina'] = 'pages', -- Italian
['pagine'] = 'pages', -- Italian
['pagine'] = 'pages', -- Italian
['passage'] = 'pages', -- French
['periodico'] = 'magazine', -- Spanish
['plublisher'] = 'publisher', -- misspelling
['pmcid'] = 'pmc',
['post-script'] = 'postscript', -- misspelling
['praca'] = 'work', -- Polish
['primero'] = 'first', -- Spanish
['prénom'] = 'first', -- French
['prénom1'] = 'first1', -- French
['ps'] = 'postscript',
['pub'] = 'publisher',
-- ['pubblicazione'] = 'magazine', -- could be any kind of work
-- ['publicación'] = 'journal', -- could be any kind of work
['publicationdate'] = 'publication-date', -- old parameter name
-- ['published'] = 'publisher', -- could be date, location, or name of publisher
['publicationplace'] = 'publication-place', -- old parameter name
['pulbication-place'] = 'publication-place', -- misspelling
['página'] = 'page', -- Spanish
['páginas'] = 'pages', -- Spanish
['périodique'] = 'publisher', -- French
['registration'] = 'url-access', -- old parameter name
['reihe'] = 'series', -- German
['retrieved'] = 'access-date', -- old parameter name
['richiestasottoscrizione'] = 'url-access', -- Italian (as |url-access=subscription)
['rivista'] = 'magazine', -- Italian
['rok'] = 'date', -- Polish
['rubrik'] = 'title', -- Swedish
['sammelwerk'] = 'work', -- German
['sayfa'] = 'page', -- Turkish
['sayfalar'] = 'pages', -- Turkish
['sayı'] = 'issue', -- Turkish
['script-post'] = 'postscript', -- misspelling
['script-trans'] = 'transcript', -- misspelling
['season'] = 'date', -- old parameter name (cite serial only)
['sectionurl'] = 'section-url', -- old parameter name
['seiten'] = 'pages', -- German
['seria'] = 'series', -- Spanish, Polish
['serie'] = 'series', -- Italian
['série'] = 'series', -- French
['serieslink'] = 'series-link', -- old parameter name
['seriesno'] = 'series-number', -- old parameter name
['service'] = 'agency',
['sitioweb'] = 'website', -- Spanish
['sito'] = 'website', -- Italian
['soyadı'] = 'last', -- Turkish
['spalten'] = 'at', -- German (not a direct replacement, but can be emulated)
['sprache'] = 'language', -- German
['språk'] = 'language', -- Swedish, Norwegian
['stron'] = 'page', -- Polish
['strony'] = 'pages', -- Polish
['subjectlink'] = 'subject-link', -- old parameter name
['subscription'] = 'url-access', -- old parameter name (emulated as |url-access=subscription)
['sur-name'] = 'surname', -- misspelling
['suscripción'] = 'url-access', -- Spanish, Polish (as |url-access=subscription)
['tag'] = 'date', -- German
['tarih'] = 'date', -- Turkish
['template doc demo'] = 'no-tracking', -- old parameter alias
['tidning'] = 'work', -- Swedish
['tile'] = 'title', -- misspelling
['timecaption'] = 'time-caption', -- old parameter name
['titlelink'] = 'title-link', -- old parameter name
['tipo'] = 'type', -- Italian
['tite'] = 'title', -- misspelling
['titel'] = 'title', -- German
['titel-p'] = 'title', -- German ('postscript=none' should be added as well)
['titelerg'] = 'contribution', -- German (not a direct replacement, but can be emulated)
['titled'] = 'title', -- Brazilian Portuguese
['titolo'] = 'title', -- Italian
['titre'] = 'title', -- French
['trans-script'] = 'transcript', -- misspelling
['trans_chapter'] = 'trans-chapter', -- old parameter alias
['trans_title'] = 'trans-title', -- old parameter alias
['transchapter'] = 'trans-chapter',
['transcripturl'] = 'transcript-url', -- old parameter name
['transscript'] = 'transcript', -- misspelling
['transscript-format'] = 'transcript-format', -- misspelling
['transscript-url'] = 'transcript-url', -- misspelling
['transscripturl'] = 'transcript-url', -- misspelling
['transtitle'] = 'trans-title',
['typ'] = 'author-mask', -- German (not a direct replacement, but the only valid argument 'typ=wl' can be emulated using 'author-mask')
['tytuł'] = 'title', -- Polish
['títle'] = 'title',
['título'] = 'title', -- Spanish
['ubicación'] = 'location', -- Spanish
['urlarchivio'] = 'archive-url', -- Italian
['urlarchivo'] = 'archive-url', -- Spanish
['urlmorto'] = 'url-status', -- Italian
['urn'] = 'id', -- German (as 'id={{URN|...}}')
['v-authors'] = 'vauthors', -- misspelling
['v-editors'] = 'veditors', -- misspelling
['verlag'] = 'publisher', -- German
['verlagea'] = 'publisher', -- German (not a direct replacement, but can be emulated)
['vol'] = 'volume',
['volumen'] = 'volume', -- Spanish
['werk'] = 'work', -- German
['werkerg'] = 'contribution', -- German (not a direct replacement, but can be emulated)
['wkautore'] = 'author-link', -- Italian
['wolumin'] = 'volume', -- Polish
['wydanie'] = 'number', -- Polish
['wydawca'] = 'publisher', -- French
['yardımcıyazarlar'] = 'author', -- Turkish
['yayımcı'] = 'publisher', -- Turkish
['yayıncı'] = 'publisher', -- Turkish
['yazar'] = 'author', -- Turkish
['yazarbağı'] = 'author-link', -- Turkish
['yer'] = 'location', -- Turkish
['yıl'] = 'date', -- Turkish
['zaprezentowany'] = 'publisher', -- French
['zdb'] = 'id', -- German (as 'id={{ZDB|...}}')
['zitat'] = 'quote', -- German
['zugriff'] = 'access-date', -- German
['éditeur'] = 'editor', -- French
['ölüurl'] = 'url-status', -- Turkish
['übersetzer'] = 'translator', -- German (singular and plural)
}

--[[----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Here we use Lua patterns to make suggestions. The form is

['pattern'] = 'correct',

Lua patterns are not REGEX though they are similar. The escape character is '%', not '\'.
For more information about Lua patterns, see: Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Patterns

Patterns should probably always include the '^' and '$' anchor assertions to prevent a partial
match from incorrectly suggesting the wrong parameter name. For instance, the pattern 'a[utho]+r'
matches 'author' in the no-longer-supported parameter |author-separator= so the code suggests
'|author='; the same pattern also matches the no-longer-supported parameter |separator= (returning 'ator')
so again, the code suggests '|author='.

One capture is supported, typically the enumerator from an enumerated parameter (the '6' in |author6=, etc.)
The value from the capture replaces $1 in the 'correct' value.

]]

local patterns = {
['^ac+es+ ?d?a?t?e?$'] = 'access-date', -- misspelling
['^apellido[s]?(%d+)$'] = 'last$1', -- Spanish, enumerated
['^a[utho]+r$'] = 'author', -- misspelling
['^a[utho]+r(%d+)$'] = 'author$1', -- misspelling, enumerated
['^author link(%d+)$'] = 'author-link$1', -- Polish, enumerated
['^autor[e]?(%d+)$'] = 'author$1', -- Italian/Spanish/German, enumerated
['^authorfirst(%d+)$'] = 'author-first$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^author(%d+)first$'] = 'author-first$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^authorgiven(%d+)$'] = 'author-given$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^author(%d+)given$'] = 'author-given$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^authorlast(%d+)$'] = 'author-last$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^author(%d+)last$'] = 'author-last$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^authormask(%d+)$'] = 'author-mask$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^author(%d+)mask$'] = 'author-mask$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^authorsurname(%d+)$'] = 'author-surname$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^author(%d+)surname$'] = 'author-surname$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^cognome(%d+)$'] = 'last$1', -- Italian, enumerated
['^editorfirst(%d+)$'] = 'editor-first$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editor(%d+)first$'] = 'editor-first$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editorgiven(%d+)$'] = 'editor-given$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editor(%d+)given$'] = 'editor-given$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editorlast(%d+)$'] = 'editor-last$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editor(%d+)last$'] = 'editor-last$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editorlink(%d+)$'] = 'editor-link$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editor(%d+)link$'] = 'editor-link$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editormask(%d+)$'] = 'editor-mask$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editor(%d+)mask$'] = 'editor-mask$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editorsurname(%d+)$'] = 'editor-surname$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^editor(%d+)surname$'] = 'editor-surname$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^enlaceautore(%d+)$'] = 'author-link$1', -- Spanish, enumerated
['^first (%d+)$'] = 'first$1', -- enumerated
['^last (%d+)$'] = 'last$1', -- enumerated
['^nom[e]?(%d+)$'] = 'last$1', -- Italian/French, enumerated
['^nombre(%d+)$'] = 'first$1', -- Spanish, enumerated
['^primero(%d+)$'] = 'first$1', -- Spanish, enumerated
['^pu[blish]+ers?$'] = 'publisher', -- misspelling
['^subjectlink(%d+)$'] = 'subject-link$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^subject(%d+)link$'] = 'subject-link$1', -- old parameter name, enumerated
['^wkautore(%d+)$'] = 'author-link$1', -- Italian, enumerated
}

return {suggestions = suggestions, patterns=patterns};

Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css

2025-08-04T17:18:45Z

Nico: Created page with "/* Protection icon the following line controls the page-protection icon in the upper right corner it must remain within this comment {{sandbox other||{{pp-template}}}} */ /* Overrides Some wikis do not override user agent default styles for HTML <cite> and <q>, unlike en.wp. On en.wp, keep these the same as MediaWiki:Common.css. The word-wrap and :target styles were moved here from Common.css. On en.wp, keep these the same as Template:Citation/styles.css. */..."

/* Protection icon
the following line controls the page-protection icon in the upper right corner
it must remain within this comment
{{sandbox other||{{pp-template}}}}

*/

/* Overrides
Some wikis do not override user agent default styles for HTML <cite> and <q>,
unlike en.wp. On en.wp, keep these the same as [[MediaWiki:Common.css]].

The word-wrap and :target styles were moved here from Common.css.
On en.wp, keep these the same as [[Template:Citation/styles.css]].
*/
cite.citation {
font-style: inherit; /* Remove italics for <cite> */
/* Break long urls, etc., rather than overflowing box */
word-wrap: break-word;
}

.citation q {
quotes: '"' '"' "'" "'"; /* Straight quote marks for <q> */
}

/* Highlight linked elements (such as clicked references) in blue */
.citation:target {
/* ignore the linter - all browsers of interest implement this */
background-color: rgba(0, 127, 255, 0.133);
}

/* ID and URL access
Both core and Common.css have selector .mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external
for PDF pages. All TemplateStyles pages are hoisted to .mw-parser-output. We need
to have specificity equal to a[href$=".pdf"].external for locks to override PDF icon.
That's essentially 2 classes and 1 element.

the .id-lock-... selectors are for use by non-citation templates like
{{Catalog lookup link}}

bg-size `contain` in Minerva and Timeless is too large, so we set a size for them
and then exclude them later
*/
.id-lock-free.id-lock-free a {
background: url(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg)
right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat;
}

.id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,
.id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a {
background: url(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg)
right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat;
}

.id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a {
background: url(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg)
right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat;
}

/* Wikisource
Wikisource icon when |chapter= or |title= is wikilinked to Wikisource
as in cite wikisource
*/
.cs1-ws-icon a {
background: url(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg)
right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat;
}

body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .id-lock-free a,
body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .id-lock-limited a,
body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .id-lock-registration a,
body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .id-lock-subscription a,
body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .cs1-ws-icon a {
background-size: contain;
/* Common.css has a padding set for PDF URLs. bg-contain expands to the
* size of the padding which makes the icons very large. we "reset" the
* padding here. 1em picked out of a hat based on console having a similar
* rule from elsewhere
*/
padding: 0 1em 0 0;
}

/* Errors and maintenance */
.cs1-code {
/* <code>...</code> style override: mediawiki's css definition is specified here:
https://git.wikimedia.org/blob/mediawiki%2Fcore.git/
69cd73811f7aadd093050dbf20ed70ef0b42a713/skins%2Fcommon%2FcommonElements.css#L199
*/
color: inherit;
background: inherit;
border: none;
padding: inherit;
}

.cs1-hidden-error {
display: none;
color: var(--color-error, #d33);
}

.cs1-visible-error {
color: var(--color-error, #d33);
}

.cs1-maint {
display: none;
color: #085;
margin-left: 0.3em;
}

/* kerning */
.cs1-kern-left {
padding-left: 0.2em;
}

.cs1-kern-right {
padding-right: 0.2em;
}

/* selflinks – avoid bold font style when cs1|2 template links to the current page */
.citation .mw-selflink {
font-weight: inherit;
}

@media screen {
/* Small text size
Set small text size in one place. 0.95 (here) * 0.9 (from references list) is
~0.85, which is the lower bound for size for accessibility. Old styling for this
was just 0.85. We could write the rule so that when this template is inside
references/reflist, only then does it multiply by 0.95; else multiply by 0.85 */
.cs1-format {
font-size: 95%;
}

html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .cs1-maint {
color: #18911f;
}
}

@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .cs1-maint {
color: #18911f;
}
}

Module:Citation/CS1/COinS

2025-08-04T17:17:43Z

Nico: Created page with "----------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- local has_accept_as_written, is_set, in_array, remove_wiki_link, strip_apostrophe_markup; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local cfg; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C O I N S _ T I T L E >----------------------------------------..."

--[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >--------------------------------------
]]

local has_accept_as_written, is_set, in_array, remove_wiki_link, strip_apostrophe_markup; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities

local cfg; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration

--[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C O I N S _ T I T L E >----------------------------------------------

Makes a title for COinS from Title and / or ScriptTitle (or any other name-script pairs)

Apostrophe markup (bold, italics) is stripped from each value so that the COinS metadata isn't corrupted with strings
of %27%27...

]]

local function make_coins_title (title, script)
title = has_accept_as_written (title);
if is_set (title) then
title = strip_apostrophe_markup (title); -- strip any apostrophe markup
else
title = ''; -- if not set, make sure title is an empty string
end
if is_set (script) then
script = script:gsub ('^%l%l%s*:%s*', ''); -- remove language prefix if present (script value may now be empty string)
script = strip_apostrophe_markup (script); -- strip any apostrophe markup
else
script = ''; -- if not set, make sure script is an empty string
end
if is_set (title) and is_set (script) then
script = ' ' .. script; -- add a space before we concatenate
end
return title .. script; -- return the concatenation
end

--[[--------------------------< E S C A P E _ L U A _ M A G I C _ C H A R S >----------------------------------

Returns a string where all of Lua's magic characters have been escaped. This is important because functions like
string.gsub() treat their pattern and replace strings as patterns, not literal strings.
]]

local function escape_lua_magic_chars (argument)
argument = argument:gsub("%%", "%%%%"); -- replace % with %%
argument = argument:gsub("([%^%$%(%)%.%[%]%*%+%-%?])", "%%%1"); -- replace all other Lua magic pattern characters
return argument;
end

--[[--------------------------< G E T _ C O I N S _ P A G E S >------------------------------------------------

Extract page numbers from external wikilinks in any of the |page=, |pages=, or |at= parameters for use in COinS.

]]

local function get_coins_pages (pages)
local pattern;
if not is_set (pages) then return pages; end -- if no page numbers then we're done

while true do
pattern = pages:match("%[(%w*:?//[^ ]+%s+)[%w%d].*%]"); -- pattern is the opening bracket, the URL and following space(s): "[url "
if nil == pattern then break; end -- no more URLs
pattern = escape_lua_magic_chars (pattern); -- pattern is not a literal string; escape Lua's magic pattern characters
pages = pages:gsub(pattern, ""); -- remove as many instances of pattern as possible
end

pages = pages:gsub("[%[%]]", ""); -- remove the brackets
pages = pages:gsub("–", "-" ); -- replace endashes with hyphens
pages = pages:gsub("&%w+;", "-" ); -- and replace HTML entities (– etc.) with hyphens; do we need to replace numerical entities like and the like?
pages = pages:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove html-like tags; spans are added to <Pages> by utilities.hyphen_to_dash() which should not appear in COinS metadata
return pages;
end

--[=[-------------------------< C O I N S _ R E P L A C E _ M A T H _ S T R I P M A R K E R >------------------

There are three options for math markup rendering that depend on the editor's math preference settings. These
settings are at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering]] and are
PNG images
TeX source
MathML with SVG or PNG fallback

All three are heavy with HTML and CSS which doesn't belong in the metadata.

Without this function, the metadata saved in the raw wikitext contained the rendering determined by the settings
of the last editor to save the page.

This function gets the rendered form of an equation according to the editor's preference before the page is saved. It
then searches the rendering for the text equivalent of the rendered equation and replaces the rendering with that so
that the page is saved without extraneous HTML/CSS markup and with a reasonably readable text form of the equation.

When a replacement is made, this function returns true and the value with replacement; otherwise false and the initial
value. To replace multipe equations it is necessary to call this function from within a loop.

]=]

local function coins_replace_math_stripmarker (value)
local stripmarker = cfg.stripmarkers['math'];
local rendering = value:match (stripmarker); -- is there a math stripmarker

if not rendering then -- when value doesn't have a math stripmarker, abandon this test
return false, value;
end

rendering = mw.text.unstripNoWiki (rendering); -- convert stripmarker into rendered value (or nil? ''? when math render error)

if rendering:match ('alt="[^"]+"') then -- if PNG math option
rendering = rendering:match ('alt="([^"]+)"'); -- extract just the math text
elseif rendering:match ('$%s+.+%s+%$') then -- if TeX math option; $ is legit character that is escapes as \$
rendering = rendering:match ('$%s+(.+)%s+%$') -- extract just the math text
elseif rendering:match ('<annotation[^>]+>.+</annotation>') then -- if MathML math option
rendering = rendering:match ('<annotation[^>]+>(.+)</annotation>') -- extract just the math text
else
return false, value; -- had math stripmarker but not one of the three defined forms
end

return true, value:gsub (stripmarker, rendering, 1);
end

--[[--------------------------< C O I N S _ C L E A N U P >----------------------------------------------------

Cleanup parameter values for the metadata by removing or replacing invisible characters and certain HTML entities.

2015-12-10: there is a bug in mw.text.unstripNoWiki (). It replaces math stripmarkers with the appropriate content
when it shouldn't. See https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121085 and Wikipedia_talk:Lua#stripmarkers_and_mw.text.unstripNoWiki.28.29

TODO: move the replacement patterns and replacement values into a table in /Configuration similar to the invisible
characters table?

]]

local function coins_cleanup (value)
local replaced = true; -- default state to get the do loop running

while replaced do -- loop until all math stripmarkers replaced
replaced, value = coins_replace_math_stripmarker (value); -- replace math stripmarker with text representation of the equation
end

value = value:gsub (cfg.stripmarkers['math'], "MATH RENDER ERROR"); -- one or more couldn't be replaced; insert vague error message

value = mw.text.unstripNoWiki (value); -- replace nowiki stripmarkers with their content
value = value:gsub (''(s?)', "'%1"); -- replace {{'}} or {{'s}} with simple apostrophe or apostrophe-s
value = value:gsub (' ', ' '); -- replace   entity with plain space
value = value:gsub ('\226\128\138', ' '); -- replace hair space with plain space
if not mw.ustring.find (value, cfg.indic_script) then -- don't remove zero-width joiner characters from indic script
value = value:gsub ('&zwj;', ''); -- remove &zwj; entities
value = mw.ustring.gsub (value, '[\226\128\141\226\128\139\194\173]', ''); -- remove zero-width joiner, zero-width space, soft hyphen
end
value = value:gsub ('[\009\010\013 ]+', ' '); -- replace horizontal tab, line feed, carriage return with plain space
return value;
end

--[[--------------------------< C O I N S >--------------------------------------------------------------------

COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) allows automated tools to parse the citation information.

]]

local function COinS(data, class)
if 'table' ~= type(data) or nil == next(data) then
return '';
end

for k, v in pairs (data) do -- spin through all of the metadata parameter values
if 'ID_list' ~= k and 'Authors' ~= k then -- except the ID_list and Author tables (author nowiki stripmarker done when Author table processed)
data[k] = coins_cleanup (v);
end
end

local ctx_ver = "Z39.88-2004";

-- treat table strictly as an array with only set values.
local OCinSoutput = setmetatable( {}, {
__newindex = function(self, key, value)
if is_set(value) then
rawset( self, #self+1, table.concat{ key, '=', mw.uri.encode( remove_wiki_link( value ) ) } );
end
end
});

if in_array (class, {'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn', 'journal', 'news', 'magazine'}) or
(in_array (class, {'conference', 'interview', 'map', 'press release', 'web'}) and is_set(data.Periodical)) or
('citation' == class and is_set(data.Periodical) and not is_set (data.Encyclopedia)) then
OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal"; -- journal metadata identifier
if in_array (class, {'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) then -- set genre according to the type of citation template we are rendering
OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "preprint"; -- cite arxiv, cite biorxiv, cite citeseerx, cite medrxiv, cite ssrn
elseif 'conference' == class then
OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "conference"; -- cite conference (when Periodical set)
elseif 'web' == class then
OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "unknown"; -- cite web (when Periodical set)
else
OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "article"; -- journal and other 'periodical' articles
end
OCinSoutput["rft.jtitle"] = data.Periodical; -- journal only
OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Title; -- 'periodical' article titles

-- these used only for periodicals
OCinSoutput["rft.ssn"] = data.Season; -- keywords: winter, spring, summer, fall
OCinSoutput["rft.quarter"] = data.Quarter; -- single digits 1->first quarter, etc.
OCinSoutput["rft.chron"] = data.Chron; -- free-form date components
OCinSoutput["rft.volume"] = data.Volume; -- does not apply to books
OCinSoutput["rft.issue"] = data.Issue;
OCinSoutput['rft.artnum'] = data.ArticleNumber; -- {{cite journal}} only
OCinSoutput["rft.pages"] = data.Pages; -- also used in book metadata

elseif 'thesis' ~= class then -- all others except cite thesis are treated as 'book' metadata; genre distinguishes
OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book"; -- book metadata identifier
if 'report' == class or 'techreport' == class then -- cite report and cite techreport
OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "report";
elseif 'conference' == class then -- cite conference when Periodical not set
OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "conference";
OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Chapter; -- conference paper as chapter in proceedings (book)
elseif in_array (class, {'book', 'citation', 'encyclopaedia', 'interview', 'map'}) then
if is_set (data.Chapter) then
OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "bookitem";
OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Chapter; -- book chapter, encyclopedia article, interview in a book, or map title
else
if 'map' == class or 'interview' == class then
OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = 'unknown'; -- standalone map or interview
else
OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = 'book'; -- book and encyclopedia
end
end
else -- {'audio-visual', 'AV-media-notes', 'DVD-notes', 'episode', 'interview', 'mailinglist', 'map', 'newsgroup', 'podcast', 'press release', 'serial', 'sign', 'speech', 'web'}
OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "unknown";
end
OCinSoutput["rft.btitle"] = data.Title; -- book only
OCinSoutput["rft.place"] = data.PublicationPlace; -- book only
OCinSoutput["rft.series"] = data.Series; -- book only
OCinSoutput["rft.pages"] = data.Pages; -- book, journal
OCinSoutput["rft.edition"] = data.Edition; -- book only
OCinSoutput["rft.pub"] = data.PublisherName; -- book and dissertation

else -- cite thesis
OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation"; -- dissertation metadata identifier
OCinSoutput["rft.title"] = data.Title; -- dissertation (also patent but that is not yet supported)
OCinSoutput["rft.degree"] = data.Degree; -- dissertation only
OCinSoutput['rft.inst'] = data.PublisherName; -- book and dissertation
end
-- NB. Not currently supported are "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:patent", "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dc", "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:sch_svc", "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx"
-- and now common parameters (as much as possible)
OCinSoutput["rft.date"] = data.Date; -- book, journal, dissertation

for k, v in pairs( data.ID_list ) do -- what to do about these? For now assume that they are common to all?
if k == 'ISBN' then v = v:gsub( "[^-0-9X]", "" ); end
local id = cfg.id_handlers[k].COinS;
if string.sub( id or "", 1, 4 ) == 'info' then -- for ids that are in the info:registry
OCinSoutput["rft_id"] = table.concat{ id, "/", v };
elseif string.sub (id or "", 1, 3 ) == 'rft' then -- for isbn, issn, eissn, etc. that have defined COinS keywords
OCinSoutput[ id ] = v;
elseif 'url' == id then -- for urls that are assembled in ~/Identifiers; |asin= and |ol=
OCinSoutput["rft_id"] = table.concat ({data.ID_list[k], "#id-name=", cfg.id_handlers[k].label});
elseif id then -- when cfg.id_handlers[k].COinS is not nil so urls created here
OCinSoutput["rft_id"] = table.concat{ cfg.id_handlers[k].prefix, v, cfg.id_handlers[k].suffix or '', "#id-name=", cfg.id_handlers[k].label }; -- others; provide a URL and indicate identifier name as #fragment (human-readable, but transparent to browsers)
end
end

local last, first;
for k, v in ipairs( data.Authors ) do
last, first = coins_cleanup (v.last), coins_cleanup (v.first or ''); -- replace any nowiki stripmarkers, non-printing or invisible characters
if k == 1 then -- for the first author name only
if is_set(last) and is_set(first) then -- set these COinS values if |first= and |last= specify the first author name
OCinSoutput["rft.aulast"] = last; -- book, journal, dissertation
OCinSoutput["rft.aufirst"] = first; -- book, journal, dissertation
elseif is_set(last) then
OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = last; -- book, journal, dissertation -- otherwise use this form for the first name
end
else -- for all other authors
if is_set(last) and is_set(first) then
OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = table.concat{ last, ", ", first }; -- book, journal, dissertation
elseif is_set(last) then
OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = last; -- book, journal, dissertation
end
-- TODO: At present we do not report "et al.". Add anything special if this condition applies?
end
end

OCinSoutput.rft_id = data.URL;
OCinSoutput.rfr_id = table.concat{ "info:sid/", mw.site.server:match( "[^/]*$" ), ":", data.RawPage };

-- TODO: Add optional extra info:
-- rfr_dat=#REVISION<version> (referrer private data)
-- ctx_id=<data.RawPage>#<ref> (identifier for the context object)
-- ctx_tim=<ts> (timestamp in format yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ssTZD or yyyy-mm-dd)
-- ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8 (character encoding)

OCinSoutput = setmetatable( OCinSoutput, nil );

-- sort with version string always first, and combine.
-- table.sort( OCinSoutput );
table.insert( OCinSoutput, 1, "ctx_ver=" .. ctx_ver ); -- such as "Z39.88-2004"
return table.concat(OCinSoutput, "&");
end

--[[--------------------------< S E T _ S E L E C T E D _ M O D U L E S >--------------------------------------

Sets local cfg table and imported functions table to same (live or sandbox) as that used by the other modules.

]]

local function set_selected_modules (cfg_table_ptr, utilities_page_ptr)
cfg = cfg_table_ptr;

has_accept_as_written = utilities_page_ptr.has_accept_as_written; -- import functions from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities module
is_set = utilities_page_ptr.is_set;
in_array = utilities_page_ptr.in_array;
remove_wiki_link = utilities_page_ptr.remove_wiki_link;
strip_apostrophe_markup = utilities_page_ptr.strip_apostrophe_markup;
end

--[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------
]]

return {
make_coins_title = make_coins_title,
get_coins_pages = get_coins_pages,
COinS = COinS,
set_selected_modules = set_selected_modules,
}

Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities

2025-08-04T17:17:28Z

Nico: Created page with "local z = { error_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations that contain errors error_ids_t = {}; -- list of error identifiers; used to prevent duplication of certain errors; local to this module error_msgs_t = {}; -- sequence table of error messages maint_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations that aren't erroneous per se, but could use a little work prop_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing cit..."

local z = {
error_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations that contain errors
error_ids_t = {}; -- list of error identifiers; used to prevent duplication of certain errors; local to this module
error_msgs_t = {}; -- sequence table of error messages
maint_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations that aren't erroneous per se, but could use a little work
prop_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations based on certain properties, language of source for instance
prop_keys_t = {}; -- for adding classes to the citation's <cite> tag
};

--[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >--------------------------------------
]]

local cfg; -- table of tables imported from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration

--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Returns true if argument is set; false otherwise. Argument is 'set' when it exists (not nil) or when it is not an empty string.

]]

local function is_set (var)
return not (var == nil or var == '');
end

--[[----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Whether needle is in haystack

]]

local function in_array (needle, haystack)
if needle == nil then
return false;
end
for n, v in ipairs (haystack) do
if v == needle then
return n;
end
end
return false;
end

--[[--------------------------< H A S _ A C C E P T _ A S _ W R I T T E N >------------------------------------

When <str> is wholly wrapped in accept-as-written markup, return <str> without markup and true; return <str> and false else

with allow_empty = false, <str> must have at least one character inside the markup
with allow_empty = true, <str> the markup frame can be empty like (()) to distinguish an empty template parameter from the specific condition "has no applicable value" in citation-context.

After further evaluation the two cases might be merged at a later stage, but should be kept separated for now.

]]

local function has_accept_as_written (str, allow_empty)
if not is_set (str) then
return str, false;
end

local count;

if true == allow_empty then
str, count = str:gsub ('^%(%((.*)%)%)$', '%1'); -- allows (()) to be an empty set
else
str, count = str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1');
end
return str, 0 ~= count;
end

--[[--------------------------< S U B S T I T U T E >----------------------------------------------------------

Populates numbered arguments in a message string using an argument table. <args> may be a single string or a
sequence table of multiple strings.

]]

local function substitute (msg, args)
return args and mw.message.newRawMessage (msg, args):plain() or msg;
end

--[[--------------------------< E R R O R _ C O M M E N T >----------------------------------------------------

Wraps error messages with CSS markup according to the state of hidden. <content> may be a single string or a
sequence table of multiple strings.

]]

local function error_comment (content, hidden)
return substitute (hidden and cfg.presentation['hidden-error'] or cfg.presentation['visible-error'], content);
end

--[[--------------------------< H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >--------------------------------------------------

Converts a hyphen, endash, emdash to endash under certain conditions. The hyphen/en/em must separate
like items; unlike items are returned unmodified. These forms are modified:
letter - letter (A-B)
digit - digit (4-5)
digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5)
letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and
digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5)
digitletter - digitletter (5a-5d) (an optional separator between letter and
digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d)

any other forms are returned unmodified.

str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list of page ranges with/without single pages

]]

local function hyphen_to_dash (str)
if not is_set (str) then
return str;
end

str = str:gsub ("(%(%(.-%)%))", function(m) return m:gsub(",", "，"):gsub(";", "；") end) -- replace commas and semicolons in accept-as-written markup with similar unicode characters so they'll be ignored during the split
str = str:gsub ('&[nm]dash;', {['–'] = '–', ['—'] = '—'}); -- replace — and – entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split
str = str:gsub ('-', '-'); -- replace HTML numeric entity with hyphen character
str = str:gsub (' ', ' '); -- replace   entity with generic keyboard space character

local out = {};
local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*'); -- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any

local accept; -- boolean

for _, item in ipairs (list) do -- for each item in the list
item, accept = has_accept_as_written (item); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of item
if not accept and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[—–-]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then -- if a hyphenated range or has endash or emdash separators
if mw.ustring.match (item, '^%a+[%.%-]?%d+%s*[—–-]%s*%a+[%.%-]?%d+$') or -- letterdigit hyphen letterdigit (optional separator between letter and digit)
mw.ustring.match (item, '^%d+[%.%-]?%a+%s*[—–-]%s*%d+[%.%-]?%a+$') or -- digitletter hyphen digitletter (optional separator between digit and letter)
mw.ustring.match (item, '^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*[—–-]%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') then -- digit separator digit hyphen digit separator digit
item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)%s*[—–-]%s*(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)', '%1 – %2'); -- replace hyphen/dash, with spaced endash

elseif mw.ustring.match (item, '^%d+%s*[—–-]%s*%d+$') or -- digit hyphen digit
mw.ustring.match (item, '^%a+%s*[—–-]%s*%a+$') then -- letter hyphen letter
item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '(%w+)%s*[—–-]%s*(%w+)', '%1–%2'); -- replace hyphen/emdash with endash, remove extraneous space characters

else
-- item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[—–-]%s*', '–'); -- disabled; here when 'unlike' items so return <item> as is
end
end
table.insert (out, item); -- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table
end

local temp_str = ''; -- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string
temp_str, accept = has_accept_as_written (table.concat (out, ', ')); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out
if accept then
temp_str = has_accept_as_written (str); -- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value
return temp_str:gsub("，", ","):gsub("；", ";");
else
return temp_str:gsub("，", ","):gsub("；", ";"); -- else, return assembled temp_str
end
end

--[=[-------------------------< M A K E _ W I K I L I N K >----------------------------------------------------

Makes a wikilink; when both link and display text is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L|D]]; if only
link is provided (or link and display are the same), returns a wikilink in the form [[L]]; if neither are
provided or link is omitted, returns an empty string.

]=]

local function make_wikilink (link, display)
if not is_set (link) then return '' end

if is_set (display) and link ~= display then
return table.concat ({'[[', link, '|', display, ']]'});
else
return table.concat ({'[[', link, ']]'});
end
end

--[[--------------------------< S E T _ M E S S A G E >----------------------------------------------------------

Sets an error message using the ~/Configuration error_conditions{} table along with arguments supplied in the function
call, inserts the resulting message in z.error_msgs_t{} sequence table, and returns the error message.

<error_id> – key value for appropriate error handler in ~/Configuration error_conditions{} table
<arguments> – may be a single string or a sequence table of multiple strings to be subsititued into error_conditions[error_id].message
<raw> – boolean
true – causes this function to return the error message not wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag;
returns error_conditions[error_id].hidden as a second return value
does not add message to z.error_msgs_t sequence table
false, nil – adds message wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag to z.error_msgs_t
returns the error message wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag; there is no second return value
<prefix> – string to be prepended to <message> -- TODO: remove support for these unused(?) arguments?
<suffix> – string to be appended to <message>

TODO: change z.error_cats_t and z.maint_cats_t to have the form cat_name = true? this to avoid dups without having to have an extra table

]]

local added_maint_cats = {} -- list of maintenance categories that have been added to z.maint_cats_t; TODO: figure out how to delete this table

local function set_message (error_id, arguments, raw, prefix, suffix)
local error_state = cfg.error_conditions[error_id];

prefix = prefix or '';
suffix = suffix or '';

if error_state == nil then
error (cfg.messages['undefined_error'] .. ': ' .. error_id); -- because missing error handler in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration

elseif is_set (error_state.category) then
if error_state.message then -- when error_state.message defined, this is an error message
table.insert (z.error_cats_t, error_state.category);
else
if not added_maint_cats[error_id] then
added_maint_cats[error_id] = true; -- note that we've added this category
table.insert (z.maint_cats_t, substitute (error_state.category, arguments)); -- make cat name then add to table
end
return; -- because no message, nothing more to do
end
end

local message = substitute (error_state.message, arguments);

message = table.concat (
{
message,
' (',
make_wikilink (
table.concat (
{
cfg.messages['help page link'],
'#',
error_state.anchor
}),
cfg.messages['help page label']),
')'
});

z.error_ids_t[error_id] = true;
if z.error_ids_t['err_citation_missing_title'] and -- if missing-title error already noted
in_array (error_id, {'err_bare_url_missing_title', 'err_trans_missing_title'}) then -- and this error is one of these
return '', false; -- don't bother because one flavor of missing title is sufficient
end

message = table.concat ({prefix, message, suffix});

if true == raw then
return message, error_state.hidden; -- return message not wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag
end

message = error_comment (message, error_state.hidden); -- wrap message in visible-error, hidden-error span tag
table.insert (z.error_msgs_t, message); -- add it to the messages sequence table
return message; -- and done; return value generally not used but is used as a flag in various functions of ~/Identifiers
end

--[[------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This function is used by select_one() to determine if one of a list of alias parameters is in the argument list
provided by the template.

Input:
args – pointer to the arguments table from calling template
alias – one of the list of possible aliases in the aliases lists from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration
index – for enumerated parameters, identifies which one
enumerated – true/false flag used to choose how enumerated aliases are examined
value – value associated with an alias that has previously been selected; nil if not yet selected
selected – the alias that has previously been selected; nil if not yet selected
error_list – list of aliases that are duplicates of the alias already selected

Returns:
value – value associated with alias we selected or that was previously selected or nil if an alias not yet selected
selected – the alias we selected or the alias that was previously selected or nil if an alias not yet selected

]]

local function is_alias_used (args, alias, index, enumerated, value, selected, error_list)
if enumerated then -- is this a test for an enumerated parameters?
alias = alias:gsub ('#', index); -- replace '#' with the value in index
else
alias = alias:gsub ('#', ''); -- remove '#' if it exists
end

if is_set (args[alias]) then -- alias is in the template's argument list
if value ~= nil and selected ~= alias then -- if we have already selected one of the aliases
local skip;
for _, v in ipairs (error_list) do -- spin through the error list to see if we've added this alias
if v == alias then
skip = true;
break; -- has been added so stop looking
end
end
if not skip then -- has not been added so
table.insert (error_list, alias); -- add error alias to the error list
end
else
value = args[alias]; -- not yet selected an alias, so select this one
selected = alias;
end
end
return value, selected; -- return newly selected alias, or previously selected alias
end

--[[--------------------------< A D D _ M A I N T _ C A T >------------------------------------------------------

Adds a category to z.maint_cats_t using names from the configuration file with additional text if any.
To prevent duplication, the added_maint_cats table lists the categories by key that have been added to z.maint_cats_t.

]]

local function add_maint_cat (key, arguments)
if not added_maint_cats [key] then
added_maint_cats [key] = true; -- note that we've added this category
table.insert (z.maint_cats_t, substitute (cfg.maint_cats [key], arguments)); -- make name then add to table
end
end

--[[--------------------------< A D D _ P R O P _ C A T >--------------------------------------------------------

Adds a category to z.prop_cats_t using names from the configuration file with additional text if any.

foreign_lang_source and foreign_lang_source_2 keys have a language code appended to them so that multiple languages
may be categorized but multiples of the same language are not categorized.

added_prop_cats is a table declared in page scope variables above

]]

local added_prop_cats = {}; -- list of property categories that have been added to z.prop_cats_t

local function add_prop_cat (key, arguments, key_modifier)
local key_modified = key .. ((key_modifier and key_modifier) or ''); -- modify <key> with <key_modifier> if present and not nil

if not added_prop_cats [key_modified] then
added_prop_cats [key_modified] = true; -- note that we've added this category
table.insert (z.prop_cats_t, substitute (cfg.prop_cats [key], arguments)); -- make name then add to table
table.insert (z.prop_keys_t, 'cs1-prop-' .. key); -- convert key to class for use in the citation's <cite> tag
end
end

--[[--------------------------< S A F E _ F O R _ I T A L I C S >----------------------------------------------

Protects a string that will be wrapped in wiki italic markup '' ... ''

Note: We cannot use for italics, as the expected behavior for italics specified by ''...'' in the title is that
they will be inverted (i.e. unitalicized) in the resulting references. In addition, and '' tend to interact
poorly under Mediawiki's HTML tidy.

]]

local function safe_for_italics (str)
if not is_set (str) then return str end

if str:sub (1, 1) == "'" then str = "" .. str; end
if str:sub (-1, -1) == "'" then str = str .. ""; end

return str:gsub ('\n', ' '); -- Remove newlines as they break italics.
end

--[[--------------------------< W R A P _ S T Y L E >----------------------------------------------------------

Applies styling to various parameters. Supplied string is wrapped using a message_list configuration taking one
argument; protects italic styled parameters. Additional text taken from citation_config.presentation - the reason
this function is similar to but separate from wrap_msg().

]]

local function wrap_style (key, str)
if not is_set (str) then
return "";
elseif in_array (key, {'italic-title', 'trans-italic-title'}) then
str = safe_for_italics (str);
end

return substitute (cfg.presentation[key], {str});
end

--[[--------------------------< M A K E _ S E P _ L I S T >------------------------------------------------------------

make a separated list of items using provided separators.
<sep_list> - typically '<comma><space>'
<sep_list_pair> - typically '<space>and<space>'
<sep_list_end> - typically '<comma><space>and<space>' or '<comma><space>&<space>'

defaults to cfg.presentation['sep_list'], cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'], and cfg.presentation['sep_list_end']
if <sep_list_end> is specified, <sep_list> and <sep_list_pair> must also be supplied

]]

local function make_sep_list (count, list_seq, sep_list, sep_list_pair, sep_list_end)
local list = '';

if not sep_list then -- set the defaults
sep_list = cfg.presentation['sep_list'];
sep_list_pair = cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'];
sep_list_end = cfg.presentation['sep_list_end'];
end

if 2 >= count then
list = table.concat (list_seq, sep_list_pair); -- insert separator between two items; returns list_seq[1] then only one item
elseif 2 < count then
list = table.concat (list_seq, sep_list, 1, count - 1); -- concatenate all but last item with plain list separator
list = table.concat ({list, list_seq[count]}, sep_list_end); -- concatenate last item onto end of <list> with final separator
end

return list;
end

--[[--------------------------< S E L E C T _ O N E >----------------------------------------------------------

Chooses one matching parameter from a list of parameters to consider. The list of parameters to consider is just
names. For parameters that may be enumerated, the position of the numerator in the parameter name is identified
by the '#' so |author-last1= and |author1-last= are represented as 'author-last#' and 'author#-last'.

Because enumerated parameter |<param>1= is an alias of |<param>= we must test for both possibilities.

Generates an error if more than one match is present.

]]

local function select_one (args, aliases_list, error_condition, index)
local value = nil; -- the value assigned to the selected parameter
local selected = ''; -- the name of the parameter we have chosen
local error_list = {};

if index ~= nil then index = tostring(index); end

for _, alias in ipairs (aliases_list) do -- for each alias in the aliases list
if alias:match ('#') then -- if this alias can be enumerated
if '1' == index then -- when index is 1 test for enumerated and non-enumerated aliases
value, selected = is_alias_used (args, alias, index, false, value, selected, error_list); -- first test for non-enumerated alias
end
value, selected = is_alias_used (args, alias, index, true, value, selected, error_list); -- test for enumerated alias
else
value, selected = is_alias_used (args, alias, index, false, value, selected, error_list); -- test for non-enumerated alias
end
end

if #error_list > 0 and 'none' ~= error_condition then -- for cases where this code is used outside of extract_names()
for i, v in ipairs (error_list) do
error_list[i] = wrap_style ('parameter', v);
end
table.insert (error_list, wrap_style ('parameter', selected));
set_message (error_condition, {make_sep_list (#error_list, error_list)});
end

return value, selected;
end

--[=[-------------------------< R E M O V E _ W I K I _ L I N K >----------------------------------------------

Gets the display text from a wikilink like [[A|B]] or [[B]] gives B

The str:gsub() returns either A|B froma [[A|B]] or B from [[B]] or B from B (no wikilink markup).

In l(), l:gsub() removes the link and pipe (if they exist); the second :gsub() trims whitespace from the label
if str was wrapped in wikilink markup. Presumably, this is because without wikimarkup in str, there is no match
in the initial gsub, the replacement function l() doesn't get called.

]=]

local function remove_wiki_link (str)
return (str:gsub ("%[%[([^%[%]]*)%]%]", function(l)
return l:gsub ("^[^|]*|(.*)$", "%1" ):gsub ("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1");
end));
end

--[=[---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Determines if str is a wikilink, extracts, and returns the wikilink type, link text, and display text parts.
If str is a complex wikilink ([[L|D]]):
returns wl_type 2 and D and L from [[L|D]];
if str is a simple wikilink ([[D]])
returns wl_type 1 and D from [[D]] and L as empty string;
if not a wikilink:
returns wl_type 0, str as D, and L as empty string.

trims leading and trailing whitespace and pipes from L and D ([[L|]] and [[|D]] are accepted by MediaWiki and
treated like [[D]]; while [[|D|]] is not accepted by MediaWiki, here, we accept it and return D without the pipes).

]=]

local function is_wikilink (str)
local D, L
local wl_type = 2; -- assume that str is a complex wikilink [[L|D]]

if not str:match ('^%[%[[^%]]+%]%]$') then -- is str some sort of a wikilink (must have some sort of content)
return 0, str, ''; -- not a wikilink; return wl_type as 0, str as D, and empty string as L
end

L, D = str:match ('^%[%[([^|]+)|([^%]]+)%]%]$'); -- get L and D from [[L|D]]

if not is_set (D) then -- if no separate display
D = str:match ('^%[%[([^%]]*)|*%]%]$'); -- get D from [[D]] or [[D|]]
wl_type = 1;
end

D = mw.text.trim (D, '%s|'); -- trim white space and pipe characters
return wl_type, D, L or '';
end

--[[--------------------------< S T R I P _ A P O S T R O P H E _ M A R K U P >--------------------------------

Strip wiki italic and bold markup from argument so that it doesn't contaminate COinS metadata.
This function strips common patterns of apostrophe markup. We presume that editors who have taken the time to
markup a title have, as a result, provided valid markup. When they don't, some single apostrophes are left behind.

Returns the argument without wiki markup and a number; the number is more-or-less meaningless except as a flag
to indicate that markup was replaced; do not rely on it as an indicator of how many of any kind of markup was
removed; returns the argument and nil when no markup removed

]]

local function strip_apostrophe_markup (argument)
if not is_set (argument) then
return argument, nil; -- no argument, nothing to do
end

if nil == argument:find ( "''", 1, true ) then -- Is there at least one double apostrophe? If not, exit.
return argument, nil;
end

local flag;
while true do
if argument:find ("'''''", 1, true) then -- bold italic (5)
argument, flag = argument:gsub ("%'%'%'%'%'", ""); -- remove all instances of it
elseif argument:find ("''''", 1, true) then -- italic start and end without content (4)
argument, flag=argument:gsub ("%'%'%'%'", "");
elseif argument:find ("'''", 1, true) then -- bold (3)
argument, flag=argument:gsub ("%'%'%'", "");
elseif argument:find ("''", 1, true) then -- italic (2)
argument, flag = argument:gsub ("%'%'", "");
else
break;
end
end

return argument, flag; -- done
end

--[[--------------------------< S E T _ S E L E C T E D _ M O D U L E S >--------------------------------------

Sets local cfg table to same (live or sandbox) as that used by the other modules.

]]

local function set_selected_modules (cfg_table_ptr)
cfg = cfg_table_ptr;

end

--[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >----------------------------------------------------------------
]]

return {
add_maint_cat = add_maint_cat, -- exported functions
add_prop_cat = add_prop_cat,
error_comment = error_comment,
has_accept_as_written = has_accept_as_written,
hyphen_to_dash = hyphen_to_dash,
in_array = in_array,
is_set = is_set,
is_wikilink = is_wikilink,
make_sep_list = make_sep_list,
make_wikilink = make_wikilink,
remove_wiki_link = remove_wiki_link,
safe_for_italics = safe_for_italics,
select_one = select_one,
set_message = set_message,
set_selected_modules = set_selected_modules,
strip_apostrophe_markup = strip_apostrophe_markup,
substitute = substitute,
wrap_style = wrap_style,

z = z, -- exported table
}

Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers

2025-08-04T17:17:14Z

Nico: Created page with "----------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- local has_accept_as_written, is_set, in_array, set_message, select_one, -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities substitute, make_wikilink; local z; -- table of tables defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local cfg; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration --[[-..."

--[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >--------------------------------------
]]

local has_accept_as_written, is_set, in_array, set_message, select_one, -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities
substitute, make_wikilink;

local z; -- table of tables defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities

local cfg; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration

--[[----------------------------------------------------------------

declare variables here that have page-wide scope that are not brought in from other modules; that are created here and used here

]]

local auto_link_urls = {}; -- holds identifier URLs for those identifiers that can auto-link |title=

--============================<< H E L P E R F U N C T I O N S >>============================================

--[[--------------------------< W I K I D A T A _ A R T I C L E _ N A M E _ G E T >----------------------------

as an aid to internationalizing identifier-label wikilinks, gets identifier article names from Wikidata.

returns :<lang code>:<article title> when <q> has an <article title> for <lang code>; nil else

for identifiers that do not have q, returns nil

for wikis that do not have mw.wikibase installed, returns nil

]]

local function wikidata_article_name_get (q)
if not is_set (q) or (q and not mw.wikibase) then -- when no q number or when a q number but mw.wikibase not installed on this wiki
return nil; -- abandon
end

local wd_article;
local this_wiki_code = cfg.this_wiki_code; -- Wikipedia subdomain; 'en' for en.wikipedia.org

wd_article = mw.wikibase.getSitelink (q, this_wiki_code .. 'wiki'); -- fetch article title from WD; nil when no title available at this wiki

if wd_article then
wd_article = table.concat ({':', this_wiki_code, ':', wd_article}); -- interwiki-style link without brackets if taken from WD; leading colon required
end

return wd_article; -- article title from WD; nil else
end

--[[--------------------------< L I N K _ L A B E L _ M A K E >------------------------------------------------

common function to create identifier link label from handler table or from Wikidata

returns the first available of
1. redirect from local wiki's handler table (if enabled)
2. Wikidata (if there is a Wikidata entry for this identifier in the local wiki's language)
3. label specified in the local wiki's handler table

]]

local function link_label_make (handler)
local wd_article;

if not (cfg.use_identifier_redirects and is_set (handler.redirect)) then -- redirect has priority so if enabled and available don't fetch from Wikidata because expensive
wd_article = wikidata_article_name_get (handler.q); -- if Wikidata has an article title for this wiki, get it;
end

return (cfg.use_identifier_redirects and is_set (handler.redirect) and handler.redirect) or wd_article or handler.link;
end

--[[--------------------------< E X T E R N A L _ L I N K _ I D >----------------------------------------------

Formats a wiki-style external link

]]

local function external_link_id (options)
local url_string = options.id;
local ext_link;
local this_wiki_code = cfg.this_wiki_code; -- Wikipedia subdomain; 'en' for en.wikipedia.org
local wd_article; -- article title from Wikidata

if options.encode == true or options.encode == nil then
url_string = mw.uri.encode (url_string, 'PATH');
end

if options.auto_link and is_set (options.access) then
auto_link_urls[options.auto_link] = table.concat ({options.prefix, url_string, options.suffix});
end

ext_link = mw.ustring.format ('[%s%s%s %s]', options.prefix, url_string, options.suffix or "", mw.text.nowiki (options.id));
if is_set (options.access) then
ext_link = substitute (cfg.presentation['ext-link-access-signal'], {cfg.presentation[options.access].class, cfg.presentation[options.access].title, ext_link}); -- add the free-to-read / paywall lock
end

return table.concat ({
make_wikilink (link_label_make (options), options.label), -- redirect, Wikidata link, or locally specified link (in that order)
options.separator or ' ',
ext_link
});
end

--[[------------------------------------------------------------------------

Formats a wiki-style internal link

TODO: Does not currently need to support options.access, options.encode, auto-linking and COinS (as in external_link_id),
but may be needed in the future for :m:Interwiki_map custom-prefixes like :arxiv:, :bibcode:, :DOI:, :hdl:, :ISSN:,
:JSTOR:, :Openlibrary:, :PMID:, :RFC:.

]]

local function internal_link_id (options)
local id = mw.ustring.gsub (options.id, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits); -- translate 'local' digits to Western 0-9

return table.concat (
{
make_wikilink (link_label_make (options), options.label), -- wiki-link the identifier label
options.separator or ' ', -- add the separator
make_wikilink (
table.concat (
{
options.prefix,
id, -- translated to Western digits
options.suffix or ''
}),
substitute (cfg.presentation['bdi'], {'', mw.text.nowiki (options.id)}) -- bdi tags to prevent Latin script identifiers from being reversed at RTL language wikis
); -- nowiki because MediaWiki still has magic links for ISBN and the like; TODO: is it really required?
});
end

--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Determines if a PMC identifier's online version is embargoed. Compares the date in |pmc-embargo-date= against
today's date. If embargo date is in the future, returns the content of |pmc-embargo-date=; otherwise, returns
an empty string because the embargo has expired or because |pmc-embargo-date= was not set in this cite.

]]

local function is_embargoed (embargo)
if is_set (embargo) then
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage();
local good1, embargo_date, todays_date;
good1, embargo_date = pcall (lang.formatDate, lang, 'U', embargo);
todays_date = lang:formatDate ('U');

if good1 then -- if embargo date is a good date
if tonumber (embargo_date) >= tonumber (todays_date) then -- is embargo date is in the future?
return embargo; -- still embargoed
else
set_message ('maint_pmc_embargo'); -- embargo has expired; add main cat
return ''; -- unset because embargo has expired
end
end
end
return ''; -- |pmc-embargo-date= not set return empty string
end

--[=[-------------------------------------------------------------------

for biorxiv, returns true if:
2019-12-11T00:00Z <= biorxiv_date < today + 2 days
for medrxiv, returns true if:
2020-01-01T00:00Z <= medrxiv_date < today + 2 days

The dated form of biorxiv identifier has a start date of 2019-12-11. The Unix timestamp for that date is {{#time:U|2019-12-11}} = 1576022400
The medrxiv identifier has a start date of 2020-01-01. The Unix timestamp for that date is {{#time:U|2020-01-01}} = 1577836800

<rxiv_date> is the date provided in those |biorxiv= parameter values that are dated and in |medrxiv= parameter values at time 00:00:00 UTC
<today> is the current date at time 00:00:00 UTC plus 48 hours
if today's date is 2023-01-01T00:00:00 then
adding 24 hours gives 2023-01-02T00:00:00 – one second more than today
adding 24 hours gives 2023-01-03T00:00:00 – one second more than tomorrow

inputs:
<y>, <m>, <d> – year, month, day parts of the date from the birxiv or medrxiv identifier
<select> 'b' for biorxiv, 'm' for medrxiv; defaults to 'b'

]=]

local function is_valid_rxiv_date (y, m, d, select)
if 0 == tonumber (m) and 12 < tonumber (m) then -- <m> must be a number 1–12
return false;
end
if 0 == tonumber (d) and 31 < tonumber (d) then -- <d> must be a number 1–31; TODO: account for month length and leap yer?
return false;
end

local rxiv_date = table.concat ({y, m, d}, '-'); -- make ymd date string
local good1, good2;
local rxiv_ts, tomorrow_ts; -- to hold Unix timestamps representing the dates
local lang_object = mw.getContentLanguage();

good1, rxiv_ts = pcall (lang_object.formatDate, lang_object, 'U', rxiv_date); -- convert rxiv_date value to Unix timestamp
good2, tomorrow_ts = pcall (lang_object.formatDate, lang_object, 'U', 'today + 2 days' ); -- today midnight + 2 days is one second more than all day tomorrow

if good1 and good2 then -- lang.formatDate() returns a timestamp in the local script which tonumber() may not understand
rxiv_ts = tonumber (rxiv_ts) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (rxiv_ts); -- convert to numbers for the comparison;
tomorrow_ts = tonumber (tomorrow_ts) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (tomorrow_ts);
else
return false; -- one or both failed to convert to Unix timestamp
end

local limit_ts = ((select and ('m' == select)) and 1577836800) or 1576022400; -- choose the appropriate limit timesatmp

return ((limit_ts <= rxiv_ts) and (rxiv_ts < tomorrow_ts)) -- limit_ts <= rxiv_date < tomorrow's date
end

--[[--------------------------< IS _ V A L I D _ I S X N >-----------------------------------------------------

ISBN-10 and ISSN validator code calculates checksum across all ISBN/ISSN digits including the check digit.
ISBN-13 is checked in isbn().

If the number is valid the result will be 0. Before calling this function, ISBN/ISSN must be checked for length
and stripped of dashes, spaces and other non-ISxN characters.

]]

local function is_valid_isxn (isxn_str, len)
local temp = 0;
isxn_str = { isxn_str:byte(1, len) }; -- make a table of byte values '0' → 0x30 .. '9' → 0x39, 'X' → 0x58
len = len + 1; -- adjust to be a loop counter
for i, v in ipairs (isxn_str) do -- loop through all of the bytes and calculate the checksum
if v == string.byte ("X" ) then -- if checkdigit is X (compares the byte value of 'X' which is 0x58)
temp = temp + 10 * (len - i); -- it represents 10 decimal
else
temp = temp + tonumber (string.char (v) )*(len-i);
end
end
return temp % 11 == 0; -- returns true if calculation result is zero
end

--[[--------------------------< IS _ V A L I D _ I S X N _ 1 3 >-----------------------------------------------

ISBN-13 and ISMN validator code calculates checksum across all 13 ISBN/ISMN digits including the check digit.
If the number is valid, the result will be 0. Before calling this function, ISBN-13/ISMN must be checked for length
and stripped of dashes, spaces and other non-ISxN-13 characters.

]]

local function is_valid_isxn_13 (isxn_str)
local temp=0;

isxn_str = { isxn_str:byte(1, 13) }; -- make a table of byte values '0' → 0x30 .. '9' → 0x39
for i, v in ipairs (isxn_str) do
temp = temp + (3 - 2*(i % 2)) * tonumber (string.char (v) ); -- multiply odd index digits by 1, even index digits by 3 and sum; includes check digit
end
return temp % 10 == 0; -- sum modulo 10 is zero when ISBN-13/ISMN is correct
end

--[[--------------------------< N O R M A L I Z E _ L C C N >--------------------------------------------------

LCCN normalization (https://www.loc.gov/marc/lccn-namespace.html#normalization)
1. Remove all blanks.
2. If there is a forward slash (/) in the string, remove it, and remove all characters to the right of the forward slash.
3. If there is a hyphen in the string:
a. Remove it.
b. Inspect the substring following (to the right of) the (removed) hyphen. Then (and assuming that steps 1 and 2 have been carried out):
1. All these characters should be digits, and there should be six or less. (not done in this function)
2. If the length of the substring is less than 6, left-fill the substring with zeroes until the length is six.

Returns a normalized LCCN for lccn() to validate. There is no error checking (step 3.b.1) performed in this function.

]]

local function normalize_lccn (lccn)
lccn = lccn:gsub ("%s", ""); -- 1. strip whitespace

if nil ~= string.find (lccn, '/') then
lccn = lccn:match ("(.-)/"); -- 2. remove forward slash and all character to the right of it
end

local prefix
local suffix
prefix, suffix = lccn:match ("(.+)%-(.+)"); -- 3.a remove hyphen by splitting the string into prefix and suffix

if nil ~= suffix then -- if there was a hyphen
suffix = string.rep("0", 6-string.len (suffix)) .. suffix; -- 3.b.2 left fill the suffix with 0s if suffix length less than 6
lccn = prefix..suffix; -- reassemble the LCCN
end

return lccn;
end

--============================<>====================================

--[[--------------------------< A R X I V >--------------------------------------------------------------------

See: https://arxiv.org/help/arxiv_identifier

format and error check arXiv identifier. There are three valid forms of the identifier:
the first form, valid only between date codes 9107 and 0703, is:
arXiv:<archive>.<class>/<date code><number><version>
where:
<archive> is a string of alpha characters - may be hyphenated; no other punctuation
<class> is a string of alpha characters - may be hyphenated; no other punctuation; not the same as |class= parameter which is not supported in this form
<date code> is four digits in the form YYMM where YY is the last two digits of the four-digit year and MM is the month number January = 01
first digit of YY for this form can only 9 and 0
<number> is a three-digit number
<version> is a 1 or more digit number preceded with a lowercase v; no spaces (undocumented)

the second form, valid from April 2007 through December 2014 is:
arXiv:<date code>.<number><version>
where:
<date code> is four digits in the form YYMM where YY is the last two digits of the four-digit year and MM is the month number January = 01
<number> is a four-digit number
<version> is a 1 or more digit number preceded with a lowercase v; no spaces

the third form, valid from January 2015 is:
arXiv:<date code>.<number><version>
where:
<date code> and <version> are as defined for 0704-1412
<number> is a five-digit number

]]

local function arxiv (options)
local id = options.id;
local class = options.Class; -- TODO: lowercase?
local handler = options.handler;
local year, month, version;
local err_msg = false; -- assume no error message
local text; -- output text

if id:match("^%a[%a%.%-]+/[90]%d[01]%d%d%d%d$") or id:match("^%a[%a%.%-]+/[90]%d[01]%d%d%d%dv%d+$") then -- test for the 9107-0703 format with or without version
year, month = id:match("^%a[%a%.%-]+/([90]%d)([01]%d)%d%d%d[v%d]*$");
year = tonumber (year);
month = tonumber (month);
if ((not (90 < year or 8 > year)) or (1 > month or 12 < month)) or -- if invalid year or invalid month
((91 == year and 7 > month) or (7 == year and 3 < month)) then -- if years ok, are starting and ending months ok?
err_msg = true; -- flag for error message
end

elseif id:match("^%d%d[01]%d%.%d%d%d%d$") or id:match("^%d%d[01]%d%.%d%d%d%dv%d+$") then -- test for the 0704-1412 with or without version
year, month = id:match("^(%d%d)([01]%d)%.%d%d%d%d[v%d]*$");
year = tonumber (year);
month = tonumber (month);
if ((7 > year) or (14 < year) or (1 > month or 12 < month)) or -- is year invalid or is month invalid? (doesn't test for future years)
((7 == year) and (4 > month)) then -- when year is 07, is month invalid (before April)?
err_msg = true; -- flag for error message
end

elseif id:match("^%d%d[01]%d%.%d%d%d%d%d$") or id:match("^%d%d[01]%d%.%d%d%d%d%dv%d+$") then -- test for the 1501- format with or without version
year, month = id:match("^(%d%d)([01]%d)%.%d%d%d%d%d[v%d]*$");
year = tonumber (year);
month = tonumber (month);
if ((15 > year) or (1 > month or 12 < month)) then -- is year invalid or is month invalid? (doesn't test for future years)
err_msg = true; -- flag for error message
end

else
err_msg = true; -- not a recognized format; flag for error message
end

if err_msg then
options.coins_list_t['ARXIV'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

local err_msg_t = {};
if err_msg then
set_message ('err_bad_arxiv');
end

text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access});

if is_set (class) then
if id:match ('^%d+') then
text = table.concat ({text, ' [[https://arxiv.org/archive/', class, ' ', class, ']]'}); -- external link within square brackets, not wikilink
else
set_message ('err_class_ignored');
end
end

return text;
end

--[[----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Validates (sort of) and formats a bibcode ID.

Format for bibcodes is specified here: https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs_doc/help_pages/data.html#bibcodes

But, this: 2015arXiv151206696F is apparently valid so apparently, the only things that really matter are length, 19 characters
and first four digits must be a year. This function makes these tests:
length must be 19 characters
characters in position
1–4 must be digits and must represent a year in the range of 1000 – next year
5 must be a letter
6–8 must be letter, digit, ampersand, or dot (ampersand cannot directly precede a dot; &. )
9–18 must be letter, digit, or dot
19 must be a letter or dot

]]

local function bibcode (options)
local id = options.id;
local access = options.access;
local handler = options.handler;
local ignore_invalid = options.accept;
local err_type;
local err_msg = '';
local year;

local text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode,
access = access});

if 19 ~= id:len() then
err_type = cfg.err_msg_supl.length;
else
year = id:match ("^(%d%d%d%d)[%a][%w&%.][%w&%.][%w&%.][%w.]+[%a%.]$");
if not year then -- if nil then no pattern match
err_type = cfg.err_msg_supl.value; -- so value error
else
local next_year = tonumber (os.date ('%Y')) + 1; -- get the current year as a number and add one for next year
year = tonumber (year); -- convert year portion of bibcode to a number
if (1000 > year) or (year > next_year) then
err_type = cfg.err_msg_supl.year; -- year out of bounds
end
if id:find('&%.') then
err_type = cfg.err_msg_supl.journal; -- journal abbreviation must not have '&.' (if it does it's missing a letter)
end
if id:match ('.........%.tmp%.') then -- temporary bibcodes when positions 10–14 are '.tmp.'
set_message ('maint_bibcode');
end
end
end

if is_set (err_type) and not ignore_invalid then -- if there was an error detected and accept-as-written markup not used
set_message ('err_bad_bibcode', {err_type});
options.coins_list_t['BIBCODE'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return text;
end

--[[-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Format bioRxiv ID and do simple error checking. Before 2019-12-11, biorXiv IDs were 10.1101/ followed by exactly
6 digits. After 2019-12-11, biorXiv IDs retained the six-digit identifier but prefixed that with a yyyy.mm.dd.
date and suffixed with an optional version identifier.

The bioRxiv ID is the string of characters:
https://doi.org/10.1101/078733 -> 10.1101/078733
or a date followed by a six-digit number followed by an optional version indicator 'v' and one or more digits:
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.123456v2 -> 10.1101/2019.12.11.123456v2

see https://www.biorxiv.org/about-biorxiv

]]

local function biorxiv (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;
local err_msg = true; -- flag; assume that there will be an error

local patterns = {
'^10%.1101/%d%d%d%d%d%d$', -- simple 6-digit identifier (before 2019-12-11)
'^10%.1101/(20%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.%d%d%d%d%d%dv%d+$', -- y.m.d. date + 6-digit identifier + version (after 2019-12-11)
'^10%.1101/(20%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.%d%d%d%d%d%d$', -- y.m.d. date + 6-digit identifier (after 2019-12-11)
}

for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the patterns looking for a match
if id:match (pattern) then
local y, m, d = id:match (pattern); -- found a match, attempt to get year, month and date from the identifier

if m then -- m is nil when id is the six-digit form
if not is_valid_rxiv_date (y, m, d, 'b') then -- validate the encoded date; 'b' for biorxiv limit
break; -- date fail; break out early so we don't unset the error message
end
end
err_msg = nil; -- we found a match so unset the error message
break; -- and done
end
end -- err_cat remains set here when no match

if err_msg then
options.coins_list_t['BIORXIV'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
set_message ('err_bad_biorxiv'); -- and set the error message
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator,
encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access});
end

--[[--------------------------< C I T E S E E R X >------------------------------------------------------------

CiteSeerX use their own notion of "doi" (not to be confused with the identifiers resolved via doi.org).

The description of the structure of this identifier can be found at Help_talk:Citation_Style_1/Archive_26#CiteSeerX_id_structure

]]

local function citeseerx (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;
local matched;

local text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode,
access = handler.access});

matched = id:match ("^10%.1%.1%.[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%.[1-9]%d?%d?%d?$");
if not matched then
set_message ('err_bad_citeseerx' );
options.coins_list_t['CITESEERX'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return text;
end

--[[--------------------------< D O I >------------------------------------------------------------------------

Formats a DOI and checks for DOI errors.

DOI names contain two parts: prefix and suffix separated by a forward slash.
Prefix: directory indicator '10.' followed by a registrant code
Suffix: character string of any length chosen by the registrant

This function checks a DOI name for: prefix/suffix. If the DOI name contains spaces or endashes, or, if it ends
with a period or a comma, this function will emit a bad_doi error message.

DOI names are case-insensitive and can incorporate any printable Unicode characters so the test for spaces, endash,
and terminal punctuation may not be technically correct but it appears, that in practice these characters are rarely
if ever used in DOI names.

https://www.doi.org/doi_handbook/2_Numbering.html -- 2.2 Syntax of a DOI name
https://www.doi.org/doi_handbook/2_Numbering.html#2.2.2 -- 2.2.2 DOI prefix

]]

local function doi (options)
local id = options.id;
local inactive = options.DoiBroken
local access = options.access;
local ignore_invalid = options.accept;
local handler = options.handler;
local err_flag;

local function is_extended_free (registrant, suffix) -- local function to check those few registrants that are mixed; identifiable by the doi suffix <incipit>
if cfg.extended_registrants_t[registrant] then -- if this registrant has known free-to-read extentions
for _, incipit in ipairs (cfg.extended_registrants_t[registrant]) do -- loop through the registrant's incipits
if mw.ustring.find (suffix, '^' .. incipit) then -- if found
return true;
end
end
end
end

local text;
if is_set (inactive) then
local inactive_year = inactive:match("%d%d%d%d"); -- try to get the year portion from the inactive date
local inactive_month, good;

if is_set (inactive_year) then
if 4 < inactive:len() then -- inactive date has more than just a year (could be anything)
local lang_obj = mw.getContentLanguage(); -- get a language object for this wiki
good, inactive_month = pcall (lang_obj.formatDate, lang_obj, 'F', inactive); -- try to get the month name from the inactive date
if not good then
inactive_month = nil; -- something went wrong so make sure this is unset
end
end
end -- otherwise, |doi-broken-date= has something but it isn't a date

if is_set (inactive_year) and is_set (inactive_month) then
set_message ('maint_doi_inactive_dated', {inactive_year, inactive_month, ' '});
elseif is_set (inactive_year) then
set_message ('maint_doi_inactive_dated', {inactive_year, '', ''});
else
set_message ('maint_doi_inactive');
end
inactive = " (" .. cfg.messages['inactive'] .. ' ' .. inactive .. ')';
end

local suffix;
local registrant, suffix = mw.ustring.match (id, '^10%.([^/]+)/([^%s–]-[^%.,])$'); -- registrant and suffix set when DOI has the proper basic form

local registrant_err_patterns = { -- these patterns are for code ranges that are not supported
'^[^1-3]%d%d%d%d%.%d+$', -- 5 digits with subcode (0xxxx, 40000+); accepts: 10000–39999
'^[^1-7]%d%d%d%d$', -- 5 digits without subcode (0xxxx, 60000+); accepts: 10000–69999
'^[^1-9]%d%d%d%.%d+$', -- 4 digits with subcode (0xxx); accepts: 1000–9999
'^[^1-9]%d%d%d$', -- 4 digits without subcode (0xxx); accepts: 1000–9999
'^%d%d%d%d%d%d+', -- 6 or more digits
'^%d%d?%d?$', -- less than 4 digits without subcode (3 digits with subcode is legitimate)
'^%d%d?%.[%d%.]+', -- 1 or 2 digits with subcode
'^5555$', -- test registrant will never resolve
'[^%d%.]', -- any character that isn't a digit or a dot
}

if not ignore_invalid then
if registrant then -- when DOI has proper form
for i, pattern in ipairs (registrant_err_patterns) do -- spin through error patterns
if registrant:match (pattern) then -- to validate registrant codes
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_doi'); -- when found, mark this DOI as bad
break; -- and done
end
end
else
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_doi'); -- invalid directory or malformed
end
else
set_message ('maint_doi_ignore');
end

if err_flag then
options.coins_list_t['DOI'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
else
if not access and (cfg.known_free_doi_registrants_t[registrant] or is_extended_free (registrant, suffix)) then -- |doi-access=free not set and <registrant> is known to be free
set_message ('maint_doi_unflagged_free'); -- set a maint cat
end
end

text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access,
auto_link = not (err_flag or is_set (inactive) or ignore_invalid) and 'doi' or nil -- do not auto-link when |doi-broken-date= has a value or when there is a DOI error or (to play it safe, after all, auto-linking is not essential) when invalid DOIs are ignored
}) .. (inactive or '');

return text;
end

--[[--------------------------< H D L >------------------------------------------------------------------------

Formats an HDL with minor error checking.

HDL names contain two parts: prefix and suffix separated by a forward slash.
Prefix: character string using any character in the UCS-2 character set except '/'
Suffix: character string of any length using any character in the UCS-2 character set chosen by the registrant

This function checks a HDL name for: prefix/suffix. If the HDL name contains spaces, endashes, or, if it ends
with a period or a comma, this function will emit a bad_hdl error message.

HDL names are case-insensitive and can incorporate any printable Unicode characters so the test for endashes and
terminal punctuation may not be technically correct but it appears, that in practice these characters are rarely
if ever used in HDLs.

Query string parameters are named here: https://www.handle.net/proxy_servlet.html. query strings are not displayed
but since '?' is an allowed character in an HDL, '?' followed by one of the query parameters is the only way we
have to detect the query string so that it isn't URL-encoded with the rest of the identifier.

]]

local function hdl (options)
local id = options.id;
local access = options.access;
local handler = options.handler;
local query_params = { -- list of known query parameters from https://www.handle.net/proxy_servlet.html
'noredirect',
'ignore_aliases',
'auth',
'cert',
'index',
'type',
'urlappend',
'locatt',
'action',
}

local hdl, suffix, param = id:match ('(.-)(%?(%a+).+)$'); -- look for query string
local found;

if hdl then -- when there are query strings, this is the handle identifier portion
for _, q in ipairs (query_params) do -- spin through the list of query parameters
if param:match ('^' .. q) then -- if the query string begins with one of the parameters
found = true; -- announce a find
break; -- and stop looking
end
end
end

if found then
id = hdl; -- found so replace id with the handle portion; this will be URL-encoded, suffix will not
else
suffix = ''; -- make sure suffix is empty string for concatenation else
end

local text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, suffix = suffix, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access})

if nil == id:match("^[^%s–]-/[^%s–]-[^%.,]$") then -- HDL must contain a forward slash, must not contain spaces, endashes, and must not end with period or comma
set_message ('err_bad_hdl' );
options.coins_list_t['HDL'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return text;
end

--[[------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Determines whether an ISBN string is valid

]]

local function isbn (options_t)
local isbn_str = options_t.id;
local ignore_invalid = options_t.accept;
local handler = options_t.handler;
local year = options_t.Year; -- when set, valid anchor_year; may have a disambiguator which must be removed

local function return_result (check, err_type) -- local function to handle the various returns
local ISBN = internal_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = isbn_str, separator = handler.separator});
if ignore_invalid then -- if ignoring ISBN errors
set_message ('maint_isbn_ignore'); -- add a maint category even when there is no error
else -- here when not ignoring
if not check then -- and there is an error
options_t.coins_list_t['ISBN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
set_message ('err_bad_isbn', err_type); -- set an error message
return ISBN; -- return id text
end
end
return ISBN; -- return id text
end

if year and not ignore_invalid then --
year = year:match ('%d%d%d%d?'); -- strip disambiguator if present
if year and (1965 > tonumber(year)) then
set_message ('err_invalid_isbn_date'); -- set an error message
return internal_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = isbn_str, separator = handler.separator});
end
end

if nil ~= isbn_str:match ('[^%s-0-9X]') then
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.char); -- fail if isbn_str contains anything but digits, hyphens, or the uppercase X
end

local id = isbn_str:gsub ('[%s-]', ''); -- remove hyphens and whitespace

local len = id:len();

if len ~= 10 and len ~= 13 then
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.length); -- fail if incorrect length
end

if len == 10 then
if id:match ('^%d*X?$') == nil then -- fail if isbn_str has 'X' anywhere but last position
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.form);
end
if not is_valid_isxn (id, 10) then -- test isbn-10 for numerical validity
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.check); -- fail if isbn-10 is not numerically valid
end
if id:find ('^63[01]') then -- 630xxxxxxx and 631xxxxxxx are (apparently) not valid isbn group ids but are used by amazon as numeric identifiers (asin)
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.group); -- fail if isbn-10 begins with 630/1
end
return return_result (true, cfg.err_msg_supl.check); -- pass if isbn-10 is numerically valid
else
if id:match ('^%d+$') == nil then
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.char); -- fail if ISBN-13 is not all digits
end
if id:match ('^97[89]%d*$') == nil then
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.prefix); -- fail when ISBN-13 does not begin with 978 or 979
end
if id:match ('^9790') then
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.group); -- group identifier '0' is reserved to ISMN
end
return return_result (is_valid_isxn_13 (id), cfg.err_msg_supl.check);
end
end

--[[--------------------------< A S I N >----------------------------------------------------------------------

Formats a link to Amazon. Do simple error checking: ASIN must be mix of 10 numeric or uppercase alpha
characters. If a mix, first character must be uppercase alpha; if all numeric, ASINs must be 10-digit
ISBN. If 10-digit ISBN, add a maintenance category so a bot or AWB script can replace |asin= with |isbn=.
Error message if not 10 characters, if not ISBN-10, if mixed and first character is a digit.

|asin=630....... and |asin=631....... are (apparently) not a legitimate ISBN though it checksums as one; these
do not cause this function to emit the maint_asin message

This function is positioned here because it calls isbn()

]]

local function asin (options)
local id = options.id;
local domain = options.ASINTLD;

local err_flag;

if not id:match("^[%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u]$") then
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_asin'); -- ASIN is not a mix of 10 uppercase alpha and numeric characters
else
if id:match("^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dX]$") then -- if 10-digit numeric (or 9 digits with terminal X)
if is_valid_isxn (id, 10) then -- see if ASIN value is or validates as ISBN-10
if not id:find ('^63[01]') then -- 630xxxxxxx and 631xxxxxxx are (apparently) not a valid isbn prefixes but are used by amazon as a numeric identifier
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_asin'); -- ASIN has ISBN-10 form but begins with something other than 630/1 so probably an isbn
end
elseif not is_set (err_flag) then
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_asin'); -- ASIN is not ISBN-10
end
elseif not id:match("^%u[%d%u]+$") then
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_asin'); -- asin doesn't begin with uppercase alpha
end
end
if (not is_set (domain)) or in_array (domain, {'us'}) then -- default: United States
domain = "com";
elseif in_array (domain, {'jp', 'uk'}) then -- Japan, United Kingdom
domain = "co." .. domain;
elseif in_array (domain, {'z.cn'}) then -- China
domain = "cn";
elseif in_array (domain, {'au', 'br', 'mx', 'sg', 'tr'}) then -- Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Singapore, Turkey
domain = "com." .. domain;
elseif not in_array (domain, {'ae', 'ca', 'cn', 'de', 'es', 'fr', 'in', 'it', 'nl', 'pl', 'sa', 'se', 'co.jp', 'co.uk', 'com', 'com.au', 'com.br', 'com.mx', 'com.sg', 'com.tr'}) then -- Arabic Emirates, Canada, China, Germany, Spain, France, Indonesia, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Sweden (as of 2021-03 Austria (.at), Liechtenstein (.li) and Switzerland (.ch) still redirect to the German site (.de) with special settings, so don't maintain local ASINs for them)
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_asin_tld'); -- unsupported asin-tld value
end
local handler = options.handler;

if not is_set (err_flag) then
options.coins_list_t['ASIN'] = handler.prefix .. domain .. "/dp/" .. id; -- asin for coins
else
options.coins_list_t['ASIN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix .. domain .. "/dp/",
id = id, encode = handler.encode, separator = handler.separator})
end

--[[------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Determines whether an ISMN string is valid. Similar to ISBN-13, ISMN is 13 digits beginning 979-0-... and uses the
same check digit calculations. See https://www.ismn-international.org/download/Web_ISMN_Users_Manual_2008-6.pdf
section 2, pages 9–12.

ismn value not made part of COinS metadata because we don't have a url or isn't a COinS-defined identifier (rft.xxx)
or an identifier registered at info-uri.info (info:)

]]

local function ismn (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;
local text;
local valid_ismn = true;
local id_copy;

id_copy = id; -- save a copy because this testing is destructive
id = id:gsub ('[%s-]', ''); -- remove hyphens and white space

if 13 ~= id:len() or id:match ("^9790%d*$" ) == nil then -- ISMN must be 13 digits and begin with 9790
valid_ismn = false;
else
valid_ismn=is_valid_isxn_13 (id); -- validate ISMN
end

-- text = internal_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, -- use this (or external version) when there is some place to link to
-- prefix = handler.prefix, id = id_copy, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode})

text = table.concat ( -- because no place to link to yet
{
make_wikilink (link_label_make (handler), handler.label),
handler.separator,
id_copy
});

if false == valid_ismn then
options.coins_list_t['ISMN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS; not really necessary here because ismn not made part of COinS
set_message ('err_bad_ismn'); -- create an error message if the ISMN is invalid
end

return text;
end

--[[------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Validate and format an ISSN. This code fixes the case where an editor has included an ISSN in the citation but
has separated the two groups of four digits with a space. When that condition occurred, the resulting link looked
like this:

|issn=0819 4327 gives: [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0819 4327 0819 4327] -- can't have spaces in an external link

This code now prevents that by inserting a hyphen at the ISSN midpoint. It also validates the ISSN for length
and makes sure that the checkdigit agrees with the calculated value. Incorrect length (8 digits), characters
other than 0-9 and X, or checkdigit / calculated value mismatch will all cause a check ISSN error message. The
ISSN is always displayed with a hyphen, even if the ISSN was given as a single group of 8 digits.

]]

local function issn (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;
local ignore_invalid = options.accept;

local issn_copy = id; -- save a copy of unadulterated ISSN; use this version for display if ISSN does not validate
local text;
local valid_issn = true;

id = id:gsub ('[%s-]', ''); -- remove hyphens and whitespace

if 8 ~= id:len() or nil == id:match ("^%d*X?$" ) then -- validate the ISSN: 8 digits long, containing only 0-9 or X in the last position
valid_issn = false; -- wrong length or improper character
else
valid_issn = is_valid_isxn (id, 8); -- validate ISSN
end

if true == valid_issn then
id = string.sub (id, 1, 4 ) .. "-" .. string.sub (id, 5 ); -- if valid, display correctly formatted version
else
id = issn_copy; -- if not valid, show the invalid ISSN with error message
end

text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode})

if ignore_invalid then
set_message ('maint_issn_ignore');
else
if false == valid_issn then
options.coins_list_t['ISSN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
set_message ('err_bad_issn', (options.hkey == 'EISSN') and 'e' or ''); -- create an error message if the ISSN is invalid
end
end

return text;
end

--[[--------------------------< J F M >-----------------------------------------------------------------------

A numerical identifier in the form nn.nnnn.nn

]]

local function jfm (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;
local id_num;

id_num = id:match ('^[Jj][Ff][Mm](.*)$'); -- identifier with jfm prefix; extract identifier

if is_set (id_num) then
set_message ('maint_jfm_format');
else -- plain number without JFM prefix
id_num = id; -- if here id does not have prefix
end

if id_num and id_num:match('^%d%d%.%d%d%d%d%.%d%d$') then
id = id_num; -- jfm matches pattern
else
set_message ('err_bad_jfm' ); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['JFM'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode});
end

--[[--------------------------< J S T O R >--------------------------------------------------------------------

Format a JSTOR with some error checking

]]

local function jstor (options)
local id = options.id;
local access = options.access;
local handler = options.handler;

if id:find ('[Jj][Ss][Tt][Oo][Rr]') or id:find ('^https?://') or id:find ('%s') then
set_message ('err_bad_jstor'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['JSTOR'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access});
end

--[[--------------------------< L C C N >----------------------------------------------------------------------

Format LCCN link and do simple error checking. LCCN is a character string 8-12 characters long. The length of
the LCCN dictates the character type of the first 1-3 characters; the rightmost eight are always digits.
https://oclc-research.github.io/infoURI-Frozen/info-uri.info/info:lccn/reg.html

length = 8 then all digits
length = 9 then lccn[1] is lowercase alpha
length = 10 then lccn[1] and lccn[2] are both lowercase alpha or both digits
length = 11 then lccn[1] is lower case alpha, lccn[2] and lccn[3] are both lowercase alpha or both digits
length = 12 then lccn[1] and lccn[2] are both lowercase alpha

]]

local function lccn (options)
local lccn = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;
local err_flag; -- presume that LCCN is valid
local id = lccn; -- local copy of the LCCN

id = normalize_lccn (id); -- get canonical form (no whitespace, hyphens, forward slashes)
local len = id:len(); -- get the length of the LCCN

if 8 == len then
if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if LCCN has anything but digits (nil if only digits)
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- set an error message
end
elseif 9 == len then -- LCCN should be adddddddd
if nil == id:match("%l%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") then -- does it match our pattern?
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- set an error message
end
elseif 10 == len then -- LCCN should be aadddddddd or dddddddddd
if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if LCCN has anything but digits (nil if only digits) ...
if nil == id:match("^%l%l%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") then -- ... see if it matches our pattern
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- no match, set an error message
end
end
elseif 11 == len then -- LCCN should be aaadddddddd or adddddddddd
if not (id:match("^%l%l%l%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") or id:match("^%l%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d")) then -- see if it matches one of our patterns
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- no match, set an error message
end
elseif 12 == len then -- LCCN should be aadddddddddd
if not id:match("^%l%l%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") then -- see if it matches our pattern
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- no match, set an error message
end
else
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- wrong length, set an error message
end

if not is_set (err_flag) and nil ~= lccn:find ('%s') then
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- lccn contains a space, set an error message
end

if is_set (err_flag) then
options.coins_list_t['LCCN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = lccn, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode});
end

--[[--------------------------< M E D R X I V >-----------------------------------------------------------------

Format medRxiv ID and do simple error checking. Similar to later bioRxiv IDs, medRxiv IDs are prefixed with a
yyyy.mm.dd. date and suffixed with an optional version identifier. Ealiest date accepted is 2020.01.01

The medRxiv ID is a date followed by an eight-digit number followed by an optional version indicator 'v' and one or more digits:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.20232009v2 -> 10.1101/2020.11.16.20232009v2

]]

local function medrxiv (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;
local err_msg_flag = true; -- flag; assume that there will be an error

local patterns = {
'%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$', -- simple 8-digit identifier; these should be relatively rare
'^10%.1101/(20%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%dv%d+$', -- y.m.d. date + 8-digit identifier + version (2020-01-01 and later)
'^10%.1101/(20%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$', -- y.m.d. date + 8-digit identifier (2020-01-01 and later)
}

for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the patterns looking for a match
if id:match (pattern) then
local y, m, d = id:match (pattern); -- found a match, attempt to get year, month and date from the identifier

if m then -- m is nil when id is the 8-digit form
if not is_valid_rxiv_date (y, m, d, 'b') then -- validate the encoded date; 'b' for medrxiv limit
break; -- date fail; break out early so we don't unset the error message
end
end
err_msg_flag = nil; -- we found a match so unset the error message
break; -- and done
end
end -- <err_msg_flag> remains set here when no match

if err_msg_flag then
options.coins_list_t['MEDRXIV'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
set_message ('err_bad_medrxiv'); -- and set the error message
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator,
encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access});
end

--[[--------------------------< M R >--------------------------------------------------------------------------

A seven digit number; if not seven digits, zero-fill leading digits to make seven digits.

]]

local function mr (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;
local id_num;
local id_len;

id_num = id:match ('^[Mm][Rr](%d+)$'); -- identifier with mr prefix

if is_set (id_num) then
set_message ('maint_mr_format'); -- add maint cat
else -- plain number without mr prefix
id_num = id:match ('^%d+$'); -- if here id is all digits
end

id_len = id_num and id_num:len() or 0;
if (7 >= id_len) and (0 ~= id_len) then
id = string.rep ('0', 7-id_len) .. id_num; -- zero-fill leading digits
else
set_message ('err_bad_mr'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['MR'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode});
end

--[[--------------------------< O C L C >----------------------------------------------------------------------

Validate and format an OCLC ID. https://www.oclc.org/batchload/controlnumber.en.html {{dead link}}
archived at: https://web.archive.org/web/20161228233804/https://www.oclc.org/batchload/controlnumber.en.html

]]

local function oclc (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;
local number;

if id:match('^ocm%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$') then -- ocm prefix and 8 digits; 001 field (12 characters)
number = id:match('ocm(%d+)'); -- get the number
elseif id:match('^ocn%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$') then -- ocn prefix and 9 digits; 001 field (12 characters)
number = id:match('ocn(%d+)'); -- get the number
elseif id:match('^on%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d+$') then -- on prefix and 10 or more digits; 001 field (12 characters)
number = id:match('^on(%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d+)$'); -- get the number
elseif id:match('^%(OCoLC%)[1-9]%d*$') then -- (OCoLC) prefix and variable number digits; no leading zeros; 035 field
number = id:match('%(OCoLC%)([1-9]%d*)'); -- get the number
if 9 < number:len() then
number = nil; -- constrain to 1 to 9 digits; change this when OCLC issues 10-digit numbers
end
elseif id:match('^%d+$') then -- no prefix
number = id; -- get the number
if tonumber (id) > handler.id_limit then
number = nil; -- unset when id value exceeds the limit
end
end

if number then -- proper format
id = number; -- exclude prefix, if any, from external link
else
set_message ('err_bad_oclc') -- add an error message if the id is malformed
options.coins_list_t['OCLC'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode});
end

--[[--------------------------< O P E N L I B R A R Y >--------------------------------------------------------

Formats an OpenLibrary link, and checks for associated errors.

]]

local function openlibrary (options)
local id = options.id;
local access = options.access;
local handler = options.handler;
local ident, code = id:gsub('^OL', ''):match("^(%d+([AMW]))$"); -- strip optional OL prefix followed immediately by digits followed by 'A', 'M', or 'W';
local err_flag;
local prefix = { -- these are appended to the handler.prefix according to code
['A']='authors/OL',
['M']='books/OL',
['W']='works/OL',
['X']='OL' -- not a code; spoof when 'code' in id is invalid
};

if not ident then
code = 'X'; -- no code or id completely invalid
ident = id; -- copy id to ident so that we display the flawed identifier
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_ol');
end

if not is_set (err_flag) then
options.coins_list_t['OL'] = handler.prefix .. prefix[code] .. ident; -- experiment for ol coins
else
options.coins_list_t['OL'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix .. prefix[code],
id = ident, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode,
access = access});
end

--[[--------------------------< O S T I >----------------------------------------------------------------------

Format OSTI and do simple error checking. OSTIs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This
code checks the OSTI to see that it contains only digits and is less than test_limit specified in the configuration;
the value in test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more OSTIs are issued.

NB. 1018 is the lowest OSTI number found in the wild (so far) and resolving OK on the OSTI site

]]

local function osti (options)
local id = options.id;
local access = options.access;
local handler = options.handler;

if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if OSTI has anything but digits
set_message ('err_bad_osti'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['OSTI'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
else -- OSTI is only digits
local id_num = tonumber (id); -- convert id to a number for range testing
if 1018 > id_num or handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if OSTI is outside test limit boundaries
set_message ('err_bad_osti'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['OSTI'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access});
end

--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Format a PMC, do simple error checking, and check for embargoed articles.

The embargo parameter takes a date for a value. If the embargo date is in the future the PMC identifier will not
be linked to the article. If the embargo date is today or in the past, or if it is empty or omitted, then the
PMC identifier is linked to the article through the link at cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].prefix.

PMC embargo date testing is done in function is_embargoed () which is called earlier because when the citation
has |pmc=<value> but does not have a |url= then |title= is linked with the PMC link. Function is_embargoed ()
returns the embargo date if the PMC article is still embargoed, otherwise it returns an empty string.

PMCs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This code checks the PMC to see that it contains only digits and is less
than test_limit; the value in local variable test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more PMCs are issued.

]]

local function pmc (options)
local id = options.id;
local embargo = options.Embargo; -- TODO: lowercase?
local handler = options.handler;
local err_flag;
local id_num;
local text;

id_num = id:match ('^[Pp][Mm][Cc](%d+)$'); -- identifier with PMC prefix

if is_set (id_num) then
set_message ('maint_pmc_format');
else -- plain number without PMC prefix
id_num = id:match ('^%d+$'); -- if here id is all digits
end

if is_set (id_num) then -- id_num has a value so test it
id_num = tonumber (id_num); -- convert id_num to a number for range testing
if 1 > id_num or handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if PMC is outside test limit boundaries
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_pmc'); -- set an error message
else
id = tostring (id_num); -- make sure id is a string
end
else -- when id format incorrect
err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_pmc'); -- set an error message
end

if is_set (embargo) and is_set (is_embargoed (embargo)) then -- is PMC is still embargoed?
text = table.concat ( -- still embargoed so no external link
{
make_wikilink (link_label_make (handler), handler.label),
handler.separator,
id,
});
else
text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, -- no embargo date or embargo has expired, ok to link to article
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access,
auto_link = not err_flag and 'pmc' or nil -- do not auto-link when PMC has error
});
end

if err_flag then
options.coins_list_t['PMC'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return text;
end

--[[------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Format PMID and do simple error checking. PMIDs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This
code checks the PMID to see that it contains only digits and is less than test_limit; the value in local variable
test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more PMIDs are issued.

]]

local function pmid (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;

if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if PMID has anything but digits
set_message ('err_bad_pmid'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['PMID'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
else -- PMID is only digits
local id_num = tonumber (id); -- convert id to a number for range testing
if 1 > id_num or handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if PMID is outside test limit boundaries
set_message ('err_bad_pmid'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['PMID'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode});
end

--[[--------------------------< R F C >------------------------------------------------------------------------

Format RFC and do simple error checking. RFCs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This
code checks the RFC to see that it contains only digits and is less than test_limit specified in the configuration;
the value in test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more RFCs are issued.

An index of all RFCs is here: https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/

]]

local function rfc (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;

if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if RFC has anything but digits
set_message ('err_bad_rfc'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['RFC'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
else -- RFC is only digits
local id_num = tonumber (id); -- convert id to a number for range testing
if 1 > id_num or handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if RFC is outside test limit boundaries
set_message ('err_bad_rfc'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['RFC'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access});
end

--[[--------------------------< S 2 C I D >--------------------------------------------------------------------

Format an S2CID, do simple error checking

S2CIDs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This code checks the S2CID to see that it is only
digits and is less than test_limit; the value in local variable test_limit will need to be updated periodically
as more S2CIDs are issued.

]]

local function s2cid (options)
local id = options.id;
local access = options.access;
local handler = options.handler;
local id_num;
local text;

id_num = id:match ('^[1-9]%d*$'); -- id must be all digits; must not begin with 0; no open access flag

if is_set (id_num) then -- id_num has a value so test it
id_num = tonumber (id_num); -- convert id_num to a number for range testing
if handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if S2CID is outside test limit boundaries
set_message ('err_bad_s2cid'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['S2CID'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end
else -- when id format incorrect
set_message ('err_bad_s2cid'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['S2CID'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access});

return text;
end

--[[--------------------------< S B N >------------------------------------------------------------------------

9-digit form of ISBN-10; uses same check-digit validation when SBN is prefixed with an additional '0' to make 10 digits

sbn value not made part of COinS metadata because we don't have a url or isn't a COinS-defined identifier (rft.xxx)
or an identifier registered at info-uri.info (info:)

]]

local function sbn (options)
local id = options.id;
local ignore_invalid = options.accept;
local handler = options.handler;
local function return_result (check, err_type) -- local function to handle the various returns
local SBN = internal_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator});
if not ignore_invalid then -- if not ignoring SBN errors
if not check then
options.coins_list_t['SBN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS; not really necessary here because sbn not made part of COinS
set_message ('err_bad_sbn', {err_type}); -- display an error message
return SBN;
end
else
set_message ('maint_isbn_ignore'); -- add a maint category even when there is no error (ToDo: Possibly switch to separate message for SBNs only)
end
return SBN;
end

if id:match ('[^%s-0-9X]') then
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.char); -- fail if SBN contains anything but digits, hyphens, or the uppercase X
end

local ident = id:gsub ('[%s-]', ''); -- remove hyphens and whitespace; they interfere with the rest of the tests

if 9 ~= ident:len() then
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.length); -- fail if incorrect length
end

if ident:match ('^%d*X?$') == nil then
return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.form); -- fail if SBN has 'X' anywhere but last position
end

return return_result (is_valid_isxn ('0' .. ident, 10), cfg.err_msg_supl.check);
end

--[[--------------------------< S S R N >----------------------------------------------------------------------

Format an SSRN, do simple error checking

SSRNs are sequential numbers beginning at 100? and counting up. This code checks the SSRN to see that it is
only digits and is greater than 99 and less than test_limit; the value in local variable test_limit will need
to be updated periodically as more SSRNs are issued.

]]

local function ssrn (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;
local id_num;
local text;

id_num = id:match ('^%d+$'); -- id must be all digits

if is_set (id_num) then -- id_num has a value so test it
id_num = tonumber (id_num); -- convert id_num to a number for range testing
if 100 > id_num or handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if SSRN is outside test limit boundaries
set_message ('err_bad_ssrn'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['SSRN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end
else -- when id format incorrect
set_message ('err_bad_ssrn'); -- set an error message
options.coins_list_t['SSRN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = options.access});

return text;
end

--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Validate and format a usenet message id. Simple error checking, looks for 'id-left@id-right' not enclosed in
'<' and/or '>' angle brackets.

]]

local function usenet_id (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;

local text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode})

if not id:match('^.+@.+$') or not id:match('^[^<].*[^>]$') then -- doesn't have '@' or has one or first or last character is '< or '>'
set_message ('err_bad_usenet_id') -- add an error message if the message id is invalid
options.coins_list_t['USENETID'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return text;
end

--[[--------------------------< Z B L >-----------------------------------------------------------------------

A numerical identifier in the form nnnn.nnnnn - leading zeros in the first quartet optional

format described here: http://emis.mi.sanu.ac.rs/ZMATH/zmath/en/help/search/

temporary format is apparently eight digits. Anything else is an error

]]

local function zbl (options)
local id = options.id;
local handler = options.handler;

if id:match('^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$') then -- is this identifier using temporary format?
set_message ('maint_zbl'); -- yes, add maint cat
elseif not id:match('^%d?%d?%d?%d%.%d%d%d%d%d$') then -- not temporary, is it normal format?
set_message ('err_bad_zbl'); -- no, set an error message
options.coins_list_t['ZBL'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS
end

return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect,
prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode});
end

--============================<>==========================================

--[[--------------------------< E X T R A C T _ I D S >------------------------------------------------------------

Populates ID table from arguments using configuration settings. Loops through cfg.id_handlers and searches args for
any of the parameters listed in each cfg.id_handlers['...'].parameters. If found, adds the parameter and value to
the identifier list. Emits redundant error message if more than one alias exists in args

]]

local function extract_ids (args)
local id_list = {}; -- list of identifiers found in args
for k, v in pairs (cfg.id_handlers) do -- k is uppercase identifier name as index to cfg.id_handlers; e.g. cfg.id_handlers['ISBN'], v is a table
v = select_one (args, v.parameters, 'err_redundant_parameters' ); -- v.parameters is a table of aliases for k; here we pick one from args if present
if is_set (v) then id_list[k] = v; end -- if found in args, add identifier to our list
end
return id_list;
end

--[[--------------------------< E X T R A C T _ I D _ A C C E S S _ L E V E L S >--------------------------------------

Fetches custom id access levels from arguments using configuration settings. Parameters which have a predefined access
level (e.g. arxiv) do not use this function as they are directly rendered as free without using an additional parameter.

returns a table of k/v pairs where k is same as the identifier's key in cfg.id_handlers and v is the assigned (valid) keyword

access-level values must match the case used in cfg.keywords_lists['id-access'] (lowercase unless there is some special reason for something else)

]]

local function extract_id_access_levels (args, id_list)
local id_accesses_list = {};
for k, v in pairs (cfg.id_handlers) do
local access_param = v.custom_access; -- name of identifier's access-level parameter
if is_set (access_param) then
local access_level = args[access_param]; -- get the assigned value if there is one
if is_set (access_level) then
if not in_array (access_level, cfg.keywords_lists['id-access']) then -- exact match required
set_message ('err_invalid_param_val', {access_param, access_level});
access_level = nil; -- invalid so unset
end
if not is_set (id_list[k]) then -- identifier access-level must have a matching identifier
set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {k:lower()}); -- parameter name is uppercase in cfg.id_handlers (k); lowercase for error message
end
id_accesses_list[k] = cfg.keywords_xlate[access_level]; -- get translated keyword
end
end
end
return id_accesses_list;
end

--[[------------------------------------------------------------------------------

render the identifiers into a sorted sequence table

<ID_list_coins_t> is a table of k/v pairs where k is same as key in cfg.id_handlers and v is the assigned value
<options_t> is a table of various k/v option pairs provided in the call to new_build_id_list();
modified by this function and passed to all identifier rendering functions
<access_levels_t> is a table of k/v pairs where k is same as key in cfg.id_handlers and v is the assigned value (if valid)

returns a sequence table of sorted (by hkey - 'handler' key) rendered identifier strings

]]

local function build_id_list (ID_list_coins_t, options_t, access_levels_t)
local ID_list_t = {};
local accept;
local func_map = { --function map points to functions associated with hkey identifier
['ARXIV'] = arxiv,
['ASIN'] = asin,
['BIBCODE'] = bibcode,
['BIORXIV'] = biorxiv,
['CITESEERX'] = citeseerx,
['DOI'] = doi,
['EISSN'] = issn,
['HDL'] = hdl,
['ISBN'] = isbn,
['ISMN'] = ismn,
['ISSN'] = issn,
['JFM'] = jfm,
['JSTOR'] = jstor,
['LCCN'] = lccn,
['MEDRXIV'] = medrxiv,
['MR'] = mr,
['OCLC'] = oclc,
['OL'] = openlibrary,
['OSTI'] = osti,
['PMC'] = pmc,
['PMID'] = pmid,
['RFC'] = rfc,
['S2CID'] = s2cid,
['SBN'] = sbn,
['SSRN'] = ssrn,
['USENETID'] = usenet_id,
['ZBL'] = zbl,
}

for hkey, v in pairs (ID_list_coins_t) do
v, accept = has_accept_as_written (v); -- remove accept-as-written markup if present; accept is boolean true when markup removed; false else
-- every function gets the options table with value v and accept boolean
options_t.hkey = hkey; -- ~/Configuration handler key
options_t.id = v; -- add that identifier value to the options table
options_t.accept = accept; -- add the accept boolean flag
options_t.access = access_levels_t[hkey]; -- add the access level for those that have an |<identifier-access= parameter
options_t.handler = cfg.id_handlers[hkey];
options_t.coins_list_t = ID_list_coins_t; -- pointer to ID_list_coins_t; for |asin= and |ol=; also to keep erroneous values out of the citation's metadata
options_t.coins_list_t[hkey] = v; -- id value without accept-as-written markup for metadata

if options_t.handler.access and not in_array (options_t.handler.access, cfg.keywords_lists['id-access']) then
error (cfg.messages['unknown_ID_access'] .. options_t.handler.access); -- here when handler access key set to a value not listed in list of allowed id access keywords
end

if func_map[hkey] then
local id_text = func_map[hkey] (options_t); -- call the function to get identifier text and any error message
table.insert (ID_list_t, {hkey, id_text}); -- add identifier text to the output sequence table
else
error (cfg.messages['unknown_ID_key'] .. hkey); -- here when func_map doesn't have a function for hkey
end
end

local function comp (a, b) -- used by following table.sort()
return a[1]:lower() < b[1]:lower(); -- sort by hkey
end

table.sort (ID_list_t, comp); -- sequence table of tables sort
for k, v in ipairs (ID_list_t) do -- convert sequence table of tables to simple sequence table of strings
ID_list_t[k] = v[2]; -- v[2] is the identifier rendering from the call to the various functions in func_map{}
end

return ID_list_t;
end

--[[--------------------------< O P T I O N S _ C H E C K >----------------------------------------------------

check that certain option parameters have their associated identifier parameters with values

<ID_list_coins_t> is a table of k/v pairs where k is same as key in cfg.id_handlers and v is the assigned value
<ID_support_t> is a sequence table of tables created in citation0() where each subtable has four elements:
[1] is the support parameter's assigned value; empty string if not set
[2] is a text string same as key in cfg.id_handlers
[3] is cfg.error_conditions key used to create error message
[4] is original ID support parameter name used to create error message

returns nothing; on error emits an appropriate error message

]]

local function options_check (ID_list_coins_t, ID_support_t)
for _, v in ipairs (ID_support_t) do
if is_set (v[1]) and not ID_list_coins_t[v[2]] then -- when support parameter has a value but matching identifier parameter is missing or empty
set_message (v[3], (v[4])); -- emit the appropriate error message
end
end
end

--[[----------------------------------------------------------------

Creates two identifier lists: a k/v table of identifiers and their values to be used locally and for use in the
COinS metadata, and a sequence table of the rendered identifier strings that will be included in the rendered
citation.

]]

local function identifier_lists_get (args_t, options_t, ID_support_t)
local ID_list_coins_t = extract_ids (args_t); -- get a table of identifiers and their values for use locally and for use in COinS
options_check (ID_list_coins_t, ID_support_t); -- ID support parameters must have matching identifier parameters
local ID_access_levels_t = extract_id_access_levels (args_t, ID_list_coins_t); -- get a table of identifier access levels
local ID_list_t = build_id_list (ID_list_coins_t, options_t, ID_access_levels_t); -- get a sequence table of rendered identifier strings

return ID_list_t, ID_list_coins_t; -- return the tables
end

--[[--------------------------< S E T _ S E L E C T E D _ M O D U L E S >--------------------------------------

Sets local cfg table and imported functions table to same (live or sandbox) as that used by the other modules.

]]

local function set_selected_modules (cfg_table_ptr, utilities_page_ptr)
cfg = cfg_table_ptr;

has_accept_as_written = utilities_page_ptr.has_accept_as_written; -- import functions from select Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities module
is_set = utilities_page_ptr.is_set;
in_array = utilities_page_ptr.in_array;
set_message = utilities_page_ptr.set_message;
select_one = utilities_page_ptr.select_one;
substitute = utilities_page_ptr.substitute;
make_wikilink = utilities_page_ptr.make_wikilink;

z = utilities_page_ptr.z; -- table of tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities
end

--[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------
]]

return {
auto_link_urls = auto_link_urls, -- table of identifier URLs to be used when auto-linking |title=

identifier_lists_get = identifier_lists_get, -- experiment to replace individual calls to build_id_list(), extract_ids, extract_id_access_levels
is_embargoed = is_embargoed;
set_selected_modules = set_selected_modules;
}